history 1301 test 1

How did John Winthrop view a woman's liberty?

Once a woman married a man, she was his subject.

In the Pequot War of 1637:

Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers teamed with Narragansett allies to set the main Pequot village afire and kill 500 Pequots.

Which of the following is true of the Puritans' dealings with Quakers

Their officials in Massachusetts punished Quakers financially and physically, even hanging several of them.

Which one of the following is an accurate statement about the class based society of the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

The General Court banned ordinary people from wearing the garb of gentlemen.

Which of the following statements is true about the early history of Jamestown

The death rate was extraordinarily high.

Why did Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh fail in their attempts to colonize the New World?

The government provided insufficient financial support.

In what ways was Puritan church membership a restrictive status?

Full membership required demonstrating that one had experienced divine grace.

Why did King Henry VII break from the Catholic Church?

He did not break with the church; his son and successor Henry VIII did.

John Winthrop followed which one of the following policies toward Native Americans?

He insisted that they agree to submit to English authority.

What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop's attitude toward liberty?

He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good.

Why was the death rate in early Jamestown so high?

It lay beside a malarial swamp.

Which one of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dates they were founded, from the earliest to the latest?

Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

Puritans followed the religious ideas of the French-born theologian:

John Calvin

Which of the following is NOT a way that colonists undermined traditional Native American agriculture and hunting?

Their refusal to build fences and permanent structures

Which of the following is true of the Puritans of the seventeenth century?

They agreed that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its rituals and doctrines.

How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state?

They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister.

Which man was once a slave, only to be freed and own slaves himself? a. William Penn b. Anthony Johnson c. Olaudah Equiano d. Robert Carter e. Nathaniel Bacon

b. Anthony Johnson

Which of the following was true of agriculture in the colonies during the eighteenth century? a. It was in decline in the backcountry as compared to coastal areas. b. Because New York's landlords had taken over so much land, agriculture grew more slowly in New York than in other colonies. c. New England moved away from smaller farming and increasingly toward large-scale farms and plantations. d. The standard of living on farms was far lower than it was in Europe. e. Farmers in the Middle Colonies had no interest in the market.

b. Because New York's landlords had taken over so much land, agriculture grew more slowly in New York than in other colonies.

Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union? a. George Washington b. Benjamin Franklin c. William Pitt d. John Peter Zenger e. Thomas Jefferson

b. Benjamin Franklin

The city situated along the Mississippi River with between 10,000 and 30,000 residents in the year 1200 is today known as: a. Poverty Point. b. Cahokia. c. Pueblo Bonita. d. Iroquois. e. Tenochtitlan.

b. Cahokia.

What did English settlers in North America believe was the basis of liberty?

land

The Native American leader Powhatan:

managed to consolidate control over some thirty nearby tribes.

Of the half million people who left England between 1607 and 1700:

more went to the west indies than to north america

Opechancanough:

mounted a surprise attack in 1622 that wiped out one-quarter of Virginia's settlers.

In New England towns:

much of the land remained in commons, for collective use or to be divided among later settlers.

Which one of the following spurred increased European interest in colonizing North America?

national and religious rivalries

During the English political upheaval between 1640 and 1660:

new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church.

Anne Hutchinson:

opposed Puritan ministers who distinguished saints from the damned through church attendance and moral behavior rather than through focusing on an inner state of grace.

To entice settlers to Virginia, the Virginia Company established the headright system, which:

provided land to settlers who paid their own passage.

Which English group did the most to reshape Native American society and culture in the seventeenth century?

settlers farming the land

Which one of the following statements is true of Queen Mary of England, who reigned from 1553 to 1558?

she temporarily restored catholicism as the state of religion of england

At Anne Hutchinson's trial:

she violated Puritan doctrine by claiming that God spoke to her directly rather than through ministers or the bible

How did indentured servants display a fondness for freedom?

some of them ran away or were disobedient towards their masters

What does the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony imply?

that the Indians wished for the English to come over and help liberate them

It can be argued that conflict between the English settlers and local Indians in Virginia became inevitable when:

the Native Americans realized that England wanted to establish a permanent and constantly expanding colony, not just a trading post.

The 104 settlers who remained in Virginia after the ships that brought them from England returned home:

were all men, reflecting the Virginia Company's interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society.

In early seventeenth-century Massachusetts, freeman status was granted to adult males who:

were landowning church members.

Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England:

were lower class men

Puritan women:

were said to achieve freedom by embracing subjection to their husbands' authority.

Maryland's founder, Cecilius Calvert:

wanted Maryland to be like a feudal domain, with power limited for ordinary people.

In Great Britain, the idea of working for wages:

was associated with servility and the loss of liberty.

The Virginia House of Burgesses:

was created as part of the Virginia Company's effort to encourage the colony's survival.

In contrast to life in the Chesapeake region, life in New England:

was more family oriented.

The marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas:

was seen in England as a sign of Anglo-Indian harmony and missionary success.

Intermarriage between English colonists and Native Americans in Virginia:

was very rare before being outlawed by the virgina legislature in 1691

During the seventeenth century, indentured servants

had a great deal of trouble acquiring land

When Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island:

he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay.

What role did Native Americans play in British imperial wars during the eighteenth century? a. They avoided all involvement. b. They did much of the fighting in the wars. c. They fought only in Canada and in the Ohio Valley. d. They caused some of them, because the French resented British treatment of Indians. e. They uniformly sided with the French against the British.

. They did much of the fighting in the wars.

Which one of the following is true of poverty in seventeenth-century Great Britain?

About half of the population lived at or below the poverty line by the end of the seventeenth century.

Which of the following best describes how the English viewed Native American ties to the land?

Although they felt the natives had no claim since they did not cultivate or improve the land, the English usually bought their land, albeit through treaties they forced on Indians.

Which of the following is true of warfare between colonists and Native Americans during the seventeenth century?

Among the colonists, it generated a strong sense of superiority.

How did Richard Hakluyt explain his claim that there was a connection between freedom and colonization?

English colonization would save the New World from Spanish tyranny.

The 1681 painting of David, notable as the only known contemporary portrait of a New England Indian, shows that by the late seventeenth century:

English manufactured goods had become an important part of Indians' lives.

How did the Virginia Company reshape the colony's development?

It instituted the headright system, giving fifty acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or another's passage.

Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration?

Maryland

What good fortune helped the Pilgrims when they landed at Plymouth?

Native Americans had recently cleared the fields for planting.

In the economic exchanges between the English colonists and eastern Native Americans:

Native Americans initially welcomed the colonists' goods.

Why did Puritans decide to emigrate from England in the late 1620s and 1630s

The Church of England was firing their ministers and censoring their writings.

Which one of the following is an accurate statement regarding the impact on Maryland of seventeenth-century England's Protestant-Catholic conflict?

The English government temporarily repealed Calvert's ownership of Maryland and the colony's policies of religious toleration.

Why did the Pilgrims flee the Netherlands?

They felt that the surrounding culture was corrupting their children.

Where in the Americas did the Pilgrims originally plan to go?

Virginia

When the Virginia Company gave control of the Virginia colony to the king in 1624:

Virginia became the first royal colony.

Which statement about women in the early Virginia colony is FALSE?

Women consisted of about half the white population.

The Mayflower Compact established:

a civil government for the Plymouth colony.

All of the following contributed to the English social crisis of the late sixteenth century EXCEPT:

a lower birth rate, which made it difficult to find workers for new industries.

How did English rule affect the Iroquois Confederacy? a. After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other's imperial ambitions. b. The English destroyed the Iroquois Confederacy temporarily but revived it under Sir Edmund Andros's rule after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. c. English oppression drove the Iroquois to the side of the French, who eagerly sought their support. d. It enabled the Iroquois to build alliances with other tribes against a common enemy. e. The Iroquois adopted the English constitutional system.

a. After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other's imperial ambitions.

All of the following statements are true of the Atlantic trade in the eighteenth century EXCEPT: a. Although important, slave-grown crops actually accounted for only a small portion of the value of the trade. b. The profits from the slave trade in particular stimulated the rise of key English ports. c. New England and the Middle Colonies exported fish, grain, and lumber to the West Indies. d. Profits from the Atlantic trade helped finance the early industrial revolution. e. Europe was the primary market for colonial-grown products such as rice and indigo.

a. Although important, slave-grown crops actually accounted for only a small portion of the value of the trade.

What European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain? a. Amsterdam b. Geneva c. Marseilles d. London e. Brussels

a. Amsterdam

Which one of the following is true of the English West Indies in the seventeenth century? a. By the end of the century, the African population far outnumbered the European population on most islands. b. Mixed economies with small farms worked by indentured servants dominated islands such as Barbados throughout the century. c. Frequent uprisings by African slaves caused the English to abandon the West Indies by the 1680s and to relocate staple crop production to mainland North America. d. The free labor system of the West Indies stood in stark contrast to the slave labor system of the Chesapeake. e. Indentured servants replaced African slaves in the West Indies once the demand for slaves in Carolina drained away the African population of the islands.

a. By the end of the century, the African population far outnumbered the European population on most islands.

Which one of the following is true about Native Americans and material wealth? a. Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them. b. Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi. c. Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but inherited social status was equally important to both peoples. d. Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did. e. Native Americans had no material wealth.

a. Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them.

Which of the following was true of Georgia? a. Colonists sought self-government to gain the right to introduce slavery. b. It was the only colony to maintain a ban on liquor until independence. c. The philanthropists who founded it expected slavery to help the lower class Englishmen they brought to the colony. d. Its residents invaded Florida and took it from Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. e. It was named for the most important British queen of the eighteenth century.

a. Colonists sought self-government to gain the right to introduce slavery.

Exploring the North American interior in the 1500s, _____________ was the first European to encounter the immense herds of buffalo that roamed the Great Plains. a. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado b. Hernando deSoto c. Jacques Marquette d. Juan Ponce de León e. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

a. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus's discoveries? a. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information. b. England, France, and Spain united to fund exploration, eliminating one of the problems that Columbus had faced. c. Spain was determined to protect the Native Americans against Protestant missionaries from rival European states, inspiring the government to fund numerous expeditions. d. The amount of gold that Columbus brought back to Spain was so inspiring that other countries inevitably followed suit. e. The Dutch became involved and had more money than other countries to finance expeditions, so those other countries worked together and raced against the Dutch for control.

a. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information.

