HISTORY 1301 | EXAM 2 | REVIEW

oregon territory

1816-1840 people started moving west to the Oregon territory on the Oregon trail. The "Land of Milk and Honey" meant that there was plenty of land, food, and opportunity to live.

gadsden purchase

1853, parts of Arizona and New Mexico sold to the U.S. for 10 million dollars. Once we purchase it locks the lines of the other states.

nullification crisis

A confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government in 1832 and 1833. South Carolina did not want to recognize the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, which would have hurt their economy. In the end Andrew Jackson stated that the state could not nullify the tariff and had to recognize it as law. -led to Henry Clay's compromise tariff of 1833

winfield scott

Captured Veracruz and Mexico City after an assault via the sea in 1847.

unitarians/universalists

-19th century, two groups, United states -unitarians consisted more of the middle class and they questioned whether Jesus is a god and they don't believe in hell -Universalists attracted more of the poor and believed there wasn't just one way to see god and they also believe god is too good to damn someone to hell -significance: these two groups gave greater importance to moving to religion based reasoning and a hopeful view of human nature rather than seeing them as evil and sinful.

education reform

-4 people who wanted free schools to have their children achieve the american dream -intended to teach morals and create factory workers who were controlled by the bell system -19th century -US -this effects us today because modern public schools still utilize the bell system to dismiss students to their next class

monroe doctrine

-A declaration made by President Monroe in 1823 that stated that the U.S. would stop any nations from trying to colonize in the Americas. Existing colonies were allowed to remain. Solidified borders - Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. -The eastern hemisphere did not interfere and the US feels powerful and successful

treaty of 1818

-A treaty between the U.S. and Britain 1) provided for fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland 2) shared occupation of the Oregon territory for 10 years 3) the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana territory -to settle their disputes

indian removal act

-Andrew Jackson signed this act into law in 1830. It authorized the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. Treaties provisioned under the Indian removal act paved the way for the emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West and the Trail of Tears

democratic party

-Centered upon three chief qualities closely linked to Jacksonian Democracy. -First, it declared itself to be the party of ordinary farmers and workers. -Second, it opposed the special privileges of economic elites. -Third, to offer affordable western land to ordinary white Americans, Indians needed to be forced further westward.

battle of vicksburg

-Confederates v. Union w/ Grant leading the Union -the last battle that would complete the anaconda plan & where they could receive supplies - 1863, span of 2 months -Last city on the mississippi river to complete the anaconda plan -it's seen that the union uses medieval warfare from 1100s in which they blockaded the entire city and starved the people

tenure in office act

-Congress, Andrew Johnson -a law saying that Johnson could not fire his advisors for no reason -After Lincoln's death, during johnson's presidency -america -the house of reps pressed charges against him and he becomes the first president impeached.

battle of antietam

-Gen. George B Mclellan & Gen. Robert E Lee -one of the most bloodiest single-day battles of the war -1862 -Maryland -The union victory gave Lincoln the opportunity to issue the emancipation proclamation , which all but ended confederate hopes of British recognition

corrupt bargain of 1824

-In this election, Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of electoral votes. Because of that, the election went to the House of Representatives, where Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams. In exchange for his support, Adams made Clay his Secretary of State. This seemed unfair to Jackson.

yeoman

-a independent small farmer that lived on family-sized land - owned a few slaves, were the most plentiful but not much political power, owned more land -antebellum period -south -southerners placed a high value on the freedom that they had from being patriarchical, self-sufficient, property-owning farmers which would be essential in a republic

spoils system

-andrew jackson introduced it after winning his election in 1828 -a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

prisons and asylums

-dorothea dix who created the first generation of american mental asylums -people who are criminals and are ill are different -efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions andproper environmental and educational conditions

underground railroad

-established by harriet tubman -a network that helped slaves to secretly escape to freedom -mid 1800s -spread to the north -harriet tubman , after escaping from maryland, alone would help more than 300 slaves to freedom

mormons

-founded by joseph smith with the guidance of an angel -Smith's followers were persecuted and made their way to salt lake city -antebellum period -new york -they were successful long term because mormonism is one of the fastest growing religions in the world today

freedman's bureau

-freedmen -first temporary agency used to aid former slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, and education to free slaves -mid 1800s -USA -first to establish a school for freedmen to learn to read

2nd great awakening

-included baptists, methodists, presbyterians -religious movement in which people in america became more religious and started to go to church -19th century -United States -had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

deism

-inspired people like thomas jefferson and benjamin franklin -believed god created the earth and then he left and was not involved with people; prized science and reason over traditional religion and blind faith -19th century -United states -Deism led to a time period when it was common for a family to not attend any church, which was very unlike the fundamental beliefs of many of the religious groups.

