History 112B

Vietnam War

58,000 Americans would lose their lives in the first TV war. The United States wanted to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam. Although America inflicted extremely heavy casualties on the enemy, public opinion turned against the war. More bombs were dropped here than on Germany, Japan, and Korea combined.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable.

Operation Mongoose

A CIA operation backed by President Kennedy in 1961 that used covert operation against President Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in efforts to overthrow the communist government in Cuba.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Iron Curtain

A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.

Mujahadeen

Afghan resistance group supplied with arms by the united states to assist in its fight against the soviets following their 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Offset Soviet numbers and warriors by using Guerrilla tactics, aftermath of war left about 5 million refugees(the second largest in the world after the Palestinians.

World Trade Organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

Vietminh

An organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence from the French

Bizone

In 1947 the American and British control zones teamed together to create what became know as the Bizone during the occupation of Germany after World War II. Convinced that Communism and the Soviet's beliefs had to be contained, the two countries decided to take a more

Fifth Republic (France)

Charles De Gaulle who wanted real power came back into politics, and handed authority over to him he drew up a new constitution and created the fifth republic in france

Warren Commission

Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assassination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.

David Ben-Gurion

David Ben-Gurion was the primary founder and the first Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led him to become a major Zionist leader and Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946.

R. Reagan

Deregulation; connected to thatcherism and reaganism in the united states created more open markets and a expansion of commerce that went along with that New tech the internet in the 1990's made exchange of info accessible and advertisement making selling things easier

Nixon doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

Fransisco Franco

Fascist general whose rebel forces defeated the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War He ruled as dictator of Spain until his death in 1975. His death was the inciting event for democracy to begin to take form in spain.

Kim Ill Sung

Founded the democratic peoples republic, and was instated by the soviets after the Second World War. Was the supremeLeader of North Korea during the Korean War; promised victory would be swift and decisive against the south in the invasion. Kim Il sung is interested in reunification publicly is promising this, most likely wanted to have a greater communist state for him, and perhaps more independence from communist chinese or Soviets had hopes that he could stir unrest in the south

Colons (French north Africa)

From the French invasion on 18 June 1830 until its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France (French departments in 1848) and its European population was simply called Algerians or colons (colonists), whereas the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or Indigenous. During the Algerian War the Pieds-Noirs overwhelmingly supported colonial French rule in Algeria and were opposed to Algerian nationalist groups such as the Front de libération nationale (FLN) and Mouvement national algérien (MNA). The roots of the conflict reside in political and economic inequalities perceived as an "alienation" from the French rule as well as a demand for a leading position for the Berber, Arab, and Islamic cultures and rules existing before the French conquest. The conflict contributed to the fall of the French Fourth Republic and the mass exodus of Algerian Europeans and Jews to France.[2][4] After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 Pieds-Noirs of French nationality were evacuated to mainland France while about 200,000 chose to remain in Algeria. Of the latter, there were still about 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s.[5] Those who moved to France suffered ostracism from the Left for their perceived exploitation of native Muslims and some blamed them for the war, thus the political turmoil surrounding the collapse of the French Fourth Republic.[2] I

Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 - 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956. Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958-1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world. Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Liu Shaoqi

He was a moderate CCP politician and designated successory to Mao Zedong. He died during the cultural revolution. He held the position of official headship of state, and had a strong base in the parties. He came to power after Mao stepped away following GLF. He rolled back Mao's reforms but kept China's communistic views in tact. During the second session of the Eighth Party Congress in May 1958, Liu outlined the strategy for the second five-year economic plan (called the Great Leap Forward), which was to lay the foundation for the rapid industrialization of China. Shortly after the initiation of the Great Leap Forward, however, it became apparent that industrialization could not be achieved as rapidly as hoped, and a policy of retrenchment was called for. Partly as a result of the failures of the Great Leap, Mao relinquished his position as chairman of the People's Republic, though he remained party chairman, and Liu assumed the chairmanship in April 1959. During this period, Liu tried to revitalize agriculture by initiating policies that permitted peasants to cultivate private plots and spurred them on with monetary incentives; both were policies to which Mao later strongly objected

Mahatma Gandhi

Head of the Indian independence movement. Born to a middle class family. in disobeying dont resist dont flee bear the punishment with rightful indignation, head held high with rightchous indignation. Used peacfull resistance to bring about civil disobedience. satyagraha campaign in 1919 peaceful resistance campaign, boycotting of british made goods, don't take textiles they have less reason to be here, and boycott their governmental services, make these systems of colonization redundant some violence did occur and gandhi called everything off and he was arrested for sedition and was detained by the british for several years. Wanted unconditional independence from britain.

Biafra

Independent state in Nigeria claimed by Igbo-speaking group in 1967; civil war killed 4 million Nigerians: 2 from starvation, 2 from war; Biafra collapsed and rejoined Nigeria

Virgin Lands Scheme

Khrushchev inherited a troubled agricultural sector from Stalin. Forced collectivization and resistance by peasants had resulted inlow productivity on both State and Collective Farms. Khrushchev sponsored the Virgin Lands Scheme in Soviet Central Asia where new land was put to agricultural use. This was supposed to increase agricultural production but the scheme was plagued by a series of crop failures due to lack of cooperation from local peoples, drought, pests, etc. The failure of this much-heralded reform would be another factor in Khrushchev's eventual downfall.

Kal 007 Incident

Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage. On September 1, 1983, the airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor, near Moneron Island west of Sakhalin in the Sea of Japan. The interceptor's pilot was Major Gennadi Osipovich. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a Representative from Georgia in the United States House of Representatives. The aircraft was en route from Anchorage, Alaska, to Seoul when it flew through Soviet prohibited airspace around the time of a U.S. aerial reconnaissance mission. The Soviet Union initially denied knowledge of the incident,[2] but later admitted shooting it down, claiming that the aircraft was on a MASINT spy mission.[3] The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said it was a deliberate provocation by the United States[4] to test the Soviet Union's military preparedness, or even to provoke a war

Gorbachev

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Wanting reform, he renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, pulled troops out of Afghanistan, supported Glasnost, and urged perestroika; but all this failed. Negotiated to save his own skin.