What geographic error did Columbus make? a. He grossly underestimated the size of the Earth. b. He thought the Earth was not round, but flat. c. He was certain that India was east of the Americas. d. He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic. e. He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

a. He grossly underestimated the size of the Earth.

Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán? a. It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center. b. It was located in the dense jungle of the Yucatan Peninsula. c. Its defeat was due to its leader surrendering too soon to Hernán Cortés, who was in fact outnumbered and outgunned. d. Technologically and architecturally, it was so far behind European capitals that its defeat was certain. e. It had the New World's first mass transit system.

a. It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.

Which of the following is NOT true of the Great Awakening? a. Its more subdued style of preaching appealed to a wider audience than the older, bombastic style employed by the Puritans. b. It was due in part to concerns among ministers that religious devotion was in decline due to economic growth. c. It involved several denominations, not just Congregationalists. d. It increased social tensions because ministers criticized certain aspects of colonial society such as commercialism and slavery. e. It was a transatlantic movement and not just an American one.

a. Its more subdued style of preaching appealed to a wider audience than the older, bombastic style employed by the Puritans.

Which one of the following is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World? a. Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor. b. From the beginning, they arrived as families. c. They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy. d. They soon outnumbered Native Americans. e. Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

a. Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor.

Acoma was an Indian city in present-day ____________ that the Spanish destroyed. a. New Mexico b. Florida c. Cuba d. California e. Puerto Rico

a. New Mexico

John Cabot sailed to: a. Newfoundland. b. New York. c. Jamestown. d. Hispaniola. e. Quebec.

a. Newfoundland.

Which one of the following statements about Spanish America is true? a. Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture—part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African. b. Mestizos enjoyed much political freedom and held most of the high government positions. c. Spaniards outnumbered the Indian inhabitants after fifty years of settlement. d. The Catholic Church played only a minor role in Spanish America. e. Spanish America was very rural and had few urban centers.

a. Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture—part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African.

What historical evidence demonstrates that blacks were being held as slaves for life by the 1640s? a. Property registers list white servants with the number of years they were to work, but blacks (with higher valuations) had no terms of service associated with their names. b. Transcripts from legislative debates in the House of Burgesses show that Virginia lawmakers were debating whether permanent slave status was a good idea. c. Records of declining tobacco prices show that it had become harder to keep labor, which would have forced planters to turn increasingly to Africans and away from white servants. d. There is none, because slavery did not fully exist in Virginia until after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. e. Advertisements for slaves began appearing in newspapers regularly by 1642.

a. Property registers list white servants with the number of years they were to work, but blacks (with higher valuations) had no terms of service associated with their names.

Great Britain sought to attract which of the following to its American colonies in the eighteenth century? a. Protestants from non-English and less prosperous parts of the British Isles b. Catholics from France and Spain, thereby weakening England's enemies c. professionals and skilled craftsmen from England d. members of nonmainstream religions, particularly Quakers and Anabaptists e. wealthy merchants who could spur economic growth in the colonies

a. Protestants from non-English and less prosperous parts of the British Isles

The Spanish set up outposts from Florida to South Carolina in part because: a. Spanish missionaries hoped to convert local Native Americans to Christianity. b. English colonists from Virginia were attacking Spanish settlements. c. they sought to prevent the escape of African slaves to English colonies located north and east of the Savannah River. d. the discovery of gold mines in central Florida meant that other powers were likely to encroach on Spanish territories. e. they needed to protect St. Augustine, which became capital of New Spain in 1542.

a. Spanish missionaries hoped to convert local Native Americans to Christianity.

Which one of the following is true of slavery? a. The English word "slavery" derives from "Slav," reflecting the slave trade in Slavic peoples until the fifteenth century. b. Christians never were enslaved. c. The Roman Empire outlawed it, but it revived, thanks to Columbus. d. It was nonexistent in Africa until the arrival of European slave traders. e. In every culture in which it existed, it was based on the needs of large-scale agriculture.

a. The English word "slavery" derives from "Slav," reflecting the slave trade in Slavic peoples until the fifteenth century.

How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans? a. The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization. b. Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World. c. The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable. d. If England and France were to be defeated in the quest for empire, Spain needed to take a step they had avoided, imposing slavery upon the native population. e. The Spanish actually never enslaved Native Americans; the charge that they did was simply part of the "Black Legend" spread by the English and other enemies.

a. The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization.

Why did the accusations of witchcraft in Salem suddenly snowball in 1692? a. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others. b. When Tituba testified, the issue became racial and divided the town. c. All of the accused were children, and Puritans were determined to force their young to accept their religious traditions or face death. d. The colonial capital had just been moved to Salem, upsetting the normally staid town. e. They did not; actually, the number of accusations was average and Salem was highly overrated as a place for charges of witchcraft.

a. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others.

What ironic consequence did William Penn's generous policies, such as religious toleration and inexpensive land, have? a. They contributed to the increasing reliance of Virginia and Maryland on African slave labor. b. Now that Pennsylvania attracted so many settlers, Carolina was desperate for laborers and began a vast Indian slave trade. c. They actually discouraged suspicious Europeans from choosing Pennsylvania as a place to settle. d. They led the Puritan authorities in Massachusetts to adopt religious toleration in order to compete with Pennsylvania for colonists. e. They encouraged poor residents of New York and New Jersey to move to Pennsylvania in such numbers that Penn repealed his policies within a decade.

a. They contributed to the increasing reliance of Virginia and Maryland on African slave labor.

How did the Dutch manifest their devotion to liberty? a. They supported freedom of religion in their colony. b. Their colony was the first in the Americas to have a bill of rights. c. They allowed freedom of speech. d. They issued the Edict of New Netherland, declaring the Puritans to be heathens because they refused to allow religious freedom. e. They gave men ownership of their wives, which gave married men the property ownership and independence they needed to participate in political activities.

a. They supported freedom of religion in their colony.

John Locke's political philosophy stressed: a. a contract system between the people and the government. b. the necessity to good government of the monarch having absolute power. c. that mercantilism was necessary for a strong nation. d. religious toleration for all. e. that strong government prevented a "war of all against all."

a. a contract system between the people and the government.

Nathaniel Bacon: a. actually was socially closer to the elite than to the indentured servants who supported him. b. had no connection to Virginia's wealthiest planters. c. won unanimous support for his effort to reduce taxes, but his effort to remove all Native Americans from the colony doomed his rebellion. d. burned down Jamestown but never succeeded in taking over the colony or driving out Governor Berkeley. e. was the first colonist to open his own slaughterhouse.

a. actually was socially closer to the elite than to the indentured servants who supported him.

During the colonial era, Philadelphia: a. became home to a varied population of artisans and craftsmen. b. was one of the empire's least successful seaports. c. was large by European standards. d. was populated almost entirely by wealthy citizens. e. came under the almost dictatorial control of Benjamin Franklin.

a. became home to a varied population of artisans and craftsmen.

"Anglicization" meant all of the following EXCEPT: a. colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England. b. colonists imported the latest London fashions and literature. c. the colonial elite modeled their homes on the English gentry's estates and townhouses. d. those colonists who could afford to do so often sent their sons to England to be educated. e. the upper-class colonists often had coats of arms designed for their families, as the upper-class did in England.

a. colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England.

What did Junípero Serra hope to do in California? a. convert Indians to Christianity and to settled farming b. explore the Sacramento River basin to find gold c. claim the land for Spain and earn the praise of Queen Isabella d. stop the common practice of using Indians as forced laborers e. take over the Russian trading post at what is now Santa Barbara

a. convert Indians to Christianity and to settled farming

Adam Smith recorded in 1776 that the "two greatest and most important" events in the history of mankind were the: a. discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia. b. discovery of America and the beginning of the slave trade. c. birth of mercantilism and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia. d. beginning of the slave trade and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.

a. discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.

Who finally ended the Salem Witch trials? a. the Massachusetts governor b. the local pastor c. Salem's judge d. Tituba e. Increase Mather

a. the Massachusetts governor

Before the arrival of Columbus, Native North Americans: a. had elaborate trade networks. b. were entirely agricultural and rural. c. from all regions of the continent were very similar in their political and religious beliefs. d. always lived in small family units. e. lived only in coastal areas.

a. had elaborate trade networks.

Once Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691: a. it was required to abide by the English Act of Toleration, which displeased many Puritan leaders. b. it received the right to have its voters elect its own governor and legislative assembly. c. Plymouth was split off from Massachusetts to become its own independent colony. d. church membership became the chief legal requirement for voting. e. social tensions generally decreased and a relatively peaceful period ensued.

a. it was required to abide by the English Act of Toleration, which displeased many Puritan leaders.

Alarmed by the destructiveness of the conquistadores, the Spanish crown replaced them with a more stable system of government headed by: a. lawyers and bureaucrats. b. bishops of the Catholic Church. c. landed wealthy elite. d. elected local officials. e. entrepreneurs.

a. lawyers and bureaucrats.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688: a. resulted mainly from the fears of English aristocrats that the birth of James II's son would lead to a Catholic succession. b. ended parliamentary rule in Great Britain until Queen Anne's War in 1702. c. was the work of an ambitious Danish prince out to avenge his father's murder by a British nobleman. d. had no impact on the British colonies in America. e. prompted Scotland's secession from Great Britain and thus a reduction in Scots-Irish immigration to the colonies.

a. resulted mainly from the fears of English aristocrats that the birth of James II's son would lead to a Catholic succession.

Carolina grew slowly until: a. rice as a staple crop was discovered to be extremely profitable. b. slaves were brought into the colony. c. an alliance with the Indians was signed. d. cotton was introduced into the colony. e. the king forced the English poor to settle the area.

a. rice as a staple crop was discovered to be extremely profitable.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years' War? a. strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire b. the founding of the new colony of Ohio in territory acquired from France c. a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America d. the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union e. increased popularity of the Anglican Church among ordinary colonists

a. strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire

What form of behavior did William Penn ban in his Pennsylvania colony? a. swearing b. alcohol consumption c. dancing in public or in private d. laughing during religious services e. singing outside of church

a. swearing

The American Philosophical Society in its modest beginnings was called: a. the Junto. b. Cato's Club. c. Common Sense. d. Publick Occurrences. e. Britannia.

a. the Junto.