kansas-nebraska act

-introduced by Stephen Douglas -Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska -wanted to bring in kansas and nebraska as states; allowed nebraska to be free and kansas to choose whether or not to have slavery -1854 -america -it negates the compromise of 1850 and leads to bleeding kansas, lots of fights, foreshadows the civil war

transcendentalism

-philosophy that you should look inward and don't assume what you've always been told about God and morals is right -antebellum period -USA -now people strive to transcend the limits of the intellect and let their emotions and instincts guide them.

denmark vesey

-slave who converts and becomes a methodist preacher -led an unsuccessful uprising because people would eventually tell the planters and is put down almost before it begins -1800s -South Carolina -

utopians

-the two main groups: shakers and oneida community -shakers had advocated strict celibacy, communal ownership and gender equality -oneida community was a christian utopian that believed everybody was married to each other -between 1830s and 40s -although these societies did not last beyond the 1850s, the hopes of the Oneida society were able to last til the early 1880s

compromise of 1877

-the unwritten agreement between the republicans and the democrats -withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the south -1877 -this later lead to the reconstruction era

women's rights

-two sisters wanted to be separated from domesticity -they had pride in women's work, wanted voting rights, property rights, custody over children -1841 -united states -they did get the right to vote, but couldn't fully vote until the 1920s. Leading feminists met at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

manifest destiny

A phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas, used thereafter to encourage American settlement of lands in the Great Plains and west to the Pacific Ocean. the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent.

peggy eaton

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives spread rumors that targeted the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet. this would permanently destroy friendly relations with John C. Calhoun and Jackson because Calhoun's wife was one of the wives targeting Peggy

anaconda plan

A strategy created by Union General Winfield Scott in 1861, early on in the Civil War. It was called for strangling the Southern Confederacy, much like an mAnaconda. Along with the blockade, the goal was to capture Richmond, Virginia.

rush bagot treaty

A treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Britain during this time period following the end of the War of 1812.

adams-onis treaty

Also known as the Florida treaty, the Adams-Onis Treaty between Spain and the U.S was signed in 1819 and it gave all of Florida to the United States in exchange for cash. This is significant because it established western boundary for the US

the american system

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay in 1824 which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. It is significant because it would allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves and would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Nat Turner

An enslaved African American who led a rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831/ became a baptist preacher- Most successful rebellion. - a sign of the underlying discontent of slaves in the south -It caused greater fear and stricter enforcement of the slave codes by southern whites.

planter

An important aspect of the history of the American South, particularly the antebellum (pre-American Civil War) era. The mild subtropical climate, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the American Southeast allowed large plantations to flourish; where large numbers of workers, usually Africans held captive for slave labor, were required for agricultural production.

henry clay

Born in Kentucky in 1777, Henry Clay was a strong supporter of the American System, Secretary of State under John Q. Adams, and was responsible for the Missouri Compromise of 1850. He is significant because he helped to industrialize the united states to become an economic power through the American system.

whig party

Created to challenge Jackson's Democratic Party. Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking, and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. They favored active government support for economic improvement as the best route to sustained prosperity.

trail of tears

During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were moved west by the United States government. 4,000 Cherokees died on this march

treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo

Ended the Mexican American War, California, New Mexico, and Arizona were all given to the United States (for 15 million dollars). The Rio Grande would become the border between Mexico and the U.S.

california gold rush

Gold was discovered in California and many Americans decided to set out west to try to become rich. Tens of thousands of people came to California including merchants, miners, and "social parasites". The population of California went from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860.

stonewall jackson

He was a confederate general. He was accidently shot by his men and then died three days later.

ulysses s. grant

He was the 18th president of the Unites States. Grant worked closely with president Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

temperance movement

In 1826, Protestant ministers and others concerned with the high rates of alcoholism and its effects started the American Temperance Society. Using a moral argument, their goal was to get people to completely stop drinking alcohol. One of the driving factors behind this movement was when women tired of their husbands getting drunk and abusing them or their children.

ft. sumter

In April 12, 1861 the war began when the south attacked this fort. This united the north in their cause for the war.

stephen f. austin

Known as the "Father of Texas", he brought 300 families to the region with the help of the Mexican government in 1825. This opened the "floodgates" as many more Americans came to Texas.

robert e. lee

Leader of the confederate army, very successful.

anti-slavery movement

Many people in the North viewed Slavery as a sin. The first organized effort to end slavery was in 1817 with the formation of the American Colonization Society. They wanted to transport free slaves back to Africa (Liberia) but this was not a successful endeavor. William Lloyd Garrison became the nation's foremost abolitionist in the 1830s and his newspaper The Liberator advocated for the immediate end to slavery. Garrison helped to found the American Antislavery Society in 1833, which sought to end American slavery.

republic of Texas

Many settlers in Texas refused to obey the laws of Mexico, which made slavery illegal and asked all settlers to become Catholic. Because of this Texas revolted and gained its independence in 1836. Their army was led by Sam Houston. Santa Anna was the dictator of Mexico and fought to keep Texas a part of Mexico. Alamo and San Jacinto (1836).

