History 102 - Midterm Study Guide

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"change the general way of thinking."

Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

How did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?

As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?

Bismarck sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.

On what basis have revisionist historians rejected the traditional interpretation that the French Revolution has its origins in growing tensions between the nobility and the bourgeoisie?

Both the nobility and the bourgeoisie were riddled with internal rivalries that precluded identifying these two groups as unified blocs opposing each other.

Which of the following best expresses the economic development among European nations in the 1870s?

Britain was still Europe's leading industrial nation, but several countries had closed the gap on Britain.

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?

By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all of the people.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?

Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand, for even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing.

How did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution?

Class-consciousness formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the?

Combination Acts of 1799.

How was the attention of the National Assembly meeting in Frankfurt diverted from the task of writing a German federal constitution?

Delegates turned attention to Denmark's claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.

In 1848 in France, what would the government not consider that created a sense of class injustice?

Electoral reform

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

The Mexican War of 1848?

Exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate interrupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except?

Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production.

The National Assembly granted religious freedom to?

French Protestants, and Jews.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

All of the following correctly characterize events in the Vendée region of Brittany except?

Great Britain attempted an invasion backed by peasant revolutionaries.

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

Great Britain expected the American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War.

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of?

Great Britain, France, and Russia.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.

Which of the following incorrectly identifies Napoleon's background?

He gained training as a lawyer before joining the military.

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself?

He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.

Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?

He signed the legislation in order to get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term.

Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?

He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings.

Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its message.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?

It established national workshops to provide public works jobs.

Which of the following best describes France's Constitutional Charter?

It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was?

James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.

How did the landlord leasing patterns in Ireland encourage population growth?

Land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited people from improving their land and encouraged them to have many children as their only source of support in old age.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.

Which of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Which of the following best describes the political system of Napoleon?

Napoleon frequently violated civil liberties by censoring newspapers, creating a spy system, and holding political suspects in state prisons.

During the Hundred Days?

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.

Which of the following correctly characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings.

How did the expanding right to vote affect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.

Which of the following correctly describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?

Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

What were the most popular sports in the late nineteenth century?

Racing and soccer.

Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the?

Tanzimat.

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.

What was the goal of the British Corn Laws?

The Corn Laws forbade the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.

Which of the following does not correctly characterize the various socialist parties in Europe prior to 1914?

The French Socialist Party was the most modest due to the powerful labor unions that controlled the party.

As Hungary gained its independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?

The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.

How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?

The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure.

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.

How did the problem of food shortages change in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

The considerable road and canal building of the eighteenth century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

In the late nineteenth century, what was the central tension in how non-scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology?

The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity.

What two fundamental principles of the Revolution were codified into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property.

What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?

The king's plans to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.

How did the expansion of the industrial revolution affect the middle class's work life?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia.

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence level.

How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?

The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

The spinning jenny allowed cotton to be spun more efficiently, helping to solve the problem of the shortage of thread.

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

They banned all women's political clubs and societies.

Why did members of the Convention turn against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor?

They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.

Which of the following best characterizes the Carlsbad Decrees?

They required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

Why did romantics and early nationalists investigate folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs?

They sought to find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.

Which of the following best characterizes the political goal of the creation of free, compulsory elementary education in France?

To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

What was the goal of the Prussian Parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?

To establish that the Parliament held final political authority and that the army was responsible to the Parliament.

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?

Unions increasingly focused on basic issues of wages, hours, and working conditions rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine.

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian Emperor?

Universal male suffrage permitted the emperor to go directly to the people if the middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state?

Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution forced upon his father in 1848, which included substantial civil liberties.

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

In the 1890s, how did Sergie Witte seek to transform Russia?

Witte implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood was the primary source of heat in all homes in industries

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Work in guilds became more accessible to women, by both legally and illegal means.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year.

The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the?

Zollverein.

The new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s included all of the following except?

a closing of foundling hospitals.

The romantic movement was characterized by all of the following except?

a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue.

The Zollverein was?

a customs union between separate German states.

Giuseppe Garibaldi is best described as?

a romantic nationalist.

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except?

a single, distinct industrial use.

The romantic poet William Wordsworth?

abandoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech and endowed simple subjects with the loftiest majesty.

The first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia was the?

abolition of serfdom.

The key demand of the Chartist movement was that?

all men be given the right to vote.

William Cockerill was?

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.

Edwin Chadwick gained fame as?

an advocate of improved public sanitation.

The War of the Austrian Succession could best be described as?

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.

The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be?

as little government intervention in the economy as possible.

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued?

as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.

According to the text, realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they?

attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner.

According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

because big, victorious armies kept men employed.

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that?

broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property.

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established?

by violent revolution.

The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the?

conquest of smallpox.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to?

create a single large national union for British workers.

The event that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs, was the?

defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

In his novels Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy?

depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck.

As an inspiration for nationalism, Johann Gottfried von Herder argued that?

each people had its own national genius and cultural unity.

According to Marx, the driving force in history was the?

economic relationship between classes.

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from?

electricity.

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the?

establishment of limited liability investment.

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included?

everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.

Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that?

excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

Railroad construction on the continent?

featured varying degrees of government involvement

As a result of the gendered system created by the idea of separate spheres, married women who sought to work outside the home?

found that they could not gain well-paying jobs and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

All of the following correctly characterize Charles Darwin and his work except?

he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations.

All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of Sigmund Freud except?

he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.

Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to?

his attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.

Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by?

his fear and distrust of socialism.

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included all of the following except?

his government prevented the formation of labor unions or laws permitting labor strikes.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia?

imposed a harsh peace on France.

Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that?

improvement did not come until after 1820.

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the?

industrial dominance of Britain.

The Russian zemstvo was the?

institution for local government established by the Great Reforms.

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on?

interest payments on the debt.

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished all of the following except?

it granted the vote to substantial farmers but not the middle-class urban population.

The Factory Act of 1833?

limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution for all of the following reasons except?

merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade.

All of the following correctly characterizes middle-class morality except?

morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity.

In the Tennis Court Oath, delegates to the National Assembly swore?

not to disband until they had written a new constitution.

In 1848 in France, the Second Republic instituted all of the following reforms except?

permitting both men and women to file for divorce.

The most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain was?

political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that?

population always grew faster than the food supply.

According to Joseph Proudhon, property was?

profit stolen from workers.

Georges Haussmann is remembered for?

rebuilding Paris.

The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except?

recognizing women as holding full civil rights.

The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was?

regional differences exacerbated by slavery.

The Dreyfus affair?

revived republican distrust of Catholicism.

According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by?

revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.

Socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s for all of the following reasons except?

socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their now respectable positions in society.

In Germany, Fritz Harkort?

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class?

tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

The breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work was?

that diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that?

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

During the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe, an alliance of reforms included all of the following except?

the clergy.

Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in?

the discovery of the eternal laws of human relations.

Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to?

the expectation that married women would not work outside the home.

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except?

the expense of new technology.

The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by?

the family's desire to improve its economic and social position.

Theodore Herzl was?

the founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement.

The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of?

the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that?

the key to progress was proper social organization.

My Secret Life explored?

the life of a sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping class.

Eugène Delacroix's work celebrated all of the following except?

the transforming power of industrialization.

In her great novel Middlemarch, George Eliot examined?

the ways in which people are shaped by their social environment as well as their inner striving and moral choices.

The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except?

the workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses.

According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists was that?

their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.

Middle-class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because?

they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except?

they received substantially lower wages than cottage work.

All of the following were true of the French clergy on the eve of the French Revolution except?

they were under the complete control of the papacy.

According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was?

to maintain their unstable social and economic position.

According to the text, German Social Democrats recovered their losses of the 1907 election and became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912, in part because they?

took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was?

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was?

viewed with horror.

Vincent Ogé?

was a free man of color in Saint-Domingue who led a failed revolt.

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies?

were guided by the principle of the balance of power.

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna?

were lenient in their treatment of the defeated France.

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships?

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.

All of the following marked changes in child-rearing practices except?

women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children.

Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

Jews faced numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

The shore method permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?

They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs.

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through?

a conspiracy led by her lover.

The primary cause for the substantial population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century was?

a decline in mortality.

The consumer revolution of the eighteenth century led to?

a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives.

In the eighteenth century, sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes for all of the following reasons except?

an effort to support colonial expansion by the consumption of colonial products.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

The Englishman Jethro Tull?

sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by?

the growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas?

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

Within the family, the operation of the loom?

was considered a man's job, reserved for the male head of household.

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

What led René Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?

An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

As literacy expanded, the common people read all of the following except?

Enlightenment works on social and political issues.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except

France had the highest literacy rates in Europe.

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

What was the religious sensibility of Pietism?

Pietism called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.

Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Which of the following best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls,

Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

Why did the conflict between the monarchy and the Parlement re-emerge after the Seven Years' War?

The monarchy sought to retain emergency taxes after the war ended.

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?

The new science had few practical economic applications.

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

The parish church

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for?

discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.

The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except

efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except

freeing the Prussian serfs

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also?

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

All of the following correctly characterize a young woman's period as a servant except?

girls were required to attend weekly religious lessons at the local church.

John Wesley's Methodism was particularly appealing because?

he refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.

All of the following correctly characterize a young man's period of apprenticeship except?

he would automatically become a master after seven years of training.

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by?

high infant mortality rates.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and social institutions.

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by?

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.

The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected?

its importance in community life.

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that?

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently?

According to Olympe de Gouges?

men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in?

more wars and likely fewer people.

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because?

of community pressure on a couple to marry when a women became pregnant.

According to the text, the French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 were largely due to?

patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of?

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods.

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the?

power of the state over the church.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system?

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

The spinning of thread for the loom?

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as?

rococo

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed?

the Atlantic economy.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with?

the British colonial empire.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.

With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the eighteenth century?

the colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

According to the text, the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was?

the growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to?

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that?

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of the citizens.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about?

their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because?

they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater.

In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally?

treated female medical difficulties.

All of the following correctly characterize nursing and wet-nursing practices except?

upper-middle-class women nursed their own children to prove their motherly devotion.

The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and?

vegetables.