History 11.4-11.7
Federal Reserve Act
1913 law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which operates regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
What role did Sanford B. Dole play in American expansion?
He encouraged the American government to annex Hawaii.
Why did Emilio Aguinaldo organize an insurrection against U.S. rule in the Philippines?
He felt betrayed by the U.S. decision to occupy his country.
How did the Treaty of Paris lead to complications after the Spanish-American War?
The United States acquired the Philippines as a part of the treaty, leading to debate over America's role in the Philippines.
What happened as a result of the Foraker Act?
The United States established a civil government in Puerto Rico.
Why did the United States propose the Open Door Policy?
The United States wanted to establish free trade with China.
How was the United States affected by the conclusion of the Spanish-American War?
The conclusion of the war brought both economic benefits and increased political influence to the United States.
"big stick" diplomacy
Theodore Roosevelt's policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America's goals
jingoism
aggressive nationalism; support for warlike foreign policy
"moral diplomacy"
Woodrow Wilson's statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights
Why did the construction of the Panama Canal prove to be a difficult endeavor?
Workers had to combat deadly tropical diseases.
spheres of influence
a region dominated and controlled by an outside power
Russo-Japanese War
a war between Japan and Russia in 1904 over the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria
Open Door Policy
an American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there
Treaty of Paris
an agreement signed by the United States and Spain in 1898, which officially ended the Spanish-American War
Why did Theodore Roosevelt receive a Nobel Peace Prize?
for negotiating a peace treaty during the Russo-Japanese War
Which resource discovered near Alaska caused an immediate increase in the settlers entering the territory in the nineteenth century?
gold
Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
government agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling
Rough Riders
group of men, consisting of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who fought during the Spanish-American War
Platt Amendment
set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting the U.S. the "right to intervene" to preserve order in Cuba
What did President Wilson refer to as the 'triple wall of privilege'?
tariffs, banks, and trusts
Which group of soldiers did Theodore Roosevelt lead during the Spanish-American War?
the Rough Riders
Who determined the rights of Puerto Ricans during the Insular Cases after the Spanish-American War?
the U.S. Supreme Court
What factor most influenced economic growth in the United States between 1870 and 1920?
the expansion of American world trade markets
What motivated the Righteous and Harmonious Fists to begin the Boxer Rebellion?
the growing influence of outsiders in China
Boxer Rebellion
violence started by members of a secret society in China, which prompted the governments of Europe and America to send troops to squash the rebellion
How did Filipinos respond to U.S. rule in the Philippines?
with guerrilla warfare
Which foreign policy did President Wilson promise to employ for Latin America?
"moral diplomacy"
Matthew Perry
(1794-1858) was a U.S. naval officer who led an American naval fleet in 1853 to 1854 that forced Japan into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Perry's journey opened further American expansion across the Pacific Ocean.
George Dewey
(1837-1917) was an American naval officer who commanded the U.S. fleet that defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. In 1899, Congress promoted Dewey to the rank of admiral of the navy, the highest rank ever held by a U.S. naval officer.
John Hay
(1838-1905) served as U.S. secretary of state from 1895 to 1905, guiding U.S. diplomacy as the country emerged as a world power. He was instrumental in crafting the Open Door policy toward China.
John Muir
(1838-1914) emigrated with his family from Scotland in 1849. In 1876 he urged the federal government to adopt a forest conservation policy and was later instrumental in the establishment of California's Yosemite and Sequoia national parks. In 1892, Muir founded the Sierra Club, one of today's leading conservationist organizations.
Queen Liluokalani
(1838-1917) succeeded her brother King Kalakaua in 1891 as the leader of the Hawaiian people. She was the first and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands. Although Liluokalani tried to regain control of lands owned by white plantation owners, she was overthrown in 1893, and the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898.
Sanford B. Dole
(1844-1926) played an important role in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. After the overthrow, Dole was elected president of the Provisional Government. He petitioned the American government to annex the Hawaiian Islands. In 1898, Hawaii became a United States territory with Dole as its first governor.
José Martí
(1853-1895) was an exiled Cuban writer who became the symbol of Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain. Martí helped establish the Cuban Revolutionary Party and was elected its leader in 1892. In 1895 Martí helped launched a war of independence against Spain. He died a month later in battle on the plains of Dos Ríos.
Woodrow Wilson
(1856-1924) entered politics in 1910 when he was elected governor of New Jersey. His reforms there brought him national attention and the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912. As President he guided the nation through World War I and negotiated the Versailles Treaty.
William Howard Taft
(1857-1930) was the 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913. In 1901, Taft became the first civilian governor of the Philippines. In that post, Taft worked to rebuild the economy and reestablish order. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft the 10th chief justice of the United States, where he served for 9 years.