Mao Zhedong

Mao Tse Tsung was an odd rural communist, he was an oxymoron, given a subsidiary job of getting support from peasants, organizes rebellion in Hunan province failed however but was important, Autum Harvest uprising. 1930 began grabbing control of remote rural area's in southern china, building the into bases to consolidate power not only military strategist but was also a ideologial thinker drew out series of lessons for chinese communist party, devised program for seizure of power talking about things which were not part of old fashioned esb marxism 5 points, eventual path to power for the communist party 1. Chinese communist party should refocus it's main efforts in the country, not primarily on the working class. advantages increasing state of tension between the two groups, land becoming scarce and expensive rural land lords charging more and more powerful western countries domination, some vibrant trade, and rising middle class, could be better without the western powers, becoming a rural middle class charging rents on the peasents due to land crisis Mao did not want redistribute land, only wanted rent controls, quite a modest program, wanted rural population behind him, and wanted the support as well as the land lord. peasentry will go no where in this project without a strong communist leadership, take energy and give it an ideologial charactor to create real change, organized on leninist principle, central control of power. 2. also wanted a responsive party, figure what is bothering the great masses, "mass line" 3. Wanted to have a military force in the communist party, need to form their own army much like the KMTMao Tse Tsung was an odd rural communist, he was an oxymoron, given a subsidiary job of getting support from peasants, organizes rebellion in Hunan province failed however but was important, Autum Harvest uprising. 1930 began grabbing control of remote rural area's in southern china, building the into bases to consolidate power not only military strategist but was also a ideologial thinker drew out series of lessons for chinese communist party, devised program for seizure of power talking about things which were not part of old fashioned esb marxism build up slowly, needed to cultivate militia men and guerilla's, over time turn this army into a conventional military army. 4. advocated control of these territorial bases in the country side, need it to train our troops, grow food. 5. these territorial bases should be self sufficient and should be strategically located sucesfully establishes these areas in the south, one calls themselves CHinese Soviet Republic KMT defeates communist parties in the large cities, and they have to change course they have no choice. communist go for the country and go to mao's main base KMT forces then begin to go after these base areas in the south, conduct four campaigns in the early to mid 1930's called bandit campaigns, and extermination campaigns KMT using harsh war tactics make some progress in these campaigns, but takes 4 campaigns to find real success, are sweeping the bases of the communists, CCP leadership under pressure. Decide under heavy pressure to move leadership, and march main assets to the north China, to the principal base area. not much of a strategy more of a retreat long march 1935 acted as a shapeup for the chinese communist parties, out of contact with kermlin, Moa and rural communists take over power and begin using their own rural strategy for communist revolution in the long run this was of the benifit of the communists soviets were happy with the communists facing the japanese extend their feild of control

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Irgun Zvai Leumi

Militant Zionist group from 1930's who orchestrated attacks on Palestinian and British targets with aim of "liberating" Palestine and Transjordan.

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah. During Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized, under the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms.[3] Iran marked the anniversary of 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great during his reign, at which time he also changed the benchmark of the Iranian calendar from the hegira to the beginning of the Persian Empire, measured from Cyrus the Great's coronation.[4] As ruler, he introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social and political reforms with the proclaimed intention of transforming Iran into a global power and modernising the nation by nationalising certain industries and granting women suffrage. A secular Muslim, Mohammad Reza gradually lost support from the Shi'a clergy of Iran as well as the working class, particularly due to his strong policy of modernisation, secularisation, conflict with the traditional class of merchants known as bazaari, relations with Israel, and corruption issues surrounding himself, his family, and the ruling elite. Various additional controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the communist Tudeh Party, and a general suppression of political dissent by Iran's intelligence agency, SAVAK. According to official statistics, Iran had as many as 2,200 political prisoners in 1978, a number which multiplied rapidly as a result of the revolution.[5] Several other factors contributed to strong opposition to the Shah among certain groups within Iran, the most significant of which were US and UK support for his regime, clashes with Islamists and increased communist activity. By 1979, political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on 17 January, forced him to leave Iran. Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt, whose President, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum. Due to his status as the last de facto Shah of Iran, he is often known as simply "the Shah". His eldest son, Reza Pahlavi, currently heads National Council of Iran, a government in exile of Iran.

Kuomintang

Nationalist Party in China led by Jiang Jieshi, which began a war against the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. Both fought for control of China, with Mao and the Communists ultimately winning in 1949. Forcing the Nationalist to set up government in modern day taiwan.

Internet

New tech the internet in the 1990's made exchange of info accessible and advertisement making selling things easier. globalized the economoy

Khrushchev

Nikita Khrushchev, emerges as the leader of the USSR, was a deeply flawed character. Openly denounces the actions of Stalin. had a tendency to liked to take chances and risks, after Sino soviet split he has to make bids for the loyalty of communist parties everywhere. aggressive stamping down of the Hungarian revolution, test firing of an ICBM, also put sputnik satellites heats up Berlin issue and the issue in More aggressive soviet union that emerges However as a result of his de-stalinization campaign he would make some liberalization movements in the domestic sphere

Vietnamazation

President Nixon's strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War involving the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces

Saddam Hussain

President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980 to 1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades

G.H.W Bush

REPUBLICAN Collapse of Soviet Union, end of Cold War, Invasion of Panama (1989), Persian Gulf War

Cultural revolution (china)

Revolution established society of equal peasants and workers. Intelligence and art was considered useless and dangerous. They also shut down schools. The cultural revolution also consisted of students of about 20-30 million

Georgy Malenkov

Soviet leader who tried to improve relations with the West by reducing arms through his New Course, though he developed nuclear weapons during World War II. He was forced to resign however due to his closeness to Western leaders. battle over power debates over policy and personal rivalries Agreed that they had to get rid of Lavrenti Beria, dangerous successor, he had to peace malenkov and Khrushchev started to go at it Khrushchev got secretary position, melnikov got premiership split stalins powers malenkov wanted more liberal softer policy help the peopel improve relations kruschev heavy industry and buying armistice, aligns himself with the army demoted malenkov as premier 1955 melnikov still in politburo so not totally ousted melnikov begins to plot against krushchev coupe attempt on krushveh he uses his support of the army to surive his Khrushchev then takes the premiership, and eliminated his rivals politically.

Osama Bin Laden

Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader from 1962 to 1984 who is most known internationally for actions such as his hard-line stance against the pro-democracy Prague Spring protesters in 1968 and well as overseeing Russia's long, costly, and futile war in Afghanistan. Him and his three other leading partners of sorts, faced great issue on whether the soviet system actually did work better than the west. Obsolete and inefficient command system, Industrial Econ already mature could no longer undergo huge expansion, population issues graying pop, behind technologically and in computerization.

Control Council

Soviet representatives walked out due to western secrecy and plans. USA and UK had decided soon after the Berlin Blockade to form a separate German state. cold war antagonism got worse hard to do anything at all in the control council, russian governor pieced out and the control council does not function after this point in time soviets did not like bizone, believed that the allies were attempting to take germany and turn the country against them.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

Soviets setting up ABM system around Moscow, Americans feared this. Soviets had a lot of respect for american prowess, ICBM move fast like shooting a bullet out of the air with another bullet, Soviets believed that if anyone could do this it would be the Americans Stopped both side from deploying these weapons. ABM treaty not renewed in 2002

Berlin Crisis

Standoff between Khrushchev and Kennedy over control of West Germany. Krushchev issues an ultimatum for the west to vacate gave them a six month ultimatum the west simply responded by not responding. West Germany stays under western control, but Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall as a result. (major foreign policy tests faced by the Kennedy Administration)

King Juan Carlos

Successor of Francisco Franco who dismantled the totalitarian apparatus and ushered in the democratic element of current Spanish government. Juan Carlos wanted a more standard liberal democracy, saw something like the 5th republic in france, 1976 appointed a conservitive reformer named Swares, created a conservitive democracy in spain, got rid of cencorship, allowed first free elections, and ind trade, 1977 first free election in spain since 1936 Was won legitimitally by his own party a centrist right party

A. Suarez

Suárez was appointed as the 138th Prime Minister of Spain by King Juan Carlos on 3 July 1976, a move opposed by leftists and some centrists given his Francoist history. As a nationalist, he was chosen by the monarch to lead the country towards a democratic, parliamentary monarchy without annoying the powerful conservative factions (especially the military) in the nation. Surprising many observers and political opponents, Suárez introduced Political Reform in 1976 as a first, decisive step in the transition to democracy (La Transición). In 1977, Suárez led the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión de Centro Democrático, UCD) to victory in Spain's first free elections in 41 years, and became the first democratically-elected prime minister of the post-Franco regime. Suárez's centrist government instituted democratic reforms, and his coalition won the 1979 elections under the new constitution. Less successful as a day-to-day organiser than as a crisis manager, he resigned as Prime Minister on 29 January 1981.[

Peaceful Coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

Angolan Civil War

The Angolan Civil War (Portuguese: Guerra civil angolana) was a major civil conflict in the African country of Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with some interludes, until 2002. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. Prior to this, a decolonisation conflict, the Angolan War of Independence (1961-74), had taken place. The following civil war was essentially a power struggle between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). At the same time, the war served as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War and large-scale direct and indirect international involvement by opposing powers such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States was a major feature of the conflict.[22]

Nelson Mandela

as the head of their guerilla wing for a short period was caught and put in the slammer. Leader of African National Congress. Early 1990 South African govt retreated from traditional policies. Legalized chief black party in the nation (ANC), which had been banned for decades and released this guy from prison. Became first black president of South Africa

Helsinki Accords

The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens.