Nativism

Nativism occurred when native-born Americans wanted to slow or stop immigration in the United states during the 1800s. For example, protestants distrusted catholic immigrants coming to America with the fear that they would take their jobs and change their culture. Nativism gave rise to a new political party called informally as the "know-nothings" who demanded immigrants to be excluded from public office and extend the naturalization period.

dred scott v. sanford

Scott felt he was free because he spent time in a free state. The court ruled that African-Americans were not citizens and, therefore, could not sue in court. Congress could not take away someone's property.

emancipation proclamation

The emancipation proclamation was partially given as a political push on January 1, 1863. It declared all slaves in areas still in rebellion to be free. It didn't really free any slaves in states/ areas under Union control, but it changes the moral nature of the war.

compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 is a group of five laws passed in September of 1850. For example, they would make California a free state and ban slavery in Washington DC. These laws created by Henry Clay made concessions to both free and slave states in an attempt to placate both sides of the slavery debate and preserve the union

era of good feelings

The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the United States where there was peace and national expansion in the aftermath of the War of 1812. This is significant because that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans

Gettysburg Address

The Gettysburg address was on November 19th, 1863. A speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. Lincoln was speaking at the dedication of a soldiers cemetery at the site of the battle of Gettysburg. The overall speech strengthened the moral tone of the war.

Market revolution

The Market Revolution was a dramatic increase in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions as well as a shift from local markets to a national market in the first half of the 19th century. This was significant for the U.S. economy because people began to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves.

missouri compromise of 1820

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a deal proposed by Henry Clay to resolve the imbalance of slave and non-slave states in the U.S. The compromise would create a line across the southern border of Missouri to separate newly admitted slave states in the south and free states in the north. Maine would come in as a free state and Missouri would be a slave state, which would put forth the issue of slavery and sectional balance.

thirteenth amendment

The amendment was legal on 1865. The law says that slavery is illegal. Frees slaves

fourteenth amendment

The amendment was legal on 1868. The law stated that slaves were citizens. All people that were born in America are American citizens

fifteenth amendment

The amendment was legal on 1869. The law was that African American men could vote.

mexican-american war

The annexation of Texas led to a dispute between the two nations. President Polk wanted Mexico to tell them California and New Mexico. General Zachary Taylor's army drove the Mexican army out of Texas. The U.S. was victorious.

battle of gettysburg

The battle consisted of three days July the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd in 1863 Lee wanted to demoralize the north so he decided to invade Pennsylvania and that is when there is the accidental conflict at Gettysburg. More than 50,000 casualties, making it the bloodiest battle of the civil war.

Industrial revolution

The industrial revolution was a period of rapid change from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy in the early 19th century in the United States. This is significant because the technological advancements, for example, the railroad, completely transformed the way states could transport and trade between one another.

sherman's march to the sea

The march of the sea took place during september 1864 the leader that was in charge of the march was general William Sherman. The march lead to the success in the capture of Atlanta. We should care because he is the cause of the suffering and during of 1864 in Atlanta. Total warfare, destroyed resources and ended war by destroying morale of the south.

election of 1860

The republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln. The democrats had two candidates, Steven Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. The democrats lost because they divided their votes and Lincoln won every free state. After Lincoln's election southern states started meeting and discussing secession.

battle of hampton roads

The was consisted of two days 8-9 1862. The battle was a part of the effort of the Confederacy to break the Union Blockade, which had cut off Virginia's largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade. Revolutionized sea warfare.

battle of chancelorsville

This battle happened on May 2nd and 3rd. Hooker attempted to attack Lee, but that did not work out as planned. Lee and General Stonewall Jackson had done so well fighting and said it was 'Lee's Perfect Battle.' In the end, Lee won and Stonewall Jackson got shot in his arm. They cut off the arm and got an infection from it that the next day it killed him.

reconstruction act of 1867

applied to all ex-confederate states except tennessee -placed south under military occupation -they had to ratify the fourteenth amendment and grant the right to vote for all males -1867 -South -it allowed the south to be readmitted into the union with more rights for slaves