History-1300 Final Exam

How does your professor define slavery? [Panopto Lecture, "The Origins of New World Slavery"]

A condition in which one person is owned by another.

What was the significance of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. [Openstax, Chapter 6]

A majority of slaves in the colonies won their freedom.

What was the protestant reformation? [[Panopto: "The English Migration Outward"]

A schism within the Roman Catholic Church between protesting clergy and the traditional papacy based in Rome.

What were the strengths of the Confederacy at the opening of the Civil War? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 15]

Ability to wage a defensive war, the resources of the upper south states, shorter supply lines.

According to McPherson, what factors made American Civil War soldiers more ideological than other soldiers in other wars?

American Civil War soldiers were the most literate army in history up to that time., Most soldiers were volunteers and citizens, rather than draftees, mercenaries, or long-term regulars., American soldiers came from the world's most politicized and democratic society at the time..

According to Virginia Anderson, how did English livestock threaten traditional American Indian life in New England? [Anderson, "King Philip's Herds"]

American Indians did not have a tradition of domesticated animals so native people struggled to decide whether men or women should be responsible for husbandry. Native Americans struggled with the idea of "property" in animals they believed to have spirits, much like those of human beings. English livestock encroached on native lands and destroyed indian crops like corn and squash, critical for survival.

Anderson writes "No man was harder pressed by these developments than King Philip" (618). How did conflicts over livestock threaten King Philip as Sachem of his people? [Anderson, "King Philip's Herds"]

As sachem of the Wampanoags since 1662, he had tried to protect his people and preserve their independence in the face of English intrusion. Englishmen from three colonies continued to trespass on Wampanoag lands and crops and local governments refused to listen to King Phillip's complaints. King Philip's own role as Sachem was threatened by English governments refusing to acknowledge his complaints and sovereignty.

Why is history often contentious, or likely to cause an argument? [Panopto: "What is history"]

Because historians interpret evidence from the past to understand how people have changed over time.

Who were the main combatants in the French and Indian War? [See Openstax, Chapter 4.5]

Britain and France

Historians typically describe American soldiers in World War II and Vietnam as less ideological, fighting in solidarity with one's comrades rather than for a cause. According to Brigadier General S. L. A. Marshall "Men do not fight for a cause but because they do not want to let their comrades down" [McPherson, 3]. McPherson argues American Civil War soldiers were different. Which of the following best explains McPherson's argument?

Civil War soldiers were intensely aware of the issues at stake in the Civil War and passionately concerned about them.

How did Confederate soldiers compare the Civil War to the American Revolution, according to McPherson?

Confederate soldiers said they were fighting for the cause of American liberty and southern freedom.

Daniel Shays of Massachusetts and his allies represented which group of Americans in 1786? [Openstax, Chapter 7]

Farmers

Cultural change in the Early Republic included which of the following? [Lecture, "The First Party System"]

Focus on wealth, celebration of equality of freemen, celebration of ambition and humble origins.

Why was Powhatan's Confederacy unique in the eastern woodlands, according to Axtell? [Axtell, "Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire"]

In 1607, a native monarchy such as powhatans was highly unusual north of Mexico. Most native leaders in the east relied upon consensus because they lacked jails, police, and standing armies. Indians on the coast were notorious individualists who tolerated only minimalist intervention in their lives.

In 1820s America, race replaced property qualifications as the criterion for voting rights. American democracy had a decidedly racist orientation; a white majority limited the rights of black minorities. Give some historical examples that illustrate this point. [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 10]

In 1777, the New York State Constitution allowed black men to vote. In 1822, New York passed a law that "men of color" had to possess property of $250 or more to vote., New Jersey explicitly limited the right to vote to white men only., By the 1820s, New York led the rest of the states by allowing more than 80% of the white male population to vote, even as the state passed laws restricting the voting rights of "men of color.", In 1814, Connecticut passes a law restricting voting to white men only.

Explain the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation. [Panopto: "Conclusion: The Struggle for Liberty; Burns, Episode 3: "Forever Free;" 103:25]

It only frees slaves in states where the confederacy isn't controlled.

In 1492, the Spanish forced which two religious groups to either convert or leave Spain? [Openstax, Chapter 1.2, Chapter 2.1]

Jews and Muslims

What were the strengths of the Union at the opening of the Civil War? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 15]

Large population, substantial industry, an extensive railroad.

What made the eastern woodlands culture distinct? [Panopto: "Eastern Woodlands Culture"]

Low-Density Populations organized around village bands, region has four seasons, good for hunting and growing crops. Young people celebrated a masculine culture of war. Young men performed acts of courage against enemies to gain prestige in their clans.