Jomo Kenyatta

british in mid to late 50's banned political activities in Kenya, and arrested Jomo Kenyatta this rebellion was a watershed from british rule began to make compramises right away after the violence, already had a legislative assembly in kenya which was mostly dominated by white settlers, opened it up to black african participation, allowed black african majority to control, however seats were set aside for whites, and some asians, Kenyatta was released from confinement, forms KANU Kenya African National Union: expands outside of their support base, was a viable vehicle for independence In Kenya eventually the British allow national election in 1963 and KANU won these elections and Kenyatta becomes premier and gain independence from the British. Some flight from the country, Kenyatta allowed and invited these white settlers to stay Central Africa, confederation collapses black majority rule nationalist establish black majority rule in separate countries. A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Nationalist Party (south africa)

The NP was the governing party of South Africa from 1948 until 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. Its policies included apartheid, the establishment of a South African Republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. NP members were sometimes known as 'Nationalists' or 'Nats represented the more extreme vein of boers opinion, they created the system of apartheid in the country During the 1980s, large fractions of the party's support base left for the Conservative Party, unhappy about the party's gradual dismantling of the Apartheid system. After 1990, the NP opened up its membership to all race groups and rebranded itself as a non-racial, conservative political force. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996.

Suez War (1956)

The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression[16] and the Kadesh Operation, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power.[17] After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France[18] and strengthened Nasser. Egyptian sovereignty and ownership of the Canal had been confirmed by the United States and the United Nations.[citation needed] In retirement Eden maintained that the military response to the crisis had prevented a much larger war in the Middle East. Israel had been expecting an Egyptian invasion in either March or April 1957, as well as a Soviet invasion of Syria.[325] The crisis also arguably hastened the process of decolonization, as many of the remaining colonies of both Britain and France gained independence over the next several years. Some argued that the imposed ending to the Crisis led to over-hasty decolonization in Africa, increasing the chance of civil wars and military dictatorships in newly independent countries

Supreme Command Allied Powers

The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) (originally briefly styled Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers[1]) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation, including a staff of several hundred U.S. civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British, Indian, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force. These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the Shogun style government[2] which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration.

East Berlin Workers Uprising

The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany started with a strike by East Berlin construction workers on 16 June 1953. It turned into a widespread uprising against the German Democratic Republic government the next day. In Germany, the revolt is often called People's Uprising in East Germany (Volksaufstand in der DDR).[1] In remembrance of it, 17 June became a national holiday of West Germany, prevailing until reunification. The uprising in East Berlin was violently suppressed by tanks of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and the Volkspolizei. In spite of the intervention of Soviet troops, the wave of strikes and protests was not easily brought under control. Even after 17 June there were demonstrations in more than 500 towns and villages.

Sino-Soviet split

USSR and China were trading partners; China thought the USSR aid programs were too modest with too many strings attached; 194: rift public; openly competed for influence in Africa and Asia; PRC had nuclear bombs

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift. Allies simply beat the blockade through their massive excersise of airpower which nullified the soviet blockade.

Bretton Woods Conference & System

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Charles De Gaulle

This French general and statesman was president of the 5th Republic during the 1960s -- He sought to rebuild France as a great power independent of US or Soviet domination, acquiring nuclear weapons and withdrawing France from NATO military command (but not NATO) -- He also granted independence to Algeria and pursued strong ties with West Germany within the European Economic Community

Standard Oil

This was a company owned by John D. Rockefeller in the 1890's. This Trust controlled 95 percent of all oil refining in the U.S.

A. Salazar

Well imbedded regime had been their since the 1930's In Portugal run by Antonia Salazar a quasi fascist Called this the estado Novo Handed over the power due to a stroke in 1968 Handed it over to his right hand man Marcelo Caetano. Liberalized a little but more or less continued Salazar regime Did so by hanging on to Portugal empire, big, lot of fragments left over, Portugal had remained neutral in ww2 so their presence was not destabilized

Paris Student Uprising (1968)

french gov built suburban campuses around paris, which were american style campuses were divorced from the downtown atmosphere in paris, began to impose new rules and regulations, said no more political movements among students, traditional elitism of university students was gone got an overcrowded impersonal mess this radicalized the student body, a radicalizing exp, gave them a reason to sympathize with the proletariat as they were exposed to the same conditions created a hatered for the esb who were stubborn and unwilling to make change was a solidarity and collective feeling uni admin did not take note of this or made any important changes professors were reactionaries. students more and more began to expand their demads we need a tripartite arrangement group university concept democracy at home is a veil for authoritarianism and then shifted this belief to their countries foreign policy Vietnam was once again exibit A saw that western gov were being upholding disagreement in the movement fracture lines, some radicals in movement who wanted a combined council democracy and kinda socialism or communism Paris 1968 Uni of Paris rotting sore on the face of higher ed, demonstrations at new suburban campuses, police overrun campus, breakout at old section of the university in paris, heavy action by the police. arrested senior leaders fighting police broke into pepels hosues beat up red cross volunteers students set up baricades events in paris, heavy handed police responce students gain a lot of sympathy esecially working class peoples in france. police attack baracades, trade unions declare general strike for 24 hours millions show up in the street 9 to 10 million workers went on strike, started to look like a revoltution. Charles De Gaulle is shaking over the event, his governemtn on the brink of collapse De Gaulle new his fellow frenchman, scilent majority that was against this sort of thing and the french did and he got the biggest majority he had had yet. system was saved, and he had to make reforms

Patrice Lumumba

(1925-1961) The first prime minister of the Congo and also helped the Congo gain independence from Belgium; he was liked by the Congolese but not by the U.S. and the government and he was quickly imprisoned and murdered. He called for the UN to intervene in the Congo. was killed in 1960's after he was dismissed by Kasavubu Katanga's and the CIA and Belgium's wanted him dead for his socialist views

Marshall Plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947 Russians attempted to negotiate with the Americans, marshall plan aid, all american help had strings attached for the russians. so they would have to extract these reasoruces through occupation of territory and making demands

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel, won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Solidarity (trade union)

(Poland) In August of 1980, strikes occurred in Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk. Those involved demanded free trade unions, the right to strike, freedom of speech, the release of political prisoners, and economic reforms. They were led by Lech Wales, and the government eventually signed the Gdansk agreement. The Catholic church supported Solidarity.

Hungarian revolution

1956. Led by students and workers, installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow. Revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.

