history 1301 test 2

Which of the following is TRUE of the soldiers who fought for American independence? a. During the war's later years, the Continental army relied increasingly on young men with limited economic prospects. b. Relatively few—only one in sixty—lost their lives in the war. c. Nearly one-third of all American soldiers were slaves fighting as substitutes for their masters. d. Because they had the most to gain, men of substantial property served in disproportionately high numbers throughout the war. e. Lacking any military experience and unsure of their cause, the soldiers performed so poorly that it took the addition of 25,000 French ground troops to prevent a British victory.

a. During the war's later years, the Continental army relied increasingly on young men with limited economic prospects.

In a famous speech to Parliament, the British statesman Edmund Burke said what regarding a link between slavery and liberty for American colonists? a. He argued that the colonists were sensitive to threats to their liberties because they were so familiar with slavery. b. He said the colonists were hypocrites for claiming to be pro-liberty while they themselves owned slaves. c. He said John Locke's ideas about property rights meant colonists were justified in claiming that their liberty included slave ownership rights. d. He praised liberty-loving Pennsylvanians for organizing the world's first antislavery society. e. He stated that a threat to liberty anywhere is a threat to liberty everywhere, so American slavery threatened British freedom.

a. He argued that the colonists were sensitive to threats to their liberties because they were so familiar with slavery.

Which of the following is true of how the leaders of the new nation viewed settlers moving west across the Appalachians in the 1780s? a. They shared their British predecessors' fears that frontier settlers would fight constantly with Native Americans. b. They viewed them as the start of a brigade that was going to spread American values and virtues across the continent. c. They hated them enough to pass laws banning their movement—much like the British Proclamation of 1763—but the settlers ignored them. d. Benjamin Franklin advocated movement westward, but Thomas Jefferson fought him on it. e. They expressed no views that historians have been able to find.

a. They shared their British predecessors' fears that frontier settlers would fight constantly with Native Americans.

Who was Phillis Wheatley? a. a poet who wrote about how African-Americans felt about freedom b. a fundraiser for the Ladies' Association, whose efforts fed nearly starving men at Valley Forge c. a pamphleteer whose ringing protests reminded Bostonians that women, too, cared about liberty d. a woman who died while fighting disguised as a man during the Yorktown campaign e. a slave who helped dozens of other slaves escape to freedom behind British lines

a. a poet who wrote about how African-Americans felt about freedom

In his Thoughts on Government (1776), John Adams advocated state constitutions that provided for: a. a powerful governor and a two-house legislature that reflected the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men. b. a legislature elected and controlled entirely by the wealthy, with a weak governor elected by the people so that they would feel that they had a role. c. voting rights for all men at least twenty-one years old. d. centralizing political power in a one-house legislature and dispensing with the office of governor. e. allowing women who owned a certain amount of property to vote, but preventing them from holding political office.

a. a powerful governor and a two-house legislature that reflected the division of society between wealthy and ordinary men.

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to a. establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states. b. sign major treaties with France and Spain. c. create a new tax policy that would better fund the government. d. eliminate a provision giving judges power to reject congressional acts. e. block the passage of numerous constitutional amendments.

a. establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a. established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system. b. regulated western land sales through a policy that was amicable to the Indians. c. abolished the Articles of Confederation and called for a second Constitutional Convention. d. was the first step in Alexander Hamilton's plan for economic growth. e. declared all Indian land to be the possession of the U.S. government.

a. established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system.

The Quebec Act: a. granted religious toleration to Catholics in Canada. b. placed a tax on all imported goods from Canada. c. removed the Ohio River Valley from the province of Quebec. d. called for Canada to join America in the struggle for independence. e. created Quebec out of the preexisting provinces of Ontario and New Brunswick.

a. granted religious toleration to Catholics in Canada.

In the years immediately before the American Revolution, the concept of natural rights: a. greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson's early writings. b. prompted Thomas Jefferson to support independence before the war even began. c. caused many American colonists to call for the abolition of the monarchy. d. contradicted the argument for colonial resistance. e. led to Parliament's passage of the Declaratory Act of 1766.

a. greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson's early writings.

Cornwallis was defeated at Yorktown because: a. he had no land or water escape route. b. he was overwhelmed by Washington's much larger and better trained army. c. General Clinton had withdrawn from Yorktown, leaving Cornwallis vulnerable. d. most of his troops were cold, starving, and ready to surrender. e. King George III ordered an end to the war.

a. he had no land or water escape route.

After the Revolution, African-Americans in the North: a. often wound up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude. b. began fleeing to the South when they saw that the new states would not approve emancipation. c. benefited greatly from the popularity of manumission (or voluntary emancipation of slaves by whites). d. were happy that the process of abolition under the new state constitutions meant that all current slaves would be free during their lifetimes. e. were unable to establish their own institutions because their numbers were too low.

a. often wound up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude.