Theodore Roosevelt
(1858-1919) was governor of New York before becoming Vice President in 1901. Roosevelt became the youngest man to assume the presidency soon after. He was known for his anti-monopoly and conservation policies. He made an unsuccessful bid for another term in 1912 as the candidate of the Progressive Party.
William Randolph Hearst
(1863-1951) was an American newspaper publisher who created the nation's largest newspaper chain. Hearst, along with Joseph Pulitzer, helped popularize investigative reporting and sensationalistic journalism. Hit hard by the Great Depression, Hearst lost control of his business empire and lived the last years of his life in seclusion at his estate in California.
Gifford Pinchot
(1865-1946) was appointed to head the U.S. Forest Service, but was fired in 1910 after a dispute with President Taft's Secretary of the Interior. In 1912, he helped form the Progressive Party that nominated Theodore Roosevelt to run for President. Pinchot continued his conservation work in Pennsylvania, where he was elected governor in 1922.
Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869-1964) was the leader of the Filipino forces that fought for independence against Spain in the 1890s. Disillusioned with the U.S. presence in the Philippines following the war, Aguinaldo helped organize an insurrection against U.S. rule. He was captured by U.S. forces in 1901, effectively ending the Filipino's fight for independence.
Francisco "Pancho" Villa
(1878-1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader. In 1916 Villa's forces killed 18 Americans in New Mexico, which resulted in U.S. General John J. Pershing's unsuccessful expedition into Mexico with 10,000 troops to capture and punish Villa.
National Reclamation Act
1902 law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed through the building and management of dams and irrigation projects
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs
Meat Inspection Act
1906 law that empowered the federal government to inspect meat sold across state lines and required federal inspection of meat processing plants
Hepburn Act
1906 law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the authority to set maximum shipping rates for railroads and for ferries, toll bridges, and oil pipelines
Sixteenth Amendment
1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the authority to levy an income tax
Why did President Cleveland refuse to sign a treaty to annex Hawaii?
He learned that most Hawaiians did not approve of the treaty.
What impact did Matthew Perry have on American foreign relations?
He negotiated a treaty that allowed the United States to trade with Japan.
How did President Roosevelt believe that the government should manage national forests?
He preferred to combine conservation with the use of public land for its resources.
How did President Roosevelt help to make the United States a world power?
He strengthened and asserted U.S. military power.
How did Alfred Thayer Mahan help to strengthen American power?
He urged the United States to build a modern naval fleet.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt earn a reputation as a trustbuster?
He worked to eliminate corruption in big business.
How did Congress respond to conflicts over water use in the Southwest?
In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which gave the federal government the power to decide how to distribute water.
Which statement is not a legacy of the Progressive Era?
It eliminated unfair employment practices.
What was the primary effect of the Hepburn Act?
It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum shipping rates for railroads.
How did the Yellow Press affect American sentiment toward the crisis in Cuba?
It fueled American jingoism and anger toward Spain.
How did the split in the Republican Party influence American politics?
It helped the Democratic Party win the following election.
Why did the United States support the Panamanian rebellion against Colombia?
It wanted to build a canal through Panama.
Why did the Anti-Imperialist League argue against the U.S. occupation of the Philippines?
It would go against the principles of American government.
How did the Spanish reaction to José Marti's war of independence influence American public opinion?
Many Americans opposed Spain's tactics and expressed support for Cuban independence.
When Republican William McKinley ran for reelection, why did he choose Theodore Roosevelt as his vice-presidential running mate?
McKinley hoped that Roosevelt's status as a war hero from the Spanish-American war would help his candidacy.
How did scarce water cause problems in the Southwest?
People fought over rights to scarce supplies of water.
"dollar diplomacy"
President Taft's policy of expanding American investments abroad
New Nationalism
President Theodore Roosevelt's plan to restore the government's trustbusting power
Square Deal
President Theodore Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
Roosevelt Corollary
President Theodore Roosevelt's reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by European powers
How did the relationship between the federal government and food producers change under President Roosevelt?
The Pure Food and Drug Act empowered the federal government to test and monitor the production and sale of food.
How did American missionaries affect expansionism?
They encouraged expansionism by strengthening American presence abroad.
Why did some people oppose the graduated income tax that was part of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913?
They thought it would have a negative effect on the economy.
How did the United States gain control of Hawaii?
U.S. Marines assisted rebels to overthrow the Hawaiian government.
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's program to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses
Great White Fleet
battleships sent by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1907 on a "good will cruise" around the world
monetary policy
control of the money supply by a central authority, including influencing interest rates to promote economic growth and stability
extractive economies
economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home to benefit its own economy
Panama Canal
human-made waterway linking the Atlantic to the Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama
Foraker Act
law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico
Yellow Press
newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership
guerrilla warfare
nontraditional combat methods
Progressive Party
political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912
imperialism
political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories
insurrection
rebellion