Tet offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Ayatolla Khomeini

A Shiite Muslim religious leader who led an abortive uprising against the Shah. He was exiled but then later came back to Iran to lead a revolutionary government that terrified its neighbors and wreaked havoc all over. He seized the American embassy in Tehran. He introduced additional instability in the Middle East.

containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

detente

A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve. Ideological anti communists and right wingers believed the soviets derived their foriegn policy motives from their communist ideology and their IR objectives were framed by such Saw detente as a feindish plot by the other side to lure the US into complacency, make it seem as if the western alliance was not needed, and make the west less vigilante Made it easier for the soviets to execute their goal Believed this was appeasement much like how the allies appeased germany. Other scholars liberals mainly saw detente more as a good thing World had become dangerous and the world has become dangerous and conflict management and resolution is paramount in a healthy world Laying down the rules for future rivalries between the two powers vs. arriving at a more genuine harmonization between the two nations

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Mau Mau

A secret society made up of mostly Kikuyu farmers in Kenya, who scared away the British, which is one of the ways in which Kenya gained its independence

Nuremberg trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. some wanted no war crimes trials after the war at all, these were generally the hardliners, should be dealt with summarily DEATH Nazi's should be put in jail or though this is the hardline school of thought against the trials alternative was a war crimes trial process at the end of the war this ideas precident was clause 227 in versialles treaty allowed the allies to trial german war criminals, Wanted the kaiser himself individuals who wanted a trial at the end of the war had the versialles clause as a precedent even though this clause was not utalized after the first world war. War crimes commision; western allies would document war crimes and create some practical means to deal with these issues, and made prepatory route in the case they wanted to have a moscow declaration; legal machinery for a war crimes trial process this becomes cornerstone of future politics in this area legal basis was very shaky, and not built on solid ground Hague rules of war: INt conventions end of 19th and beginning of 20th cent. spelled out rules of conflict, and banned poison gas

Nuclear non proliferation

Agreement designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Existing nuclear powers promise not to aid others in acquiring nuclear weapons, and those without nuclear weapons agreed not to build them. Isreal, India and Pakistan are the only 3 nations that have not signed this Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or NPT. Leading experts on nuclear proliferation, such as Etel Solingen of the University of California, Irvine, suggest that states' decisions to build nuclear weapons is largely determined by the interests of their governing domestic coalitions. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, the governments of which fear that more countries with nuclear weapons may increase the possibility of nuclear warfare (up to and including the so-called "countervalue" targeting of civilians with nuclear weapons), de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of states.

Iran-Contra Scandal

Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

MLK

An American activist and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He helped the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott as well as his March on Washington and his "I have a Dream" Speech. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. He was significant b/c he was a major reason for such a push for civil rights. MLK is central in organizing this movement, gifted student. descendant of a family of southern baptist preachers, was a religious mystic inspired by Ganhdi and the satiagraha technique was not totally into leading the movement saw it as incumbent to lead the movement MLK pressure on Montgomery bus boycott, pressuring the company to crack and desegregate the bus company begins to spread gospel throughout the south in various ways march on Washington authorized civil rights act 1964 MLK organized demonstration in Selma, knew the police chief would take up violence and beat the protesters, which lead directly to the voting rights act 1965, prohibited interference with the right to vote MLK is a globally known leader, wins a nobel peace prize. at this time he hits his high water mark runs into political trouble were not as concrete as what he had earlier addressed. becomes an opponent of the veitnam war and talk about poverty, these objectives are now meaningful to middle class Americans indiscriminate bigotry and prejudice, unificial bans on certain things people around him begin to get sick of this non violent strategy already facing big troubles when he is assasinated civil rights movement lost a sense of cohesion, was already loosing this the way he died imortalized his place as an american hero, revisionist litterature on him pointing out his flaws, unsure of himself, was a reactive person, would claim benefit for other people's success in certain cases

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality. black African nationalist movement were legal at the time but could not play regular electoral politics for a long time went the satyagraha route and pursued peaceful resistance, lobbying the government, non violent mass opposition saw that only violence can make a difference this was headed by Nelson Mandela, was the head of their guerilla wing for a short period was caught and put in the slammer

Mohammed Zia ul-haq

Assuming the presidency in 1978, Zia played a major role in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Aided by the United States and Saudi Arabia, Zia systematically coordinated the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet occupation throughout the 1980s.[6][7] This culminated in the Soviet Union's withdrawal in 1989, but also led to the proliferation of millions of refugees, with heroin and weaponry into Pakistan's frontier province. On the foreign front, Zia also bolstered ties with China, the European Union, the United States, and emphasised Pakistan's role in the Islamic world, while relations with India worsened amid the Siachen conflict and accusations that Pakistan was aiding the Khalistan movement. Domestically, Zia passed broad-ranging legislation as part of Pakistan's Islamization, acts criticised for fomenting religious intolerance.[8] He also escalated Pakistan's atomic bomb project, and instituted industrialisation and deregulation, helping Pakistan's economy become among the fastest-growing in South Asia.[9] Averaged over Zia's rule, GDP growth was the highest in history.[10] After lifting martial law and holding non-partisan elections in 1985, Zia appointed Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister but accumulated more presidential powers via the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution.[11] After Junejo signed the Geneva Accords in 1988 against Zia's wishes, and called for an inquiry into the Ojhri Camp disaster, Zia dismissed Junejo's government and announced fresh elections in November 1988. But he was killed along with several of his top military officials and two American diplomats in a mysterious plane crash near Bahawalpur on 17 August 1988. To this day, Zia remains a polarising figure in Pakistan's history, credited for preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity, but decried for weakening democratic institutions and passing laws encouraging religious intolerance.[12]

Ostpolitik

Brandt's Eastern policy - keeping ties with West but building bridges to East and Soviet Union. Negotiated treaties with Poland and Soviets in 1970. Frontier conceded at Oder-Neisse. Recognized GDR (German Democratic Republic/East Germany) and promoted closer economic ties with it and rest of Eastern Europe. Many in US govt concerned by this but in long-term analysis, increased communication with successful Western states went a long way towards helping those behind the "Iron Curtain" realize the disadvantages of the Communist system.

Yuri Andropov

Brezhnev's successor, 1982 and longtime chief of secret police. Andropov tried to invigorate the communist system but little came of his efforts. Worsening economic situation led to emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. held power from 1982 to 1984. Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were strained when Soviet pilots shot down a Korean airliner in September 1983. Later that year, Soviet diplomats broke off negotiations concerning reductions in Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces and the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START).

Communes (china)

During the great leap foreward these were greatly increased in scale and size, all private processions became the property of the collective, no differential wages. Local governments got a lot of power which was previously consolidated in Beijing. this was a disaster quotas were unfulfilled, anger toward the gov. Industry halted. 1960-61 communes shrunk down in size to make more managable, incentive pay was resotred, families were permited to live and eat together, private plots were resotred, steel production was recentered, governement power back to bejjing. this restored the economy in some respects

Margret Thatcher

First woman British prime minister from 1979 to 1990 who limited social welfare, restricted union power, and controlled inflation. The economy improved in certain segments but suffered in old industrial areas.

Yom Kippur War (1973)

Frustrated by their losses in the Six-Days War, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur on October 6, 1973. Israel counterattacked, won a decisive victory, and had even occupied portions of northern Egypt. U.S. supports Irael, ME response with OPEC oil embargo.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

Had law degree in london, hoped for cooperation between hindus and muslims, believe in law reform. Later resigned from congress party and joined muslim league because he disagreed with Ghandi's protests.