The expulsion of the journalist John Wilkes from his seat in Parliament: a. symbolized the threat to liberty for many in both Britain and America. b. pleased most American colonists because of Wilkes's pro-Stamp-Act editorials. c. resulted from a column Wilkes wrote that was sympathetic toward those killed in the Boston Massacre. d. came after a London jury convicted him of colluding with proindependence colonists. e. was reversed by the king, which led to a British constitutional crisis that diverted attention from the colonies.

a. symbolized the threat to liberty for many in both Britain and America.

Which of the following contributed to the success of free trade advocates during the Revolutionary War? a. the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations b. Isaac Newton's explanation of the law of gravity as applied to economics c. the failure of wartime tariffs to solve the problem of the national debt d. riots over inflation in the streets of Boston e. memories of the despised Intolerable Acts

a. the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

Joseph Brant, a young Mohawk: a. wanted to create an Indian confederacy between Canada and the United States. b. allied with the Continental Congress and led troops against the British in the Great Lakes region. c. represented Indian interests at the negotiations of the Treaty of Paris. d. urged all Indians to move west of the Mississippi River to preserve their cultures from "contamination" by whites. e. was appointed first Governor-General of Upper Canada in 1781.

a. wanted to create an Indian confederacy between Canada and the United States.

The Sons of Liberty: a. was the creation of several ambitious but not-too-wealthy New York merchants. b. won widespread support from New York's upper classes. c. opposed any violent response to the Stamp Act. d. prompted founder Samuel Adams and his cousin John Adams to break off relations. e. caused the Boston Massacre in 1765.

a. was the creation of several ambitious but not-too-wealthy New York merchants.

Benedict Arnold offered which justification for his treason? a. He believed George Washington treated his soldiers poorly. b. America's new alliance with France, a Catholic state, was too much for him to bear. c. He was a distant cousin of King George III through marriage. d. He believed that until the United States abolished slavery, its cause to liberty was hypocritical. e. He considered the cause of independence already lost.

b. America's new alliance with France, a Catholic state, was too much for him to bear.

Why did colonists object to the Tea Act? a. Because it would aid a different part of the empire than their own, colonists felt that this was the kind of discriminatory action that violated the concept of liberty. b. By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britain's right to tax the colonists. c. It granted a monopoly, and the colonists opposed all forms of monopoly. d. The British East India Company made inferior tea, and colonists preferred not to drink it. e. It raised the tax on tea so much as to make tea prohibitively expensive.

b. By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britain's right to tax the colonists.

Which of the following was a characteristic of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation? a. Congress was a two-chambered body, with a House of Delegates and a Council. b. Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. c. Congress could amend the Articles by a two-thirds vote. d. There were two branches of government—judicial and legislative—but no executive. e. The more populous a state, the more votes it cast in Congress.

b. Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce.

Which statement about Loyalists is FALSE? a. Confiscated property was not returned to them after the war. b. Fewer than 10,000 Loyalists left America after the war. c. Hostility toward Loyalists after the war proved to be short-lived. d. Loyalists were quickly reintegrated into American society. e. Soon after the war, states repealed test oaths that discriminated against Loyalists.

b. Fewer than 10,000 Loyalists left America after the war.

Why did John Adams believe that land ownership was vital to society? a. He opposed slavery and felt that if small farmers owned land, they would have the power to outvote slaveowners. b. If more people owned land, it would be less likely that fixed and unequal social classes would emerge. c. Land ownership would make people more conservative, and that would counteract any democratic impulses. d. Government would have to encourage it, and Adams believed in an activist federal government. e. Adams had lost his land when he took the unpopular position of representing British soldiers who participated in the Boston Massacre, and he knew how important the issue was.

b. If more people owned land, it would be less likely that fixed and unequal social classes would emerge.

What settlement in Africa did the British establish for former slaves from the United States? a. Liberia b. Sierra Leone c. Monrovia d. Ghana e. Benin

b. Sierra Leone

What contribution did the Stamp Act episode make to the colonists' concept of liberty? a. The elite became more aware of liberty, but the lower classes remained unconcerned, choosing instead just to follow leaders who encouraged them to riot. b. The Stamp Act Congress insisted that the right to consent to taxation was essential to people's freedom. c. It led the Stamp Act Congress to adopt the Declaratory Act, which defined American liberties. d. It convinced colonists that revolting against Great Britain was the only way to secure their liberties. e. Requiring everyone freed from jail to wear a stamp reminded colonists that they were prisoners of the British empire.

b. The Stamp Act Congress insisted that the right to consent to taxation was essential to people's freedom.