To balance votes in the Senate, ________ was admitted to the Union as a free state at the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state. ? [Lecture - "The Struggle Over Slavery in the West"]

Maine

What was the first colony on the British American mainland to recognize slavery as a legal institution, according to the filmmaker of Africans in America? [Africans in America]

Massachusetts

Explain the debate over Missouri statehood that led to the Missouri Compromise? [Lecture - "The Struggle Over Slavery in the West"]

Northern members of the House of Representatives did not want "slave" states in the south to outnumber "free" states in the north, so Representative Tallmadge (N.Y.) proposed an amendment restricting slavery in Missouri as a condition of statehood.

Under Radical Reconstruction, what were former Confederate states REQUIRED to do in order to rejoin the Union? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 16]

Pass the fourteenth amendment, revise their state constitutions, allow all freed men over the age of 21 to vote.

Axtell writes "what became the United States began in Virginia as a fierce clash of empires." What were those two Empires? [Axtell, "Rise and Fall of the Powhatan Empire"]

Powhatan Empire and the English(British) Empire.

Douglass wrote that learning to read was the "pathway from slavery to freedom." How did his literacy help him challenge his slavery (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Chapter VI VII)?

Recognizing that his master and mistress were afraid of his learning to read, he read others opposed to the institution of slavery.

To what form of government did the American revolutionaries turn after the war for independence? [Openstax, Chapter 7]

Republicanism

Explain three ways in which black men and women openly challenged the institution of slavery during the American Revolution. [Panopto Lecture, "Whose Revolution Would it Be?]

Slaves petitioned colonial legislatures for their right to freedom, enslaved men and women volunteered to fight for their freedom in both American Continental and British Armies, and they escaped to set up new settlements in Nova Scotia, Trinidad, and Africa.

Which European country established the first colony in the Americas with the arrival of Columbus? [Openstax, Chapter 1.2, Chapter 2.1]

Spain

Historian John Sudgens argues Tecumseh said something remarkable to Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison that no Indian had ever said before. What was it that Tecumseh said? [We Shall Remain - Tecumseh's Vision]

Tecumseh said he represented every Indian on the continent.

What was the significance of the Continental Army's surprise victory over the British military at Saratoga? [Openstax, Chapter 6]

The Continental Army's victory convinced the French Empire to join the American colonies in an alliance, changing the Revolution to a World War.

What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence, according to your textbook? [Openstax, Chapter 6]

The Continental Congress passed the Declaration in the hopes of winning support of France and Spain, The Continental Congress included a long list of grievances justifying colonists' independence, The Declaration asserted that "just" nations must be ruled by the "consent of the governed."

The election of 1828 brought in the firterm-44st presidency of which political party? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 10]

The Democrats

Explain the significance of the King's Proclamation Line of 1763? [Panopto Lecture, "Pontiac's War"]

The Proclamation Line forbid most British settlement west of the Appalachian mountains, inspiring colonists' resentment toward the King for siding with Native Americans.

According to the filmmaker of We Shall Remain - Tecumseh's Vision, why was the outcome of the American Revolution "cataclysmic" for the Shawnee?

The Shawnee had fought valiantly on the side of the British without losing a battle, only to learn the British had surrendered., In the Treaty of Paris, the British transferred all Shawnee lands to the United States., The end of the Revolution began a new 30 year struggle as Indians resisted American expansion into the Old Northwest, between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

What were the three stages of Parliamentary Action against the colonies? [Panopto Lecture, "The Powder Alarms"]

The Stamp Act Crisis, the "American Program" or Townshend Acts, and the Coercive Acts.

What was the significance of the Wilmot Proviso of 1846? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 14]

The Wilmot Proviso proposed banning slavery in the territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Though the proviso remained a proposal. Though it never became a law, it demonstrated the sectional division between North and South over the Mexican cession..

How did the cotton gin influence southern agriculture? [Lecture - "Two inventions that split the republic"]

The cotton gin easily separated seeds from cotton fibers, making cotton agriculture more profitable, slave owners purchased more slaves to grow cotton, because the cotton gin made cotton crops easier to produce for profit.

According to your professor, what were the reasons that the Federalist Party came to an end? [Lecture, "The First Party System"]

The federalists represented merchants when most Americans lived in farms, their resistance to popular elections, enforced the sedition acts.

What were some of the changes in manufacturing brought about by the First Industrial Revolution? [Lecture - "Two inventions that split the republic"]

The master and apprentice relationship was replaced with the foreman and employee relationship, the task system was replaced by the wage labor system, skilled labor was replaced by non-skilled labor.

Virginia's George Mason argued for a popularly elected chamber of government. What were his reasons for supporting the National Legislature (which is today's House of Representatives in Congress)? [Madison's Notes from the Constitutional Convention]

The national legislature would represent different districts within each state, the chamber would function like Britain's house of commons, the chamber would represent every class of people, not just the wealth.