Portuguese trading posts along the western coast of Africa were called factories because: a. the merchants were known as factors. b. the trading posts made the goods there in Africa in makeshift factories. c. the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns. d. the slave traders called their system a labor factory. e. that is how the Africans translated "trading post."

a. the merchants were known as factors.

When Europeans arrived, many Native Americans: a. tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans. b. immediately opened treaty negotiations. c. learned their languages. d. hid in nearby cave dwellings. e. simply attacked them.

a. tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans.

In England, social inequality: a. was part of a hierarchical society. b. did not keep British subjects from enjoying the same degree of individual freedom. c. did not mean that there was economic inequality. d. was banned under the doctrine of coverture. e. prompted Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.

a. was part of a hierarchical society.

By the eighteenth century, consumer goods such as books and ceramic plates: a. were found in many colonial residents' homes. b. were specifically banned in the colonies by the Navigation Acts. c. were rare in the colonies, thus demonstrating that the colonists lived in a premodern world. d. were manufactured in several mainland English colonies but had to be shipped to England for sale. e. were almost entirely Dutch-made.

a. were found in many colonial residents' homes.

Indians in eighteenth-century British America: a. were well integrated into the British imperial system. b. benefited from the Walking Purchase of 1737. c. were viewed in the same way by traders, British officials, and farmers. d. never warred with the colonists. e. had access to the liberties guaranteed to Englishmen.

a. were well integrated into the British imperial system.

Bacon's Rebellion was a response to: a. worsening economic conditions in Virginia. b. increased slavery in the Carolinas. c. Indian attacks in New England. d. the Glorious Revolution in England. e. the Salem witch trials.

a. worsening economic conditions in Virginia.

Olaudah Equiano: a. wrote the eighteenth century's most widely read account by a slave of a slave's own experiences. b. was popular with Europeans for telling them that their culture was far superior to that of Africans like himself. c. demonstrated in his writings that he perfectly fit the stereotype that blacks were savages incapable of becoming civilized. d. led several Central American slave insurrections before his death. e. was one of the few children of African-American and Native-American descent ever to be the chief of his Indian tribe.

a. wrote the eighteenth century's most widely read account by a slave of a slave's own experiences.

In the 1640s, leaders of the House of Commons:

accused the king of imposing taxes without parliamentary consent.

As leader of the Jamestown colony, John Smith:

alienated many of the colonists with his autocratic rule.

A consequence of the English Civil War of the 1640s was:

an English belief that England was the world's guardian of liberty.

How did colonial politics compare with British politics? a. British politics was far more democratic, befitting the British belief in liberty and the number of proprietary and royal colonies. b. Colonists tended to agree with the British that owning property was related to having the right to vote. c. Most colonies, unlike Britain, at least allowed propertied women to vote. d. Elections throughout the colonies were more hotly contested than British ones, with many different candidates and parties represented on the ballot. e. Colonial politics proved far more corrupt until the Licentiousness Act of 1694.

b. Colonists tended to agree with the British that owning property was related to having the right to vote.

What did Neolin tell his people they must reject? a. a pan-Indian identity b. European technology and material goods c. the enslavement of Africans d. an alliance with the French e. the use of English in trade negotiations

b. European technology and material goods

How did Native Americans conceive of property? a. Native Americans believed that land should never be claimed. b. Families might use a specific plot of land for a season. c. Individuals could own land outright and pass it on to family members. d. A family could claim land forever, but an individual could not. e. Native Americans and Europeans conceived of property in the same way, though Europeans claimed otherwise as an excuse to take Indian land.

b. Families might use a specific plot of land for a season.

The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that: a. the Indians along the frontier finally had to be subdued once and for all. b. France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company. c. they had to aid the English, who were fighting Napoleon in Europe. d. taxes were too high, so they solicited help from both the French and Indians. e. French Jesuits were converting too many Indians to Catholicism, endangering the Protestant majority on the North American continent.

b. France was encroaching on land claimed by the Ohio Company.

The most famous Great Awakening revivalist minister was: a. John Locke. b. George Whitefield. c. Cotton Mather. d. John Peter Zenger. e. James Oglethorpe.

b. George Whitefield.

Which of the following best sums up population diversity in colonial British America? a. From the beginning of British settlement, the colonies were highly diverse in race and religion. b. Great Britain originally promoted emigration to the colonies as a means of ridding itself of excess population but cut back in the eighteenth century, opening the colonies to a more diverse group of settlers. c. Men and women arrived in almost equal numbers because British officials encouraged women to leave, believing that fewer women in the mother country would equal slower population growth. d. Great Britain urged professionals and skilled craftspeople to go to its colonies in America because it wanted to create a model society there, but eventually it began to urge vagabonds and "masterless men" to go instead. e. Germans were the only non-British group allowed to live in the colonies.

b. Great Britain originally promoted emigration to the colonies as a means of ridding itself of excess population but cut back in the eighteenth century, opening the colonies to a more diverse group of settlers.

How did John Locke reconcile his belief in natural rights and his support for slavery? a. He did not have to, because he opposed slavery. b. He believed that the free individual in liberal thought was the propertied white man. c. His belief in democracy meant that if a majority wanted to own slaves, they should be free to do so. d. He explicitly argued that Africans were not truly human and therefore possessed no natural right to liberty. e. He suggested that natural rights only applied to the English, not to other Europeans and certainly not Africans.

b. He believed that the free individual in liberal thought was the propertied white man.

What was one of Pennsylvania's only restrictions on religious liberty? a. Settlers could belong to any denomination but had to sign an oath affirming that they would not to oppress Quakers. b. Holding office required an oath affirming a belief in Jesus Christ, which eliminated Jews from serving. c. Atheists were welcome as long as they promised not to attack religion publicly. d. Church attendance was mandatory, but the state did not specify which type of church. e. There were no restrictions.

b. Holding office required an oath affirming a belief in Jesus Christ, which eliminated Jews from serving.

Europeans generally believed all of the following about Indians EXCEPT that: a. Indians lacked genuine religion. b. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways. c. Indian males were weak and they mistreated women. d. Indians did not use the land and thus had no claim to it. e. Indians were not much better than slaves.

b. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways.

In what ways did England reduce colonial autonomy during the 1680s? a. Charles II revoked the charters of all colonies that had violated the Navigation Acts. b. It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly. c. Because Charles II and James II were at least closet Catholics, the colonies no longer could have established churches within their borders. d. The king started appointing all judges. e. Not at all; this was the era in which colonies achieved autonomy.

b. It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly.

Pueblo Indians lived in what is now: a. the eastern United States. b. the southwestern United States. c. Mexico. d. the northeastern United States. e. Central America.

b. the southwestern United States.

Which of the following is a true statement about the Atlantic slave trade's effect in West Africa? a. It had little effect on West Africa, because more than 90 percent of persons enslaved came from East Africa. b. It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves. c. It encouraged the expansion of West Africa's domestic textile industry, which supplied clothing for slaves. d. It led to an increase in West Africa's population during the 1700s as slave traders encouraged women to have more children who would then be sold into slavery. e. It successfully united West African nations to resist European slave traders, who reluctantly ended the trade by 1763.

b. It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves.

How did the colonial elite view their role in society? a. Social obligations demanded that they give everyone the same liberties that they enjoyed. b. It meant the power to rule—the right of those blessed with wealth and prominence to dominate others. c. They should enjoy their wealth but not parade it by dressing differently or by living in homes that were more elaborate than those of a lower status. d. They should work hard, because that is how they would make more money. e. They felt that they had no role and that those beneath them should just take care of themselves.

b. It meant the power to rule—the right of those blessed with wealth and prominence to dominate others.

Around 7000 B.C.E., agriculture developed in the Americas around: a. the Mississippi Valley. b. Mexico and Peru. c. the Yucatan. d. Chesapeake Bay. e. Brazil.

b. Mexico and Peru.

What was the impact of King Philip's War (1675-1676)? a. New England's tribes united against the colonists. b. Native Americans destroyed twelve Massachusetts towns, which helped establish them in the minds of New Englanders as bloodthirsty savages. c. Native Americans up and down the eastern seaboard began rebelling against colonial rule when they saw what happened to their New England counterparts. d. Massachusetts banned all Native Americans from living within its borders. e. Great Britain formed the New England Confederation to protect against Native American depredations.

b. Native Americans destroyed twelve Massachusetts towns, which helped establish them in the minds of New Englanders as bloodthirsty savages.

The Glorious Revolution witnessed uprisings in colonial America, including ones in: a. New Hampshire and Pennsylvania. b. New York and Maryland. c. Virginia and New York. d. Pennsylvania and Maryland. e. New York and New Hampshire.

b. New York and Maryland.

Which of the following is true of eighteenth-century slavery in South Carolina and Georgia? a. The laws in those colonies created a very static institution with few differences between plantations, small farms, and cities. b. Plantation slaves enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to maintain more of their African culture. c. Because of the high death rates of Africans due to malaria, slave populations declined by 5 to 10 percent per decade during the 1700s. d. Because the governments of South Carolina and Georgia strictly enforced laws preventing sexual contact between whites and blacks, a significant population of racially mixed individuals never developed. e. Colonial law gave freedom to any slave who successfully escaped to Charleston or Savannah.

b. Plantation slaves enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to maintain more of their African culture.

Which of the following is true of slave resistance in the colonial period? a. Runaways were very rare because slaves knew that attempting to escape would be futile. b. Some slaves were the offspring of white traders and therefore knew enough English to turn to the legal system, at least until Virginia lawmakers prevented them from doing so. c. A number of bloody rebellions prompted a wholesale revision of slave codes. d. It was limited because slaves at the time were too new to the colonies to understand the concept of freedom. e. All runaways headed for freedom in French Canada.

b. Some slaves were the offspring of white traders and therefore knew enough English to turn to the legal system, at least until Virginia lawmakers prevented them from doing so.