Great Leap Foreward

In 1958, the second five-year plan- tried to institute a system of pure communism and an industrial and agricultural revolution almost overnight. It was Mao Zedong's plan to industrialize China. Forced a wedge between the Chinese and the soviets.

desert sheild

Multinational military operation aimed at protecting Kuwait and Saudi Arabia from Iraqi invasion in 1990 (Became Operation Desert Storm when the first cruise missiles began to hit Iraq in January 1991).

Mohammed Daoud Khan

Seizes control of Afghanistan in 1973 and declares region Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Was a famous modernizer, wanted to build up the country in order to stand up and face the threat of pakistan. Kahn roares back into power this time however he came to power thorugh seizing power in a coupe and overthrows the king, becomes a republic THis is the begin of afganistans serious issues and distabalization Soviets as a result of Khans rule had more influence in the country, modernizers hoisted back into power, religous conservatives even fled into exile in pakistan

The Seven sisters

Seven major corporations were the only ones who had access to drilling oil in the Middle East where oil was most abundant in the world. These corporations formed a cartel- an explicit agreement among producers to fix prices charged to consumers. Together they avoided the collective action dilemma, and formed OPEC. Dutch east indies now indonesia, venezuela, mexico, romania, and later persia now iran were the main centers of oil production historically two forces attempted to dominate this process of production, the big industrial powers, did this through private oil companies or firms, seven of these big companies "the Seven sisters". emerging production from third world countries. The united states and britian were the countries attempting early on to dominate the oil market

Afghan War

Soviets decide to invade country 1979 send in 40,000 troops purpose in mind to get rid of the Khalq, were trying to make huge changes were very eager. communists in power, as well as defeat the Mujahideen. Soviet Strategy in short was to smash up everything, and scare people away from the Mujahadeen. ⅓ of the entire population was internally displaced Generals begin to feel defeated, get under control in a couple years or pull out Use air power to move people into positions quickly Wherever engaged they always won. As the pushtus forces were gaining huge support from pushtus in pakistan. Needed more manpower, engage in search and destroy missions. Americans provide the Mujahideen forces with anti aircraft guns to shoot down the soviet helicopters Eventually throw in the towel When they pulled out they reinforced the gov until a few years later the Mujadeen overthrew the gov As a result the groups within the country begin in fighting and the state is reduced to chaos. The taliban comes to power, sold itself with a mandate that they would end the chaos and unite the country

Korean War

Traditional interpretation is being challenged by the revisionist in the past 20 years see this issue as a more korean issue not brave american intervention People's war: exploit popular discontent to incite the people Chinese Historians have revisited their role of the chinese, perhaps better things to be doing in china rather than intervening in korea, hold resources to consolidate reunification of the country Japans opressive rule in the korean penisula had caused a nationalization of korean nationalism 1948-1949 Both the US and the Soviets pull out of their occupation of their respective halves of korea Southern regime was beginning to stabalize and suppress these guirillas also geographic issue between the north and south guirilla groups Kim Il Sung then decided he would take the south militarily He had heavy weapons and lots from the soviets Sung believed that if he attacked the south the USA would not react militarily, the USA believed that Sung attacked the south by direct order from the Kremlin THe north korean army was only really heald back by their communication THe invasion for the North is extremlly sucessfull, seems as if the south would loose control, until truman decided to intervene. Macarthur organized amphibous invasion of middle of korean penisula, north forces were engaged in heavy fighting elsewhere, americans landed troops almost unaposed, North had to get back to the north Americans must decide whether to invade the north after liberating the south, decided to do so, was approved by the UN just stay away from the Chinese boarder, the did not do this, and mao sent hundreads of thousands to counteract the americans, called these volunteers, Americans are sent back into the sout by early 1951 the Americans absorb chinese blow and force the north koreans and the chinese just about back to the 38th pareallell, where the fighting was bogged down stationary attritional fighting negotiations were sticky, to blame was the communists, who insisted on getting back all POW's. talks kept on for a long time with heavy fighting continuing, after Stalin death new regime more interested in settlement Korean had been basically destroyed

A. Zhdanov

Zhdanov was appointed by Joseph Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy in 1946. His first action (in December 1946) was to censor Russian writers such as Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko. He formulated what became known as the Zhdanov Doctrine ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). During 1946-1947, Zhdanov was Chairman of the Soviet of the Union. In 1947, he organized the Cominform, designed to coordinate and control the communist parties around the world. In February 1948, he initiated purges among musicians, widely known as a struggle against formalism. Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturian and many other composers were reprimanded during this period. In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. The purpose of the meeting was to condemn Yugoslavia, but Zhdanov took a more restrained line, in contrast to his co-delegate and rival Georgy Malenkov. This infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov was transferred to a sanatorium, where he died. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis.[3] Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in Moscow of heart failure; Nikita Khrushchev recalled in Khrushchev Remembers that Zhdanov was an alcoholic, and that during his "last days," Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist that he drink only fruit juice.[4] Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgy Malenkov, an opportunity to undermine him.

Chou En-lai

Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Mao Zedong and was instrumental in consolidating the control of the Communist Party's rise to power, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy. A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West after the stalemated Korean War, Zhou survived the purges of other top officials during the Cultural Revolution. His attempts at mitigating the Red Guards' damage and his efforts to protect others from their wrath made him immensely popular in the Cultural Revolution's later stages. As Mao Zedong's health began to decline in 1971 and 1972, Zhou and the Gang of Four struggled internally over leadership of China. Zhou's health was also failing, however, and he died eight months before Mao on 8 January 1976. The massive public outpouring of grief in Beijing turned to anger towards the Gang of Four, leading to the Tiananmen Incident.

desert sabre

a massive allied ground offensive, was launched northward from northeastern Saudi Arabia into Kuwait and southern Iraq on February 24, and within three days Arab and U.S. forces had retaken Kuwait city in the face of crumbling Iraqi resistance

Velvet Revolution

a nonviolent political revolution, especially the relatively smooth change from communism to a Western-style democracy in Czechoslovakia at the end of 1989.

Red Guards (china)

after making mess Mao was removed as chairman of the state, still chairman of the party people who took over the state, he associated with the bureaucratization he feared, Liu Shaoqi, Deng xiaping seems as if maos career is over 1962-63 begins to re emerge as a political figure, decides to assualt political structure from the outside, with the help of lin Piao, organize teams of young people, indoctrinated with radical ideas called red guards supported logistically by the army, 11 million more or less made to attack adults, embarass those who have power, beat kil humiliate ass this campaigns unfolds, the party figure begin to form their own strong arm squads to protect themselves heavy fighting between mao's red guard, and the squads held by the party figures. similarities to the boxer rebellion what comes out of all of this is overall chaos in fighting int he communist party, final analysis from caos is the army, by 1967 the red guards are needing to be reeeled in by the army, PLA TAEKS CONTROL Red Guards left with little