According to Madison's notes from the Constitutional Convention in 1787, what TWO reasons did delegates Roger Sherman [Conn.] and Elbridge Gerry [Mass.] give for their opposition to the popular election of representatives to a "National Legislature?" [Madison's Notes from the Constitutional Convention]

The people were poorly/easily misinformed, the people in a democracy would starve their governments.

In American history, to what does the term "Reconstruction" refer? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 16]

The period between the end of the Civil War (1865) and the inauguration of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to President (1877), in which the national government attempted to reform and reconstruct the southern states.

What was the "Reconquista," or "Reconquest"? [Panopto: "Worlds of Columbus"]

The reconquest of Portugal and Spain by Catholic Christians overthrowing Muslim kingdoms.

What were the motivations of President Lincoln in passing the Emancipation Proclamation? [Burns, Episode 3: "Forever Free;" 30:45; Chapter Panopto: "Conclusion: The Struggle for Liberty;" 24:00; McPherson, What They Fought For, 58-61]

The republic must be conserved, the freeing of the slaves.

To what does the term "Restoration" refer in British Colonial History? [Openstax, US History, Chapter 4.1-4.4]

The restoration of Charles II to the English throne.

What is history, according to your professor? [Panopto: "What is history"]

The study of the recorded past. The study of human change and continuity over time.

What were two inventions that hastened the divergence between the northern and southern economies in the 1790s, according to your professor? [Lecture - "Two inventions that split the republic"]

The water mill and the cotton gin.

What were the characteristics of the Federalists? [Lecture, "The First Party System"]

They were generally supported by merchants and farmers, federalists wanted a new national infrastructure, federalists generally opposed universal suffrage.

Explain the motivations of the English in settling the Americas. Give three explanations from class. [Panopto: "The English Migration Outward"]

Three motivating factors for European colonization of the Americas were; competition for property and wealth, desire to crusade for their Catholic Christian faith, and the potential discovery of new routes of trade to West Africa and East Asia.

What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies? [Openstax, US History, Chapter 3]

Tobacco

Douglass wrote that at "7 or 8" years old he was selected by his master to go live with the Auld family in Baltimore. His new mistress Sophia Auld had never owned slaves and when Douglass first saw her, "her face was made of heavenly smiles, and her voice of tranquil music." How did becoming a slave master change Mrs. Auld (Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Chapter VI and VII)?

Under the influence of being a slave owner, "her tender heart became a stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one like tiger fierceness." She watched Douglass warily for any attempt to learn to read.

What were the concerns of President Washington in his Farewell Address of 1796? [Lecture, "The First Party System"]

Washington warned that "factions" and the "Spirit of Party" would lead to waste, corruption, foreign influence, and empower corrupt men to take control of government.

Why did western Europeans stop enslaving each other during the Middle Ages? Give two reasons. [Panopto Lecture, "The Origins of New World Slavery"]

Western Europeans stopped enslaving other Christians, making it a crime to enslave members of the Catholic Church. Western Europeans adopted a system of serfdom in the Middle Ages that replaced the system of slavery, meaning feudal societies did not rely on slave labor.

What was the First Great Awakening? [Openstax, US History, Chapter 4.1-4.4]

a Protestant revival that emphasized emotional, experiential faith over book learning

What were the components of the Compromise of 1850? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 14]

a ban on the slave trade in Washington, DC, the admission of California as a free state, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act.

In United States history, the "Sectional Crisis" refers to what? [Lecture - "The Struggle Over Slavery in the West"]

a fight between northern free states and southern slave states over control of the Senate as the nation expanded westward.

How did the North go about mobilizing for war? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 15]

form a military alliance with Great Britain

What was the main focus of the new Republican Party? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 14]

halting the spread of slavery

Which group saw an expansion of their voting rights in the early nineteenth century? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 10]

non-property-owning men

What was Lincoln's primary goal immediately following the Civil War? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 16]

reunifying the country

What were the fears of the Anti-Federalists concerning a national government? [Openstax, Chapter 7]

the Constitution would consolidate all power in a national government, robbing the states of the power to make their own decisions.

Under the Articles of Confederation, what power did the national Confederation Congress have? [Openstax, Chapter 7]

the power to create land ordinances

What factors contributed to Lincoln's victory in the election of 1860?

the split between northern and southern democrats, Lincoln's improved national standing after his senatorial debates with Stephen Douglas, the Constitutional Union party's further splintering the vote.

The House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson over the violation of which ACT ________ (This was the first impeachment of the President in U.S. history). [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 16]

the tenure of office act.

What were the basic goals of the Confederate States of America? [Openstax, U.S. History, Chapter 15]

to ensure that the international slave trade would be allowed to continue