Which one of the following lists the events in proper chronological order, from first to last? a. Pueblo Revolt, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Quebec founded, Spain adopts New Laws b. Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan c. Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt, Spain adopts New Laws d. Dutch settle Manhattan, Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded e. Spain adopts New Laws, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt

b. Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan

According to Bartolomé de Las Casas: a. Spain needed to institute a more humane system of Native American slavery in order to avoid offending Pope Paul III. b. Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World. c. despite his opposition to slavery, he needed to keep his slaves so that he would have time to devote to working for abolition and emancipation. d. slavery needed to be eliminated entirely from the earth. e. converting Native Americans to anything but Catholicism would lead to their death.

b. Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.

Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century? a. France b. The Netherlands c. Britain d. Spain e. Portugal

b. The Netherlands

Which of the following was true of the colonial elite? a. As with the mother country, the colonies had a titled aristocracy. b. They controlled colonial government. c. They often encountered financial trouble because they lacked connections to their counterparts back in the mother country. d. Most of them were as wealthy as, if not wealthier than, the British aristocracy. e. All of them were careful to marry outside of their families.

b. They controlled colonial government.

As English colonial society became more structured in the eighteenth century, what were the effects on women? a. They received more legal rights, such as the right to own property in their own names. b. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home. c. Their workloads decreased thanks to technological advances such as the spinning wheel and to declining infant mortality rates. d. Women were permitted to practice law. e. Women bore so fewer children that population levels slightly declined in the 1740s, then stabilized until the American Revolution.

b. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home.

Who in the Pennsylvania colony was eligible to vote? a. everyone, male and female b. a majority of the male population c. all males d. Quakers e. all white people

b. a majority of the male population

"Republicanism" in the eighteenth-century Anglo-American political world emphasized the importance of ____________ as the essence of liberty. a. protecting the natural rights of all humans b. active participation in public life by property-owning citizens c. a strong central state d. supporting royal authority as opposed to parliamentary authority e. voting rights for all adult men

b. active participation in public life by property-owning citizens

The first English Navigation Act, adopted during the rule of Oliver Cromwell: a. required the Royal Navy to use only Protestant navigators on its ships. b. aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch. c. freed England's North American colonies from economic regulations (in order to stimulate prosperity). d. added New Netherland to the British empire. e. authorized several mapmaking expeditions to the New World.

b. aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch.

Pontiac's Rebellion: a. greatly helped the British defeat the French in the Seven Years' War. b. although named for an Ottawa warrior, owed its origins as much to the teachings of a religious prophet. c. established the Mississippi River as the western boundary of British North America. d. ended with surrender of all the Indian forces only six months after fighting began. e. led Britain to adopt the policy of salutary neglect in its American colonies.

b. although named for an Ottawa warrior, owed its origins as much to the teachings of a religious prophet.

In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch: a. sought to imitate the Spanish. b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion. c. tried to drive Native Americans into the Puritan colony. d. avoided warfare at all costs. e. called them members of a deceitful race.

b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.

The separation of church and state: a. existed only in the southern colonies. b. existed only in a few colonies. c. was limited in the colonies and existed only to promote all forms of Christianity. d. resulted in the colonies from the Glorious Revolution of 1688. e. was due largely to the increasing German presence in the colonies.

b. existed only in a few colonies.

According to laws in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake: a. black men were not permitted to marry white women, but black women could marry white men. b. free blacks had the right to sue and testify in court. c. free blacks were not permitted to serve in the militia unless they signed a loyalty oath. d. the sale of any married slave was prohibited. e. the children of enslaved women were free; the status of enslavement was not inherited.

b. free blacks had the right to sue and testify in court.

The Pueblo Indian uprising of 1680: a. followed their leader Popé's arrest for engaging in sexual relations with a non-Native American woman. b. helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans. c. was based entirely on economic factors. d. was the work of one Native American tribe. e. began a long tradition of cooperation between New Mexico's tribes.

b. helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans.

Amerigo Vespucci: a. named the New World after himself. b. helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia. c. agreed with Columbus that Native Americans were East Indians. d. was funded by the English. e. actually named the continent Vespucci, but it was changed.

b. helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia.

Slave resistance in the eighteenth century: a. was limited to running away, since mounting an armed rebellion would have been impossible and deadly. b. included rebellions in both northern and southern colonies that led to the deaths of several of those involved in planning the conspiracies. c. most famously included the War of Jenkins' Ear, fought over the habit that masters developed of slicing off the ears of rebellious slaves. d. prompted southern lawmakers to cut off slave imports from Africa and the Caribbean by mid-century. e. led to a strong but ultimately unsuccessful movement to abolish slavery in Georgia in the 1760s.

b. included rebellions in both northern and southern colonies that led to the deaths of several of those involved in planning the conspiracies.

As colonization began, the European idea of freedom: a. was enjoyed by a large portion of the population. b. included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ. c. included a few narrowly defined rights and privileges. d. would be completely unrecognizable to those alive today. e. embraced the view that Indians deserved liberty, too.

b. included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Virginia's colonial policy of requiring Native Americans to move to reservations:

followed a precedent established by the English in Ireland.

Patroonship in New Netherland: a. was a great success, bringing thousands of new settlers to the colony. b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor. c. was like a system of medieval lords. d. led to one democratic manor led by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. e. involved joint Dutch and Indian control of farmland.

b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.

In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called "Christian liberty,": a. was a set of ideas today known as "religious toleration." b. mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ—concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory. c. found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones. d. argued that all Christians should have equal political rights. e. referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

b. mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ—concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory.

John Peter Zenger's libel trial: a. resulted from his publication of news stories questioning the intelligence of the king. b. probably would not have ended in his acquittal if he had attacked someone other than the colonial governor. c. set back freedom of the press when it ended in his conviction and imprisonment for printing the truth. d. showed that the public was not yet ready to accept the idea of freedom of speech. e. led to the overturning of the Licentiousness Act of 1694.

b. probably would not have ended in his acquittal if he had attacked someone other than the colonial governor.

In the Chesapeake region, slavery: a. was geographically restricted to the Tidewater area until transportation improved in the nineteenth century. b. rapidly became the dominant labor system after 1680. c. was the labor system preferred by planters as early as the 1620s. d. allowed planters to make vast profits from cotton and rice as well as from tobacco. e. was so widely practiced that nearly three-fifths of white households in 1770 included a slave owner.

b. rapidly became the dominant labor system after 1680.

The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s: a. officially designated Indians in New Spain as slaves of European colonists. b. recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor. c. gave voting rights in local assemblies to mestizos but not to peninsulares. d. required all Indians to convert to Catholicism or face execution. e. set up a system of local courts of law that proved essential to Spanish rule in Peru.

b. recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor.

What was William Penn's most fundamental principle? a. voting rights for all adult men b. religious freedom c. communally owned property d. economic liberty e. support for women's suffrage

b. religious freedom

In the eighteenth century, the Spanish empire in North America: a. consisted of a few small and isolated urban clusters until Great Britain conquered it by force. b. rested economically on trading with and extracting labor from surviving Native Americans. c. attracted thousands of settlers after Spain built a series of missions and presidios. d. helped the Native American population to grow considerably through the mission system. e. forced Spanish priests to choose between loyalty to the Pope and loyalty to the king.

b. rested economically on trading with and extracting labor from surviving Native Americans.

Far more important to most Indian societies than freedom as personal independence were all of the following except: a. kinship ties. b. secure rights to owning land. c. the ability to follow one's spiritual values. d. the well-being of one's community. e. the security of one's community.

b. secure rights to owning land.

The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugar cane is called: a. globalization. b. the Columbian Exchange. c. the Great Circuit. d. the Atlantic system. e. trade.

b. the Columbian Exchange.

When England took over the Dutch colony that became New York: a. the English eliminated all of the religious freedoms that the Dutch had allowed. b. the English ended the Dutch tradition of allowing married women to conduct business in their own names. c. the English respected Dutch antislavery laws, so that New York became a center for free African-Americans in North America. d. the local population declined because of England's new and repressive rule. e. England tried to maintain Dutch culture but ordered residents to learn English.

b. the English ended the Dutch tradition of allowing married women to conduct business in their own names.

According to the economic theory known as mercantilism: a. merchants should control the government because they contributed more than others to national wealth. b. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. c. the government should encourage manufacturing and commerce by keeping its hands off of the economy. d. colonies existed as a place for the mother country to send raw materials to be turned into manufactured goods. e. England wanted the right to sell goods in France, but only to non-Catholic buyers.

b. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.

The Columbian Exchange was: a. the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World. b. the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World. c. John Cabot's exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World. d. responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes and potatoes to the Americas. e. the first store in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

b. the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.

The most successful colonial governors: a. blocked the rising power of colonial assemblies, thereby pleasing the king and Parliament. b. used their appointive powers and control of land grants to win allies in colonial legislatures. c. abolished the colonial judicial system, whose members frequently overturned their executive orders and legislative action. d. were able to stay in office during the Revolutionary War and went on to enjoy political power after independence. e. had to leave office after twelve years, because the king and Parliament imposed term limits.

b. used their appointive powers and control of land grants to win allies in colonial legislatures.

Governor William Berkeley's regime: a. corrupted Penn's plans for the Pennsylvania colony, but the democratic system that Penn created made it impossible for him to do anything about it. b. was a corrupt alliance of the Virginia colony's wealthiest tobacco planters. c. offended tobacco planters, who felt that he allowed Nathaniel Bacon to exert too much influence in the House of Burgesses. d. greatly affected Virginia during its four years in power. e. extended Virginia's claims to California, thus leading to the naming of the northern California city of Berkeley.

b. was a corrupt alliance of the Virginia colony's wealthiest tobacco planters.