National Liberation Front (FLN, Algeria)

bad indication of things to come, arab nationalist began stockpiling weapons and soon launched a full scale rebellion in 1954, algerian nationalists coalesced behind a single banner FLN French are involved in Guerrilla war in algeria FLN had the geographical advantage that comes with guerilla war, a lot of mountainous and desertous land difficult for french to maneuver were also being supported by Nasser and Egypt were quite militant and ruthless. French make considerable gains against the FLN, france had some experienced army officials which helped the french cause. had also formed a foreign legion to fight in these environments French suffocated FLN with the weight of the french forces FLN losing in the countryside, began fighting a urban guerrilla war swept them in the battle of Algiers, FLN was defeated their to militarily the french had almost defeated the issue unfortunately for the french they lost the war politically, had not political strategy. the hard edge of french policy was not met by a political side soustelle program: greater reforms and FLN knew french opponents patience did not run deep find vulnerable colons and kill them, knew the impact this would have on the french, french began bombing once again, which brought the end of the soustelle plan. horrible violence then ensues military leaders in algeria become more and more frustrated, WW2 was humiliated for france, then were beat in indochina, followed by their issues in egypt not reducing support for the FLN saw that they would have to give algeria and the FLN some sort of self determination 1960 renegade military units revolted 1961 another revolt this was barely stamped out by de gaulle 1962 negotiations with the FLN were progressing and they decided on an arab majority state that was ran by the FLN external forces of int condemnation forced de gaulle's hand in many ways

Berlin Wall

berlin crisis breaks out again, outflow of people alarming, we cannot lose people at this rate, summer 1961 closed the borders, and set up wall, made up of pured concrete cinder blocks 27 miles long wall, extension of another 69 miles in the surrounding countryside used heavy fences this went against the original conventions of the contract the soviets signed the cost of these actions: was humiliating for them to have to do this, not to keep people out to keep it's own people in. secondly they had to give up claim on west berlin

Nehru

central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and ruled India from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. He was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as "Uncle Nehru" (

Peoples Democratic Party (Afghanistan)

centrist party, represents all, perceived as christian party in the south; however draws votes from all ethnic groups including muslims; rigs elections - dominant party Had following and bueracrats and military behind him, large communist movement also backed him. THis party 1965 took institutional form, called it the Peoples dem part of afg All of these modernizers were all greatly weakened by the econ crisis in the 1960s And pakistan in engaging in war with india was greatly weakened Lost control of what is now bengladesh Made pakistan seem like less of a formidible opponent

Vietkong

civilians that were not in the north Vietnamese army (NVA) but loyal to ho chi min. men, woman, and children would fight the us army using te guerrilla

Falklands War

conflict between Britain and Argentina; a military junta claimed ownswership of the British colony sparking an international crisis. The British won the war and the military junta lost authority in Argentina

Igor Kurchatov

directed the fission research that resulted in Soviets exploding their first atomic bomb in 1949

European Union

formation of the Common market in Europe this was also excluded from the GAT. Today these are the main rival way to Trade liberalization An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Deng Xioping

from china. He had more moderate policies than Mao, and he improved relations with the US and other western nations. He wasn't as obsessed with communism and he modernized and improved china with the use of the 4 modernizations: agriculture, industry, science and defense.

Battle in Seattle

gathering of NGOs in Seattle in 1999 to protest the meeting of the WTO Ministerial Conference and resulted in the crowd being pepper sprayed; significant because it represents the anti-globalization movement and because it resulted in an NGO victory: the failure of multilateral agreement on investment

Imperial Preference System

historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the general level of an established tariff) were granted to one another by constituent units of an empire. Imperial preference could also include other sorts of preference, such as favourable consideration in the allocation of public contracts, indirect subsidies to shipping, and preferential access to the capital market. Such arrangements were enforced in the first half of the 20th century by most countries with dependent colonies; of these, the British imperial preference introduced in 1932 was perhaps the most important.

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)

in 1963 Russia, Britain and the US signed a treaty that limits these three states to underground nuclear tests. Both leaders decided to ban atmospheric testing partial test ban treaty. Impinged on the nuclear testing of countries still developing nuclear weapons. Kenedy and Krucheve could not get the french or the chinese to sign the treaty. First big agreement of the dentente era.

MAD

is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender (see pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike).[1] It is based on the theory of deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those same weapons. The strategy is a form of Nash equilibrium in which, once armed, neither side has any incentive to initiate a conflict or to disarm. The primary application of this doctrine started during the Cold War (1940s to 1991), in which MAD was seen as helping to prevent any direct full-scale conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union while they engaged in smaller proxy wars around the world. It was also responsible for the arms race, as both nations struggled to keep nuclear parity, or at least retain second-strike capability. Although the Cold War ended in the early 1990s, the MAD doctrine continues to be applied.

Ayman al-Zawahiri

key figure in 9/11 attacks; current leader of Al Qaeda; grew up in Cairo, Egypt; served as Qutb's personal attorney for awhile; graduated from medical school and traveled to Pakistan to help people recover from the war between Soviets and Afghan Freedom fighters; looking for a secure base to put together to tackle Egyptian government; wanted to enforce his laws in Egypt

Satyagraha

loosely translated as "insistence on truth" (satya 'truth'; agraha 'insistence') or "soul force"[1] or "truth force," is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term "satyagraha" was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi.[2] He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil rights movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements.[3][4] Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi. "Soul Force" -- be willing to suffer to convert your oppressor.

H. Maruse

neo Marxist professor, ideological guru for the movement, we needed a cultural revolution in our society. Herbert Marcuse has appealed to students of the New Left through his emphasis on the power of critical thought and his vision of total human emancipation and a non-repressive civilization. He supported students he felt were subject to the pressures of a commodifying system, and has been regarded as an inspirational intellectual leader.[26] He is also considered among the most influential of the Frankfurt School critical theorists on North American culture, due to his studies on student and counter-cultural movements on the 1960s.[27] The legacy of the 1960s, of which Marcuse was a vital part, lives on, and the Great Refusal is still practiced by oppositional groups and individuals who refuse to conform to existing oppression and dominatio

John F Kennedy

president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. Assassination Great conspiracy surrounding his death, which was a result of a successful assassination by Lee Harvey Oswald. The investigation held created a multitude of loose ends which resulted in conspiracy theories about his death.

War of Attrition (1968-1970)

principal of war in which assumes high causalities on both sides. Egypt can deal with these causalities much easier than Israel because of population. Artillery strikes on isreal attempting to kill as many as they can, Israel begins using special units to destroy strategic military targets in egypt that were dealing the strikes. March 1969 Egypt resumes strikes isreal uses air force. After an isrealie strike killed 47 school children the isrealies changed their focus of the operation to the suez. most battles the isrealies won. Prepared ceasefire between the two sides, during this time nasser died and with this the war of attrition campaign ended. Saddat Nassers sucesser begin planning for the yom kippur war soon after.

M. Soares

proclaimed that they were going to have a regular liberal democracy. In spain the trigger of democratization was the death of fransisco franco, franco died at the age of 83 His regime was extremely oppressive almost totalitarian regime, spain was dark. Over the course of his dictatorship however he did shift ground 1. 1950's he liberalized the econ and went to a market driven econ. Big surge of investment and explosion of econ activity Spanish living standards get closer to europe Spain gets the western consumer culture. 2. He arranged for his succession, Franco had re-estb the monarchy in spain, in spain as a regiant of sorts, Late 1960;s announced his successor, prince juan carlos the prince of spain before the king of spain was overthrown Franco had been schooling him in the franco education molding him ideologically, Juan Carlos wanted a more standard liberal democracy, saw something like the 5th republic in france, 1976 appointed a conservative reformer named Swears, created a conservative democracy in spain, got rid of censorship, allowed first free elections, and ind trade, 1977 first free election in spain since 1936 Was won legitimately by his own party a centrist right party

Brown Vs. Topeka board of education

segregation by it's very nature is unequal, SUPREME COURT chalked this up to a violation of the constitution started the desegregation of schools opened the floodgates of desegregation MLK is central in organizing this movement, gifted student. descendant of a family of southern baptist preachers, was a religious mystic inspired by ghandi and the satiagraha technique

Joseph Stalin

stalin obselete and in bad condition, paranoid, and irrational liberalization which came to an end in 1946, big revivaval of communist party authority crack down on freedom and expression USSR relation with west going down the tube 1946-47 cold war begins to really start impose communism on eastern europe misdirection of money to huge mega projects when practical things were in short supply, tractors, ect. made huge industrial gains, but still lagged agriculturally people feared early 50's new round of purges Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition. Under Stalin's rule, the concept of "Socialism in One Country" became a central tenet of Soviet society, contrary to Leon Trotsky's view that socialism must be spread through continuous international revolutions. He replaced the New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin in the early 1920s with a highly centralised command economy, launching a period of industrialization and collectivization that resulted in the rapid transformation of the USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial power.[4] However, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag labour camps.

White Revolution

started in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Goal: Get rid of landlords and give support to peasants and working class, get rid of aristocracy ties in city, ally with peasantry in countryside

Douglas MacArthur

supreme commander of allied forces in Japan: called the American shogun in japan he is very liberal in his policy (1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman. Rural labour streaming into the cities, occupation of Japan, Macarthur end landlordism in the countryside, land reform campaign gave japanese farmers more to spend on their own property, and spending more money on better equipment created more efficiency more people started moving into the cities.

Apartheid

the nationalist party represented the more extreme vein of boers opinion, they created the system of apartheid in the country Apartheid believed god gave white people the divine right to dominate the black inhabitants were inspired by the nazis of the 1930's anti black, anti british, anti jews, anti everything 1938 election watershed election the nationalist won a large majority apartheid involved the systemization of white minority domination. 1949 prohibit mixed race marriages, struck mixed race voters, master idea that they imposed was entirely separate countries in their reserves to channel the black nationalism. gave these countries nominal independence. took away their south african citizenship and they were allocated as citizens of these separate countries

containerization

the use of shipping containers to move products from one place to another. international organization for standards. in the late 60's and 70's introduced uniform sizes for shipping containers, began to adapt size of ships and trucks to accommodate these containers could move things in a container, no expensive loading and unloading, easy transport huge savings of shipping costs. encouraged the unbundling of production could distribute their manufacturing to other places to save money. creating widely distributed production.

Iran-Iraq war

the war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.

lend lease

this act was a result of the trade libarlization trend which saw the birth of such institutions of the Atlantic Charter and Bretton Woods confrence and others. Specifically was Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S

King Ibn Saud

warrior-statesman who seized land in Arabian Peninsula and eventually became King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia; sent Sharif Husayn into exile; renowned for his ability to have good diplomacy with US/UK without allowing colonialism to control his government

Chiang Kia shek

was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. Standard Chinese. Chiang was an influential member of the Kuomintang (KMT), the Chinese Nationalist Party, and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became the Commandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader.consolidating power from the party's former regional warlords. Unlike Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek was socially conservative, promoting traditional Chinese culture in the New Life Movement and rejecting western democracy and the nationalist democratic socialism that Sun embraced in favour of an authoritarian government. Under shek Nationalists fought a nationwide civil war against the Communists. After Japan invaded China in 1937, Chiang agreed to a temporary truce with the CCP. Despite some early cooperative military successes against Japan, by the time that the Japanese surrendered in 1945 neither the CCP nor the KMT trusted or was actively cooperating with the other. The CCP defeated the Nationalists in 1949. Chiang's government and army retreated to Taiwan, where Chiang imposed martial law and persecuted people critical of his rule in a period known as the "White Terror". After evacuating to Taiwan, Chiang's government continued to declare its intention to retake mainland China. Chiang ruled Taiwan securely as President of the Republic of China and General of the Kuomintang until his death in 1975.

W. Ulbricht

was a German Communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (after spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in France and the Soviet Union) in the early development and establishment of East Germany (the German Democratic Republic). As the first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party 1950 to 1971, he was the chief decision maker in East Germany. From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960, he was also the East German head of state until his own death in 1973. Ulbricht remained loyal to Leninist and Stalinist principles throughout his life, rarely able or willing to make compromises. Inflexible and unlikeable, a "widely loathed Stalinist bureaucrat well known for his tactics denouncing rivals",[30] he was an unlikely figure to attract much public affection or admiration. However, he also proved to be a shrewd and intelligent politician who knew how to get himself out of more than one difficult situation. Despite stabilising the GDR to some extent, he never succeeded in raising the standard of living in the country to a level compable to that in the West. Soviet party leader Nikita Khrushchev observed, "A disparity quickly developed between the living conditions of Germans in East Germany and those in West Germany."[31]

Hagana

was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces. were very vocal against the british military extremists. Fought for the freedom of isreal, and approved the Irgun's attack on the King David Hotel initially

S. Rhee

was a Korean statesman, the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and the first president of the Republic of Korea (commonly referred to as South Korea). His three-term presidency of South Korea (August 1948 to April 1960) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and he led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Alexi Kosygin

was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War. Kosygin was born in the city of St. Petersburg in 1904 to a Russian working-class family. He was conscripted into the labour army during the Russian Civil War, and after the Red Army's demobilisation in 1921, he worked in Siberia as an industrial manager. Kosygin returned to Leningrad in the early 1930s and worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Kosygin was a member of the State Defence Committee and was tasked with moving Soviet industry out of territories soon to be overrun by the German military. He served as Minister of Finance for a year before becoming Minister of Light Industry and later, the Minister of Light and Food Industry. Stalin removed Kosygin from the Politburo one year before his own death in 1953, intentionally weakening Kosygin's position within the Soviet hierarchy. After the power struggle triggered by Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader. On 20 March 1959, Kosygin was appointed to the position of Chairman of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan), a post he would hold for little more than a year. Kosygin next became First Deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers. When Khrushchev was replaced in 1964, Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev became Premier and First Secretary respectively. Kosygin, along with Brezhnev and Nikolai Podgorny, the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, was a member of the newly established collective leadership. Kosygin became one of two major power players within the Soviet hierarchy, the other being Brezhnev, and was able to initiate the failed 1965 economic reform, usually referred to simply as the Kosygin reform. This reform, along with his more open stance on solving the Prague Spring (1968), made Kosygin one of the most liberal members of the top leadership. More conservative members of the top leadership saw some of Kosygin's policies as too radical, but they were never able to depose him as Premier, even if he and Brezhnev disliked each other. By the 1970s, Brezhnev had consolidated enough power to stop any "radical" reform-minded attempts by Kosygin. In 1980, Kosygin retired from office due to bad health, dying two months later on 18 December 1980.

Henry Kissinger

was a realist, and convinced Nixon that a lot has changed since 1950 the world is a more of a multi polar place Europe is a unified force, japan is emerging as a power. Better to engage in a program of triangulation. Reach out to the Chinese and extract concessions from the soviets. Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Adviser and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America. promoted a theory where if we engage with the soviets more economically uS cultural prominance we would have a softening factor, if we engage we could tone down the intrusive nature of their police state system. More optomistic component of detente, saw this as taming the USSR.