The Walking Purchase of 1737: a. sparked King Philip's War. b. was a fraudulent deal for the Lenni Lenape Indians. c. was part of the West Jersey Concessions. d. was led by Nathaniel Bacon. e. was rescinded by the governor of Pennsylvania the following year.

b. was a fraudulent deal for the Lenni Lenape Indians.

Unlike slavery in America, slavery in Africa: a. declined in importance during the 1600s. b. was more likely to be based in the household than on an agricultural plantation. c. led to much higher death rates. d. was entirely race-based. e. existed only for women.

b. was more likely to be based in the household than on an agricultural plantation.

Captain Jacob Leisler, the head of the rebel militia that took control of New York in 1689,: a. was a close ally of Sir Edmund Andros, who was trying to regain control of the Dominion of New England. b. was overthrown and killed in so grisly a manner that the rivalry between his friends and foes polarized New York politics for years. c. was knighted for his role in supporting the Glorious Revolution. d. sought to impose Catholic rule but was defeated by a Protestant militia in a short but bloody civil war. e. slaughtered so many Native Americans that wars between whites and the remaining tribes kept New York in an uproar for the next two decades.

b. was overthrown and killed in so grisly a manner that the rivalry between his friends and foes polarized New York politics for years.

The first center of the Spanish empire in America: a. was a prosperous settlement that Columbus created. b. was the island of Hispaniola c. fell to Dutch raiders in 1506. d. resulted from Columbus's last voyage to the New World in 1502. e. was Cuba.

b. was the island of Hispaniola

The first French explorations of the New World: a. brought great riches to France. b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage. c. led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. d. were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands. e. created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.

b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.

Native American religious ceremonies: a. had nothing to do with farming or hunting. b. were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things. c. were designed to show that supernatural forces must control man. d. were the same in every community. e. did not exist until arriving Europeans insisted on knowing about Native American customs.

b. were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.

Why did England consider Spain its enemy by the late 1500s?

because of religious differences: England had officially broken with the Roman Catholic Church, while Spain was devoutly Catholic

What role did religion play in the Columbus's explorations? a. None whatsoever b. Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity. c. Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade. d. Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabella's efforts to promote tolerance in Spain. e. Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews the king was driving out of the country.

c. Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.

Which of the following is true of Spain's explorations of the New World? a. Individual conquistadores always traveled alone. b. Members of the Spanish parties suffered greatly from disease. c. Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized. d. Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World. e. Spain's explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.

c. Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized.

How did the new Massachusetts charter of 1691 change that colony's government? a. Puritans were required to permit religious tolerance of all Christian denominations. b. It eliminated town government, which had been the heart of Puritan control of the commonwealth. c. It made Massachusetts a royal colony rather than under the control of Puritan "saints." d. It required all judges to be Anglican, greatly reducing Puritan influence over the three branches of government. e. It moved the seat of government to Salem, which contributed greatly to the problems involving witchcraft.

c. It made Massachusetts a royal colony rather than under the control of Puritan "saints."

Which one of the following was true of New France? a. It was the subject of a great deal of favorable publicity throughout Europe. b. Its commitment to religious toleration was a source of great embarrassment for less tolerant powers like England and Spain. c. Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power. d. The only women allowed to reside there were nuns, a reflection of the French commitment to spreading Catholicism. e. Seigneuries were the only democratic areas in the colony.

c. Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power.

Which of the following was true of poverty in the colonial period? a. Poverty was greater in the colonies than it was in Great Britain, which had more economic activity. b. The percentage of colonists living in poverty was great because the northern colonists considered slaves poverty-stricken. c. Limited supplies of land, especially for inheritance, contributed to poverty. d. Colonists differed greatly from the British back in England in how they viewed poverty and those living in poverty. e. It declined in the cities because of the rise of consumer markets.

c. Limited supplies of land, especially for inheritance, contributed to poverty.

In 1517, the German priest _______________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. a. Martin Buber b. Ulrich Zwingli c. Martin Luther d. Reinhold Niebuhr e. Johannes Gutenberg

c. Martin Luther

Europeans tended to think which one of the following about Native Americans and their cultures? a. All Native Americans were gentle and friendly. b. Native Americans worshiped the same God that Europeans did, although they called him by different names. c. Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it. d. Because Native American men engaged in masculine pursuits such as hunting and fishing, Indian gender divisions were acceptable. e. Native American cultures were actually superior to those of Europeans.

c. Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.

Neolin, a Delaware Indian and religious prophet, helped inspire ____________ Rebellion in 1763. a. Bacon's b. the Stono c. Pontiac's d. the Yamasee e. Leisler's

c. Pontiac's

Before the transatlantic slave trade began, approximately 100,000 African slaves were transported between 1450 and 1500 to: a. England and Ireland b. Spain and France c. Portugal and Spain d. Portugal and the Netherlands e. England and the Netherlands

c. Portugal and Spain

William Penn was a member of which religious group? a. Puritans b. Anglicans c. Quakers d. Roman Catholics e. Presbyterians

c. Quakers

The Black Legend described: a. the Aztecs' view of Cortés. b. English pirates along the African coast. c. Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer. d. Portugal as a vast trading empire. e. Indians as savages.

c. Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America? a. African-American slaves performed most of the labor. b. The main crops were vastly different than they had been before Spain's arrival. c. Spain introduced wheat as a crop. d. Indian slaves did the work on small-scale farms. e. Catholic priests were forbidden to be involved in farming.

c. Spain introduced wheat as a crop.

How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans? a. It didn't; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins. b. Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries. c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society. d. The English and French quests for beaver pelts virtually destroyed the Native American population. e. It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.

c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society.

As accusations and executions multiplied in Salem, what was the long-term impact of the witchcraft trials there? a. Puritan leader Increase Mather encouraged juries to take testimony and accusations more seriously. b. The idea of prosecuting witches gained widespread support. c. The number of witchcraft prosecutions in Massachusetts declined markedly. d. Colonial leaders saw something was seriously wrong with their judicial system and outlawed witchcraft trials in 1715. e. Witchcraft prosecutions were put under the control of the Massachusetts General Court.

c. The number of witchcraft prosecutions in Massachusetts declined markedly.

Why was slavery less prevalent in the northern colonies? a. Northern whites were not as racist as southern whites. b. It was too expensive to transport slaves to the North. c. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves. d. More reformers lived in the North. e. The northern colonies used Indian labor instead.

c. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves.

Which issue divided colonial governors appointed by the king and legislatures elected by colonists? a. Legislatures wanted universal white male suffrage, and the governors wanted to maintain the less democratic system under which British politics functioned. b. They were divided about how to respond to the lack of economic growth in the colonies—legislators wanted to act to help the economy, and governors preferred to let events take their course. c. To deal with a scarcity of gold and silver coins, legislatures supported printing paper money despite opposition from the governors. d. Governors wanted slavery outlawed because they considered it antithetical to the British idea of liberty, but legislators supported it. e. Governors wanted life terms for judges, and legislators sought elections every ten years.

c. To deal with a scarcity of gold and silver coins, legislatures supported printing paper money despite opposition from the governors.

Which statement about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies? a. Men and women engaged in premarital sex. b. It was acceptable for a woman to seek a divorce. c. Tribal leaders were almost always women. d. Women owned dwellings and tools. e. Societies were matrilineal.

c. Tribal leaders were almost always women.

To Quakers, liberty was: a. limited to white, landowning men. b. strictly defined. c. a universal entitlement. d. extended to women but not to blacks. e. limited to the spiritually inclined.

c. a universal entitlement.

During the eighteenth century, colonial assemblies: a. lost political power to colonial governors. b. remained purely advisory bodies to the royal governor. c. became more assertive. d. concentrated on the patronage system. e. rejected the theories of the English Country Party.

c. became more assertive.

During the eighteenth century, British patriotism: a. reflected the rise of Spain as Great Britain's traditional enemy, in place of France. b. emphasized England's freedom of religion. c. celebrated individual freedom and the rule of law. d. included the admission that slavery and freedom were wholly contradictory. e. was the subject of numerous satires by Benjamin Franklin.

c. celebrated individual freedom and the rule of law.

French Canada: a. was a very democratic colony. b. was founded by Jesuit priests who were working as fur traders as a way to meet and convert Native Americans. c. consisted mainly of male colonists. d. had, by 1700, twice as many colonists as all the English North American colonies combined. e. gave the French a world monopoly on fur production.

c. consisted mainly of male colonists.

Revivalist preachers during the Great Awakening frequently: a. formed influential organizations dedicated to abolishing slavery. b. praised Deism. c. criticized commercial society. d. sought to avoid emotional styles of preaching. e. accepted financial support from colonial governments.

c. criticized commercial society.

The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs: a. occurred one at a time and therefore were minimal. b. prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices. c. disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake. d. were always held at an arena in Tenochtitlán that resembled the Roman Colosseum. e. cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cortés conquered the Aztecs.

c. disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake.

The Virginia slave code of 1705: a. simply brought together old aspects of the laws governing slaves and slavery. b. completely rewrote and changed the earlier slave laws. c. embedded the principle of white supremacy in law. d. made clear that slaves were subject to the will of their masters but not to anyone who could not claim ownership of them. e. was the work of Nathaniel Bacon.

c. embedded the principle of white supremacy in law.

English and Dutch merchants created a well-organized system for "redemptioners." What was this system for? a. for New Englanders to trade molasses for rum with the West Indies b. for bringing Protestant refugees to North America for a hefty fee c. for carrying indentured German families to America where they would work off their transportation debt d. for unloading the unwanted convicts of London and Amsterdam to ports such as Boston and New York e. for pirating against Spain and France, their Catholic archenemies

c. for carrying indentured German families to America where they would work off their transportation debt

Ideas of race and racism in seventeenth-century England: a. inspired the creation of an African slave labor force. b. caused many Englishmen to become abolitionists when they saw that slavery was based on these ideas. c. had not fully developed as modern concepts. d. originated in the writings of Sir Walter Raleigh. e. prompted Shakespeare to write Hamlet.

c. had not fully developed as modern concepts.

Tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region: a. were so profitable that their owners became the wealthiest persons in British North America by the mid-eighteenth century. b. enlarged enormously in the 1700s because of the great economies of scale in tobacco cultivation. c. helped make the Chesapeake colonies models of mercantilism. d. were far less successful than tobacco plantations that developed in the lower southern colonies. e. were known throughout the world as models of how slaves should be treated.

c. helped make the Chesapeake colonies models of mercantilism.

What inspired the 1715 uprising by the Yamasee and Creek peoples against English colonists in Carolina? a. the colonists' refusal to trade with the Yamasee and Creek b. an alliance of the Yamasee and Creek with the Iroquois Confederacy, which had declared war against New York colonists c. high debts incurred by the Yamasee and Creek in trade with the English settlers d. the English colonists' plans to begin capturing Native Americans to sell as slaves e. a bloody rebellion by African slaves against their masters near Charles Town

c. high debts incurred by the Yamasee and Creek in trade with the English settlers

Henry Hudson: a. set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire. b. was searching for the Pacific Coast. c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. d. set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed. e. was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.

c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.

Slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplanted indentured servitude during the last two decades of the seventeenth century, in part because: a. the opening of the new colony of North Carolina attracted enough whites to make up for the loss of those who would have come to the New World as indentured servants. b. Bacon's Rebellion reminded leaders of the dangers of allowing racial intermarriage. c. improving conditions in England reduced the number of transatlantic migrants. d. a monopoly on the slave trade made it easier to import Africans. e. indentured servants began forming associations that went on strike for better conditions.

c. improving conditions in England reduced the number of transatlantic migrants.

The government of the Spanish empire in America: a. established the principle of the separation of church and state by keeping the Catholic Church out of civic affairs. b. was dominated by the conquistadores, who had conquered lands and retained control over them. c. included local officials who held a great deal of control. d. was troubled due to constant turmoil and local divisions back in Spain. e. operated out of Monterey, California.

c. included local officials who held a great deal of control.

The participants in South Carolina's Stono Rebellion: a. surrendered without any bloodshed and agreed to pledge loyalty to the colony. b. were mostly former indentured servants upset over the colony's Indian policy. c. included some who apparently had been soldiers in Africa. d. laid siege to Charleston but had to retreat when the Royal Navy brought reinforcements. e. were unsuccessful because of divisions over language and ethnicity.

c. included some who apparently had been soldiers in Africa.

When the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that religious conversion did not release a slave from bondage: a. every other colonial assembly followed suit. b. Governor William Berkeley vetoed the measure, which led to Bacon's Rebellion. c. it meant that, under Virginia law, Christians could own other Christians. d. mass protests followed. e. slaves quit attending church.

c. it meant that, under Virginia law, Christians could own other Christians.

In its early years, Carolina was the "colony of a colony" because its original settlers included many: a. former indentured servants from Virginia. b. supporters of Anne Hutchinson seeking refuge from Massachusetts. c. landless sons of wealthy planters in Barbados. d. Protestants upset over Catholic rule in Maryland. e. planters from Cuba hoping to expand their sugar cane empires.

c. landless sons of wealthy planters in Barbados.

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were: a. rural and poor. b. small in population, but sophisticated in infrastructure. c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated. d. large in geographic size, but sparsely populated. e. rural, with few impressive buildings.

c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated.

Property qualifications for holding office: a. were the same in every colony as they were for voting. b. meant that women served regularly in colonial legislatures. c. meant that the landed gentry wielded considerable power in colonial legislatures. d. existed for legislators but not for judges, who were esteemed for their legal ability. e. disappeared from Parliament before they were eliminated by colonial legislatures.

c. meant that the landed gentry wielded considerable power in colonial legislatures.

New France was characterized by: a. severe conflict between French settlers and the Indians. b. a well-defined line between Indian society and French society. c. more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain. d. a Protestant missionary zeal to convert the Indians. e. its lack of devastating epidemics.

c. more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain.

The Charter of Liberties and Privileges in New York: a. was the work of the Dutch, who did not trust the English to protect their religious freedom. b. resulted especially from displeasure among residents of Manhattan. c. reflected in part an effort by the British to exert their influence and control over the Dutch. d. affirmed religious toleration for all denominations. e. eliminated the property requirement for voting.

c. reflected in part an effort by the British to exert their influence and control over the Dutch.

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the: a. Jews. b. British. c. Protestants. d. Moors. e. Aztecs.

d. Moors.

According to New England Puritans, witchcraft: a. was perfectly acceptable when it was used for proper purposes. b. was punishable by hanging unless it was used to reinforce men's standing and God's will. c. resulted from pacts that women made with the devil to obtain supernatural powers or interfere with natural processes. d. was restricted to Salem. e. was due entirely to exposure to Catholicism.

c. resulted from pacts that women made with the devil to obtain supernatural powers or interfere with natural processes.

Deists shared the ideas of eighteenth-century European Enlightenment thinkers, namely that: a. the universe was unknowable. b. Christ's divinity was beyond question. c. science could uncover God's laws that governed the natural order. d. God did not exist. e. divine revelation was necessary for a proper understanding of truth.

c. science could uncover God's laws that governed the natural order.

Under English law in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, women: a. enjoyed far greater rights than they did in Spain and Spanish America. b. who outlived their husbands were entitled to one-half of the husband's property. c. surrendered their legal identities when they married. d. were expected to submit to their husbands in public, but not in private. e. gained a great deal of personal and political power during the reigns of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

c. surrendered their legal identities when they married.

What did the Paxton Boys demand? a. that liquor not be banned in Georgia b. that slave codes be tightened in New York c. that the Indians be removed from Pennsylvania d. that the French be hanged in Quebec e. that John Peter Zenger be tried for treason

c. that the Indians be removed from Pennsylvania

The early South Carolina economy focused on the export of deerskins and furs to England as well as on: a. the cultivation of cotton. b. small-scale manufacturing of firearms for use in raids against Spanish Florida. c. the export of Indian slaves to the Caribbean. d. shipbuilding. e. copper mining.

c. the export of Indian slaves to the Caribbean.

Slavery developed more slowly in North America than in the English West Indies because: a. it was a longer trip from Africa to North America, making slavery less profitable. b. planters in Virginia and Maryland agreed that indentured servants were far less troublesome. c. the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay more for a slave likely to die within a short time. d. Parliament passed a law in 1643 that gave tax breaks to British West Indian planters who imported slaves but not to American colonists who imported slaves. e. those living in the British West Indies opposed slavery until the American colonies won their independence in the Revolutionary War.

c. the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay more for a slave likely to die within a short time.

William Penn obtained the land for his Pennsylvania colony because: a. King Charles I wanted Quakers to have a place where they could enjoy religious toleration. b. he supported the crown during the Glorious Revolution. c. the king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America. d. he conquered the Swedes and Dutch who previously had controlled the land. e. his invention of what was then called the "penncill" made him incredibly rich.

c. the king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America.

What did the British acquire from the Netherlands in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713? a. sufficient gold to pay off the British national debt b. the right to trade at Dutch outposts in what is now South Africa c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spain's New World colonies d. New Netherland, which was then renamed New York e. New Holland, which later became known as Australia

c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spain's New World colonies

The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century: a. had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived. b. had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived. c. used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production. d. were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created. e. created a vast empire that included control of the Incas.

c. used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.

The American version of the Enlightenment: a. produced no one who achieved world renown, unlike the English and French versions. b. led to the increased popularity of Arminianism but not of Deism. c. was exemplified by Benjamin Franklin. d. had no impact on religion. e. was sparked by Isaac Newton's colonial tour in 1739.

c. was exemplified by Benjamin Franklin.

Spanish Florida: a. attracted large numbers of settlers. b. became a British colony in 1607. c. was little more than an isolated military settlement. d. was the site of Juan Oñate's attack on the inhabitants of Acoma. e. attracted mostly elderly Spaniards.

c. was little more than an isolated military settlement.

The Spanish empire in America: a. included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically. b. paled in comparison with the ancient Roman Empire. c. was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization. d. was centered in Lima, Peru. e. allowed religious freedom and therefore attracted colonists from throughout Europe

c. was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.

The Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigrants to the colonies: a. were almost uniformly Catholics. b. usually worked in the West Indies before moving to the mainland colonies. c. were often physicians, merchants, and teachers. d. did little to add to the religious diversity in America. e. represented only a small fraction of the immigration to the colonies.

c. were often physicians, merchants, and teachers.

North American crops and products: a. played only a small role in the British empire. b. were consumed entirely overseas. c. were part of a commercial trade network that knitted together a far-flung empire. d. compared unfavorably with those throughout the rest of the empire. e. led to numerous complaints to the parliamentary consumer advocate.

c. were part of a commercial trade network that knitted together a far-flung empire.

In the northern colonies, slaves: a. lived in racially-segregated communities, which allowed them to retain African identities well into the late eighteenth century. b. became more important in New England after the Half-Way Covenant. c. were relatively few in number and dispersed among the white population in small holdings. d. were forbidden by law to display any aspect of African culture in public. e. faced far harsher treatment than they did in the South.

c. were relatively few in number and dispersed among the white population in small holdings.

The Levellers:

called for the strengthening of freedom and democracy at a time when those principles were seen as possibly contributing to anarchy.

In the seventeenth century, New England's economy:

centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber.

Boston merchants:

challenged the subordination of economic activity to Puritan control.

In 1607, the colonists who sailed to Jamestown on three small ships:

chose an inland site partly to avoid the possibility of attack by Spanish warships.

Roger Williams argued that:

church and state must be totally separated.

Who received most of the profits from trade between Native Americans and colonists?

colonial and European merchants

It is estimated that between ____________ percent of adult white men could vote in eighteenth-century colonial British America. a. 5 and 10 b. 25 and 40 c. 33 and 50 d. 50 and 80 e. 75 and 90

d. 50 and 80

In the portrait of Olaudah Equiano in his book, Equiano holds a: a. globe. b. piece of sugar cane. c. compass. d. Bible. e. gun.

d. Bible.

The language (with mixed African roots) spoken by African-American slaves on the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia during the eighteenth century was known as: a. Ashanti. b. Yoruba. c. Creole. d. Gullah. e. Ibo.

d. Gullah.