Saur Revolution

was a revolution led by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) against the rule of self-proclaimed Afghan President Mohammed Daoud Khan on 27-28 April 1978. The government at the time was led by Daoud, who had previously overthrown his cousin King Mohammed Zahir in 1973. The revolution led to the 1979 intervention by the Soviets and the 1979-1989 Soviet-Afghan War against the Mujahideen. Most of the perpetrators of the coup were trained and educated in the Soviet Union. Officially, the Soviet Union provided massive developmental aid without any preconditions. However, the creation of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan was financially supported by the Soviets. The government of President Daoud came to a violent end in the early morning hours of 27 April 1978, when military units loyal to the Khalq faction of the PDPA stormed the palace in the heart of Kabul. The coup was strategically planned to begin Thursday 27 April, because it was the day before Friday, the Muslim day of worship, and most military commanders and government workers were off duty. With the help of a few airplanes of Afghanistan's military air force, which were mainly Soviet made MiG-21 and SU-7s, the insurgent troops overcame the resistance of the Presidential Guard and killed Daoud and most members of his family.

Colonels Regime (greece)

was a series of right-wing military juntas that ruled Greece following the 1967 Greek coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. The dictatorship ended on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Where the first authoritarian regime to fall in the so called wave of democratization Their downfall created by ill advised effort in intervening in cyprus, which is mainly pop by greeks, other 20% is Turkish. 1963 civil war breaks out was quelled by UN intervention, Canadian troops were a big player. 1974 greek officers serving in Cypriot national guard, Greek nationalist conduct a coupe Was unacceptable to the turkish minority, turks invaded the island and overran the northern 2/5ths and seperated it Populations between the two groups were disperced all over the place Turks got their people to move up to the Northern part and the island was biafricfated Greeks could not risk a full scale war with turkey. Hand over their power Constantine Karamanalis: was the person who seized control in greece, forms right wing liberal movment in greece, new democracy, runs transition period in late 1970's begins functioning as a regular liberal democracy, 1981 left eventually takes over in greece. This marks the final stage of the transition in the shift of power.

John Maynard Keynes (keynesianism, keynesian fine tuning)

was born 1883 elite family in late Victorian England father an intellectual, went to Cambridge grad in 1902. created several economic theories. Keynesian Economics: approach to econ to deal with problems of the 1930's high deflation and unemployment policy makers worried after ww2 these things would come back again trying to avoid this with keynesianism also keynesian economics could be altered to deal with problems of inflation as well done at the end of 1950-70 became reigning econ till after ww2. in mid 70's failed and was replaced by other ideas great recession 2008 resurfaced keynes believed classical view was warped demand intersect with supply does not equate to full employment, classical econs believed in natural mechanisms would deal with econ issues. returning econ to state of equilibrium Keynesian fine tuning: at the end of the 1960's-1970's gov want to stabilize the econ keeping inflation and unemployment as low as possible adjusting spending and taxation policy constantly, known as Keynesian fine tuning. 1970s is abandoned due to stagflation high rates of unemployment and inflation at the same time, went against keynesian formula, could not account for this. Model began to break down.

Nixon

was s small town claifornia man, was the fifth president born west of the mississsippi came from outside the traditional centers of power. came from a poor quaker family. father was a shop keeper did not have an Ivy Legue education, normal path of higher education, did not fit in with the elite of the republican party. He did let this bother him, he had a chip on his shoulder was an intensily private man, was unsure of himselves, yet was ambitoius and wanted to project himself into public life puzzling charactor veteran of the navy, runs for congress, moves to the senate, gets a profile as a aanti commmunist builds up a reputation of being on the right of the republican party, Eisenhower was a moderate and picked up NIxon as a nominee for the vice presidency. nixon looses to kennedy in a squeeker. perhaps was some ballot box stuffing in illonios. runs for governor of california, lOSSES THIS Politics in the 1960's played to all of Nixons weaknesses, rise of the youth movement, increasing abuses of power by FBI and CIA Vietnam war, is inherited by nixon, and was fought with emphasis on special operations, and in a higly secrative fasion, using dirty tricks in politcs. Nixon gets presidency was fanatical about plugging info leaks, formed special unit to do such run from the white house. Called them plumbers. Recruited these out of the ex cuban exiles who were against castro because nixon was so paranoid he would not even use the CIA ro FBI to do his dirty work. nixon admin devalued american dollar due to inflation and the economy became insecure cut the tie between us dollar and gold this system did work for a while Nixon starts vietnamisation, gives weapons to the south Vietnamese army and begin pulling out of the fighting, Americans negotiated their own withdraw from the conflict . Nixon had a political reputation as a big red baiter and anti communist. 1950s nixon became better schooled in IR and he becama a lot less of a hardliner, more partical exp and more of a pragmatic realist, but still had this rep as an anti communist People did not know that his beliefs were more moderate Watergate Nixon knew about the breakins before they happened he AUTHORIZED THIS now must break the chain of evidence that led back to the oval office, fired three most senior aids John Dean would not take the fall, and he blabs to the press, and explains that nixon knew about this and it was authorized. Cox the special prosecuter and the committee, start to see that nixon has a very good memeory as he is qutoing verbatem the tapes elliot richardson says the nixon has tapes comitee asks for tapes, as these show nixons unquestionable guilt, lots of embarassing stuff. Nixon was very presceint saw china as the power for the future. Wanted to genuinally reach out to the chinese and set up relations Nixon and Kissenger set up secreat relations between the two countries. Kissinger secretly visted china making prepeations for Nixon to go to china Paved the way for full scale internation relations between the two countries 1980's the two countries were sharing military tech

Korolyov

was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s. He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics.[6][7] Although Korolev was trained as an aircraft designer, his greatest strengths proved to be in design integration, organization and strategic planning. Arrested for alleged mismanagement of funds (he spent the money on unsuccessful experiments with rocket devices), he was imprisoned in 1938 for almost six years, including some months in a Kolyma labour camp. Following his release, he became a recognized rocket designer and a key figure in the development of the Soviet Intercontinental ballistic missile program. He was then appointed to lead the Soviet space program, made Member of Soviet Academy of Sciences, overseeing the early successes of the Sputnik and Vostok projects that include launching Yuri Alexeevich Gagarin into orbit on 12 April 1961, the first human in space. By the time he died unexpectedly in 1966, his plans to compete with the United States to be the first nation to land a man on the Moon had begun to be implemented.

Dirty War

was the name used by the Argentine Military Government for a period of state terrorism in Argentina[1] from roughly 1974 to 1983 during which military and security forces and right-wing death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance hunted down and killed left-wing guerrillas,political dissidents, and anyone believed to be associated with socialism. The victims of the violence were left-wing activists, terrorists and militants, including trade unionists, students, journalists and Marxists and Peronist guerrillas[15] and their support network in the Montoneros believed to be 150,000-250,000-strong and 60,000-strong in the ERP, as well as alleged sympathizers. The official number of disappeared is reported to be 13,000.

Konstantinos Karamanlis

was the person who seized control in Greece, forms right wing liberal movement in Greece, new democracy, runs transition period in late 1970's begins functioning as a regular liberal democracy, 1981 left eventually takes over in Greece.

"Group University" concept

we need a tripartite arrangement group university concept democracy at home is a veil for authoritarianism and then shifted this belief to their countries foreign policy Vietnam was once again exibit A saw that western gov were being upholding disagreement in the movement fracture lines, some radicals in movement who wanted a combined council democracy and kinda socialism or communism hebert marcuse neo marxist professor, ideological guru for the movement, we needed a cultural revolution in our society.