In 1519, who became the first European explorer to encounter the Aztec empire? a. Vasco da Gama b. Ferdinand Magellan c. John Cabot d. Hernán Cortés e. Francisco Pizzaro

d. Hernán Cortés

Which of the following was NOT a technique that Spanish conquistadores used to conquer Native American empires? a. Kidnapping a leader and holding him for ransom b. Dividing and conquering them by taking advantage of old rivalries c. Relying upon the spread of diseases, even though they may not have been introduced intentionally d. Negotiating treaties e. Using their superior military technology

d. Negotiating treaties

The Jesuit religious order was particularly influential in: a. New Netherland. b. Brazil. c. England. d. New France. e. Cuba.

d. New France.

Before founding Pennsylvania, William Penn assisted a group of English Quakers to set up a colony in what became: a. New Hampshire. b. North Carolina. c. Delaware. d. New Jersey. e. Ontario.

d. New Jersey.

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded: a. Montreal. b. New York. c. Champlain. d. Quebec. e. Albany.

d. Quebec.

Which one of the following is true of religion in seventeenth-century Europe? a. Few nations had established churches. b. The churches condemned dissenters, but the governments protected them. c. Wars were fought over the right of an individual to religious freedom. d. Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order. e. Religious uniformity had nothing to do with ideas about public order.

d. Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order.

Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the slave trade in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world? a. Slaves were bought and sold in the Atlantic world as part of a series of trading routes that also involved British manufactured goods and colonial products such as tobacco and sugar. b. The Atlantic slave trade was a vital part of world commerce in the 1700s. c. Even those in areas where slavery was only a minor institution, such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, profited from the slave trade. d. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States). e. Many slaves died of diseases on board slave ships during the Middle Passage.

d. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States).

The Puritan minister Thomas Hooker:

founded what became part of the colony of Connecticut.

Of colonists in British North America, which group was the wealthiest? a. Philadelphia merchants b. Boston political elite c. Virginia tobacco farmers d. South Carolina rice planters e. New York merchants

d. South Carolina rice planters

What motivated the Portuguese to begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies? a. To prove that the world was round b. To spread the Protestant faith c. To establish land empires in India and China d. To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade e. To find markets for Portugal's surplus manufactured goods

d. To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade

Which statement about New Netherland is FALSE? a. Some slaves possessed half-freedom. b. No elected assembly was established. c. The Dutch enjoyed good commercial and diplomatic relations with the Five Iroquois Nations. d. Women had many liberties, but could not retain their legal identity after marriage. e. Religious toleration was extended to Catholics and Jews.

d. Women had many liberties, but could not retain their legal identity after marriage.

"Coverture" refers to: a. a woman's responsibility to wear a scarf covering her head when in public. b. knowing your place in society, especially at church when sitting in the pews. c. a tax one pays on one's property that is assessed quarterly. d. a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries. e. a binding legal agreement between an indentured servant and his or her master.

d. a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries.

The New Laws of 1542: a. led Protestant Europeans to create the "Black Legend" about Spanish rule in the Americas. b. introduced the encomienda system. c. were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Peru's conqueror. d. commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions. e. forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

d. commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.

The assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried with them a right to public office was called: a. liberalism. b. Lockeanism. c. Deism. d. deference. e. suffrage.

d. deference.

Elizabeth Sprigs, an indentured servant in Maryland, found her experience to be: a. difficult but worth it, given her perception of the colonies as a place of genuine freedom. b. relatively easy, especially compared to that of the slaves. c. enlightening in terms of the diverse people she had met, many from Germany and Ireland. d. extremely harsh, barely better than that of a slave's. e. much like that of a servant's life in London; she looked forward to her release in two years.

d. extremely harsh, barely better than that of a slave's.

Spain's Las Siete Partidas, a series of laws touching on slavery: a. strongly influenced the English as they devised their own laws about slavery. b. was strictly enforced in Mexico, Cuba, and other Spanish colonies until those areas achieved independence. c. required masters to free female slaves on their twenty-first birthdays. d. gave slaves some opportunities to claim rights under the law in Spain's American empire. e. did not apply to Spanish possessions in the New World.

d. gave slaves some opportunities to claim rights under the law in Spain's American empire.

The French in North America: a. had a rapidly expanding empire, in large part because of the strong encouragement the French government gave to citizens wanting to move to the New World. b. made it a point to avoid competing with the British. c. won control of the Ohio Valley in the Seven Years' War. d. included a significant number of Nova Scotians who relocated to southern Louisiana, creating the group known as Cajuns. e. were notorious for their poor relations with Native Americans.

d. included a significant number of Nova Scotians who relocated to southern Louisiana, creating the group known as Cajuns.

Slavery in Africa: a. resulted from the arrival of Europeans. b. included no form of rights for the slaves. c. was the only kind of labor on that continent. d. involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives. e. accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

d. involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives.

The development of rice plantations in South Carolina: a. occurred only after the colony's planters unsuccessfully sought to cultivate tobacco, sugar cane, and indigo. b. required such large capital investments that Carolina's planters never became as wealthy as those in the Chesapeake region. c. would have proven impossible without the importation of thousands of European indentured servants to serve as a labor force. d. led to a black majority in that colony by the 1730s. e. is considered by most historians to be the most important cause of the Yamasee War.

d. led to a black majority in that colony by the 1730s.

The German migration to the English colonies: a. was unusual because few Germans left their part of Europe during the American colonial era. b. consisted mainly of single young males, as with their counterparts who migrated from England. c. was mainly to Maryland, because most of the German immigrants were Catholic. d. led to the formation of many farming communities. e. led to the separation of church and state.

d. led to the formation of many farming communities.

The economy of the Carolina colony: a. was based on plantation agriculture from the beginning. b. immediately proved profitable because of its reliance upon rice. c. was exactly the same as that of Barbados. d. originally centered on cattle-raising and trade. e. had nothing to do with slavery.

d. originally centered on cattle-raising and trade.

Georgia was established by James Oglethorpe, whose causes included improved conditions for imprisoned debtors and the abolition of: a. indentured servitude. b. a hereditary system. c. taxes. d. slavery. e. property requirements for voting.

d. slavery.

The British Country Party: a. declined in popularity as England became an increasingly urbanized country. b. underwrote the expenses of a large number of the migrants to the American colonies. c. opposed the power of the landed gentry in British politics. d. sought to stop corruption in British politics. e. required its leaders to dress in work clothes to promote the idea of being "of the people."

d. sought to stop corruption in British politics.

Deists concluded that the best form of religious devotion was to: a. read the Bible. b. attend revival meetings. c. worship in organized churches. d. study the workings of nature. e. appeal to divine grace for salvation.

d. study the workings of nature.

Bacon's Rebellion contributed to which of the following in Virginia? a. a large and sustained increase in the importation of indentured servants b. generous payments to Native Americans to encourage them to give up their lands to white farmers c. changes in the political style of Virginia's powerful large-scale planters, who adopted a get-tough policy with small farmers and hired their own militia to enforce their will d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations e. an order from Governor Berkeley that Native Americans could serve in the militia

d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations

Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on: a. the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. b. the Biblical story of Noah's division of the world among his sons. c. financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves. d. their view that Indians did not use the land properly. e. various papal decrees that privileged the claims of European Christians over those of Indian "heathens."

d. their view that Indians did not use the land properly.

What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? a. to end the slave trade b. to protect the Indians c. to open up more land for settlement d. to bring stability to the colonial frontier e. to prohibit Catholicism in the territory newly acquired from France

d. to bring stability to the colonial frontier

By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: a. almost always owned at least three slaves. b. were in decline as bigger cities like Philadelphia expanded. c. saw freedom as depending on their political rights, not their ownership of property. d. viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom. e. engaged in arranged intermarriages.

d. viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom.

The idea of liberalism in eighteenth-century British politics: a. had the same meaning as liberalism in twenty-first-century American politics. b. had mainly a civic and social quality. c. brought great wealth and power to its main voice, John Locke. d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being. e. prompted two eighteenth-century leaders, Joseph McCarthy and Hugh McCarran, to demand independence for Ireland.

d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being.

"Enumerated" goods: a. made up the bulk of items imported into the colonies from abroad. b. were those the English colonies could not produce under terms of the Navigation Acts. c. created a financial drain on the English government during the seventeenth century. d. were colonial products, such as tobacco and sugar, that could only be sold initially in English ports. e. were specifically exempt from England's mercantilist regulations.

d. were colonial products, such as tobacco and sugar, that could only be sold initially in English ports.

Puritans viewed individual and personal freedom as:

dangerous to social harmony and community stability.

The Half-Way Covenant of 1662:

did not require evidence of conversion to receive a kind of church membership.

Which of the following was not a factor that made African slavery appealing to English planters in the New World? a. Since slaves' terms of service never expired, unlike those of indentured servants, Africans could create a permanent labor force. b. Europeans believed that Africans were more accustomed to hard agricultural labor than were Native Americans, and thus would be better workers. c. Africans had long since developed a resistance to European diseases, making epidemics less likely than among Native American laborers. d. Africans could not claim the protection of English common law. e. A long English legal tradition of discriminating against dark-skinned peoples eased the legalization of slavery.

e. A long English legal tradition of discriminating against dark-skinned peoples eased the legalization of slavery.

"Salutary neglect" meant: a. providing little oversight of slaves engaged in the task system. b. colonial legislatures were supposed to meet only when absolutely necessary. c. failing to salute British officers was a punishable offense for colonists. d. the same thing that "child neglect" means today. e. British governments left the colonies largely alone to govern themselves.

e. British governments left the colonies largely alone to govern themselves.

What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West India Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony's economic prospects? a. Tobacco b. Fish c. Silver d. Timber e. Fur

e. Fur

As early as 1615, the _________ people of present-day southern Ontario and upper New York State forged a trading alliance with the French, and many of them converted to Catholicism. a. Pequot b. Lenni Lenape c. Iroquois d. Cherokee e. Huron

e. Huron

Which statement about the Indians of North America is FALSE? a. Indians were very diverse. b. The idea of private property was foreign to Indians. c. Many Indian societies were matrilineal. d. Indians did not covet wealth and material goods as the Europeans did. e. Indians lacked genuine religion.

e. Indians lacked genuine religion.

Which statement about the Pueblo Revolt is FALSE? a. It resulted in a wholesale expulsion of the Spanish settlers. b. It arose in part from missionaries burning Indian religious artifacts. c. It resulted in a total renunciation of Catholicism by the Indians. d. It was successful because the Pueblo peoples cooperated with each other. e. It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place.

e. It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place.

Which one of the following was true of French relations with Native Americans? a. The French appropriated significant amounts of land for fur trading. b. The French were proud that they were considered tougher on Indians than their English and Spanish counterparts. c. The French sent nuns to try to Christianize the natives, because they understood that gender relations were different among Native Americans than they were among whites. d. Native Americans resented that the French had no need for their help in the fur trade. e. Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries.

e. Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries.

Which one of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland? a. The colony's elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self government than any English colonial legislative body. b. The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there. c. Religious intolerance lead the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony. d. Of all of the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants. e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

Which one of the following statements about African slavery within Africa is FALSE? a. African slaves tended to be criminals, debtors, or captives in war. b. Slavery was one of several forms of labor in Africa. c. Slaves had well-defined rights and could possess property. d. The slave trade within Africa accelerated between 1450 and 1500. e. Only men were taken for the slave trade.

e. Only men were taken for the slave trade.

Pennsylvania's treatment of Native Americans was unique in what way? a. Pennsylvania was the only colony in which efforts at conversion focused on turning Native Americans into Quakers. b. The colony bought all of the land the Native Americans occupied and moved them west of the Appalachians, meaning that Indians were relocated but not decimated. c. Because Quakers were pacifists, they had to bring in militias from other colonies to take over Native American lands. d. Despite Quaker pacifism, Pennsylvanians were determined to exterminate the natives. e. Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies.

e. Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies.

The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was: a. Tucson. b. Albuquerque. c. El Paso. d. San Diego. e. Santa Fe.

e. Santa Fe.

Which one of the following statements about slaves in the Chesapeake is FALSE? a. Slaves learned English. b. Slaves participated in the Great Awakening. c. Slaves were exposed to white culture. d. Slaves began to experience family-centered slave communities. e. Slave communities remained distinctly African in culture.

e. Slave communities remained distinctly African in culture.

The Old Plantation, a late-eighteenth-century watercolor, depicts slaves dancing. What does the portrait reveal? a. Africans totally adopted American culture. b. Slaves danced only when their masters ordered them to do so. c. Slave artists could do a great deal with the limited painting supplies their masters gave them. d. Slaves and their masters danced together, but that was the legal limit to their interaction. e. Slaves mixed both African and European-American cultures.

e. Slaves mixed both African and European-American cultures.

Which of the following was true of small farmers in 1670s Virginia? a. The economy was doing so well that even though they made less money than large-scale planters, their problems were too small to justify their rebellion. b. They had access to the best land, but a glut in the tobacco market left them in poverty. c. Their taxes were incredibly low—the one issue with which they were pleased. d. They could count on the government to help them take over Native American lands and thereby expand their meager holdings. e. The lack of good land, high taxes on tobacco, and falling prices reduced their prospects.

e. The lack of good land, high taxes on tobacco, and falling prices reduced their prospects.

As slave society consolidated in the Chesapeake region, what happened to free blacks? a. They retained the same rights because they were free. b. Their population grew rapidly through natural reproduction. c. The British government ordered the colonies to treat them better. d. They bought increasing numbers of plantations. e. They lost many of their rights.

e. They lost many of their rights.

The English finally became successful in defeating the French in the Seven Years' War under the leadership of: a. George Washington. b. Edward Braddock. c. Robert Carter. d. John Locke. e. William Pitt.

e. William Pitt.

Which one of the following was NOT true of women in Native American societies? a. In contrast to their European counterparts, it was considered more acceptable for them to engage in premarital sexual relations. b. Children usually became members of the mother's family, not the father's. c. Women often participated in the administration of village affairs and in agriculture. d. Women dressed scantily by European standards. e. Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

e. Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

The 1741 panic in New York City that led to 34 executions was sparked by: a. a series of murders. b. the seizing of the armory. c. a rally of boisterous Irish. d. the imprisonment of twenty free blacks. e. a series of fires.

e. a series of fires.

Which of the following fits the description of a person most likely to have been accused of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England? a. a single young woman whose attractiveness meant that some saw her as a threat to Puritan values b. a married woman who normally was subservient to her husband and the community, which made her behavior seem all the more bizarre c. a widow who presumably was too lonely or too dependent on the community to be taken seriously, but who had to be tried and convicted to keep others from thinking similarly d. a married woman who had just lost a child e. a woman beyond childbearing age who was outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from her husband

e. a woman beyond childbearing age who was outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from her husband

What was the Covenant Chain? a. the promise James II gave Parliament that he would marry a Protestant princess b. an agreement between the Dutch and the Mohican Nation that led to the founding of New Netherland c. a mythical piece of priceless gold jewelry that Europeans wished to acquire from the Iroquois d. an important Puritan text that spelled out the doctrine of predestination e. an alliance made by the governor of New York and the Iroquois Confederacy

e. an alliance made by the governor of New York and the Iroquois Confederacy

The task system: a. was the most widely used form of labor discipline in British North America. b. allowed slaves to own a portion of the land they worked. c. meant that slaves were strictly supervised and had little autonomy. d. was created by the South Carolina assembly in response to the Stono Rebellion. e. assigned slaves daily jobs and allowed them free time upon completion of those jobs.

e. assigned slaves daily jobs and allowed them free time upon completion of those jobs.

All of the following were factors enticing migration to the British colonies EXCEPT: a. availability of land. b. lack of a military draft. c. absence of restraints on economic opportunity. d. religious toleration. e. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation.

e. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation.

The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT: a. believing that their culture was superior to that of the Indians. b. violence. c. a missionary zeal. d. a decree from the Pope. e. defeating the English fleet in 1588.

e. defeating the English fleet in 1588.

The British concept of liberty: a. allowed for unrestrained government authority, since restraints would contradict the very idea of liberty. b. meant that liberty and power could be compatible. c. was a constant reminder to the British that their governmental system was not the best means of preventing absolutism. d. had no connections to how the British viewed their empire. e. included both formal restraints on authority and a collection of specific rights.

e. included both formal restraints on authority and a collection of specific rights.

The English Bill of Rights of 1689: a. was unwritten, like the English Constitution on which it was based. b. was King William's finest writing on the importance of liberty. c. divided power in England between the king and Parliament. d. was copied word for word into the U.S. Constitution a century later. e. listed parliamentary powers over such individual rights as trial by jury.

e. listed parliamentary powers over such individual rights as trial by jury.

In 1492, the Native American population: a. was at least 100 million. b. lived exclusively in villages of no more than 1,000 individuals. c. declined catastrophically due to exposure to the Black Plague. d. lived mostly in what is today the United States. e. lived mostly in Central and South America.

e. lived mostly in Central and South America.

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina: a. were modeled on the governing structure of the Iroquois Confederacy. b. banned slavery as antithetical to their goal of creating a society based on peasants working for noblemen. c. allowed no elected assembly. d. permitted only members of the Church of England to worship freely. e. proposed a feudal society in the New World, complete with hereditary nobility.

e. proposed a feudal society in the New World, complete with hereditary nobility.

Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that Indians: a. could be enslaved because they lacked true religion. b. were more akin to beasts than humans. c. should overthrow their cruel Spanish masters and reestablish the Inca and Aztec empires. d. were treated well by the Spanish. e. should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain.

e. should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain.

What commodity drove the African slave trade in Brazil and the West Indies during the seventeenth century? a. tobacco b. indigo c. silver d. cotton e. sugar

e. sugar

Which one of the following did NOT contribute to the expansion of the public sphere during the eighteenth century? a. the establishment of literary and philosophical clubs b. widespread literacy c. the proliferation of newspapers and libraries d. the trial of John Peter Zenger e. the founding of the California missions

e. the founding of the California missions

What sparked a new period of colonial expansion for England in the midseventeenth century? a. England's defeat of the Netherlands in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1649 b. England's victory in a 1676 religious war with Spain c. a treaty signed with the Iroquois Confederacy d. the incredible financial success of the British East India Company e. the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

e. the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

The language of British liberty: a. was Latin and Greek, reflecting the emphasis that the educated upper class put on the subject. b. did not include the idea that the people had the right to protest government actions. c. excluded those outside the "political nation" (meaning those who voted or held office). d. allowed those outside of office to speak openly, but not to write down their views. e. was used by humble members of society as well as by the elite.

e. was used by humble members of society as well as by the elite.

As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries:

efforts were made to persuade or even force those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis.

During the reign of ____________, the English government turned its attention to North America by granting charters to Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh for the establishment of colonies there.

elizabeth I

Tobacco production in Virginia:

enriched an emerging class of planters and certain members of the colonial government.

The Magna Carta:

granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons.

In Puritan New England:

infant mortality rates were lower than in the Chesapeake colonies, because the environment was healthier.

The Diggers of Great Britain:

influenced the development of the American colonies, because some of their members and ideas crossed the Atlantic to the New World.

Just as the reconquest of Spain from the Moors established patterns that would be repeated in Spanish New World colonization, the methods used in which one of the following countries anticipated policies England would undertake in America?

ireland

In Puritan marriages:

reciprocal affection and companionship were the ideal.

The Massachusetts General Court:

reflected the Puritans' desire to govern the colony without outside interference.

In the battles between Parliament and the Stuart kings, English freedom:

remained an important and a much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded.

For most New Englanders, Indians represented:

savagery.

A central element in the definition of English liberty was:

the right to a trial by jury.

which one of the following is true of indentured servants

their masters could determine whether they could marry

The Puritans believed that male authority in the household was:

to be unquestioned.

What was Virginia's "gold," which ensured its survival and prosperity?

tobacco

Maryland was similar to Virginia in that:

tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society.