In order to deal with a wartime economic crisis in 1779, Congress urged states to: a. allow the free market to operate without regulation. b. adopt measures to fix wages and prices. c. establish food banks to distribute food to the needy. d. raise taxes on the wealthy. e. seek loans from friendly European governments.

b. adopt measures to fix wages and prices.

Most of the text of the Declaration of Independence: a. was originally drafted by Benjamin Franklin and then brilliantly edited by Thomas Jefferson. b. consists of a list of grievances against King George III. c. is an updated version of John Locke's classic, The Rights of Man. d. specifically attacks the idea that Parliament has a right to enact any laws for the colonies. e. is an irrefutable argument for the notion of virtual representation.

b. consists of a list of grievances against King George III.

The Boston Massacre occurred when British soldiers: a. killed Indians who were raiding frontier towns. b. fired into a mob and killed a number of Boston residents. c. captured members of the Sons of Liberty involved in the Boston Tea Party. d. fired on local minutemen guarding an arsenal. e. tried to defend Thomas Hutchinson from an angry mob.

b. fired into a mob and killed a number of Boston residents.

All of the following are true of the Declaration of Independence EXCEPT: a. ultimately, it is an assertion of the right of revolution. b. its arguments made it a uniquely American document with little relevance to other nations. c. it celebrated individual self-fulfillment as a central element of American freedom. d. it completed the shift of Americans' focus from their rights as Englishmen to their rights as human beings. e. it deemphasized tradition as a force in shaping American society.

b. its arguments made it a uniquely American document with little relevance to other nations.

The free black population after the Revolution: a. declined in number as newly freed slaves left the country whenever possible. b. often enjoyed the right to vote if its male members met taxpaying or property qualifications. c. all took the last names of their former masters. d. refused to provide havens for fugitive slaves because doing so would have led to the revocation of their own emancipation. e. avoided supporting the abolitionist cause out of fear of reprisals.

b. often enjoyed the right to vote if its male members met taxpaying or property qualifications.

The Treaty of Paris did NOT: a. recognize American independence. b. sever the alliance between the United States and France. c. give the United States territory between Canada and Florida east of the Mississippi River. d. give Americans the right to fish in Atlantic waters off of Canada. e. require the restoration of Loyalist property seized by local and state governments.

b. sever the alliance between the United States and France.

What armed group, motivated by deep frustrations with the corruption of North Carolina's county officials, was defeated by the colony's militia at the 1771 Battle of Alamance? a. the Sons of Liberty b. the Regulators c. the Blue Ridge Boys d. the Association e. the Rangers

b. the Regulators

As a result of the American Revolution, Americans rejected: a. obedience to the male heads of household. b. the principle of hereditary aristocracy. c. the establishment of a republic. d. the definition of liberty as a universal entitlement. e. all kinds of organized religion.

b. the principle of hereditary aristocracy.

The main point of The American Crisis was: a. that the Continental Congress should agree to peaceful reunification with Britain. b. to inspire American soldiers to continue to fight despite demoralizing military losses. c. that independence was too costly a goal for the colonies. d. to encourage European powers to provide military assistance to the cause of American independence. e. a prediction that the war would end unhappily for supporters of independence.

b. to inspire American soldiers to continue to fight despite demoralizing military losses.

As a result of the religious freedom created by the Revolution: a. organized religion became less important in American life over the next thirty years. b. upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches. c. the number of religious denominations in the United States declined. d. violent struggles between religious groups were not uncommon in the backcountry. e. tax-supported churches flourished in every state in the new nation.

b. upstart churches began challenging the well-established churches.

The Committees of Safety: a. served to warn colonists if the Royal Navy was approaching. b. were part of a series of efforts by the Continental Congress to promote unity and to take action against enemies of liberty. c. killed twenty-eight Loyalists before the Revolutionary War began. d. took action against Catholics trying to spread Quebec's influence. e. were designed to protect British officials like Thomas Hutchinson, but attracted too small a number of members to succeed.

b. were part of a series of efforts by the Continental Congress to promote unity and to take action against enemies of liberty.

"Republican motherhood" was an ideology that held: a. women should be granted suffrage rights. b. women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens. c. Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party represented maternal interests better than its opponents did. d. education was wasted on women, who should only worry about having many children to populate the republic. e. political equality of the sexes fit a republican society.

b. women played an indispensable role in the new nation by training future citizens.

Approximately how many free Americans remained loyal to the British during the war? a. 5 to 10 percent b. 10 to 15 percent c. 20 to 25 percent d. 30 to 35 percent e. 45 to 50 percent

c. 20 to 25 percent

What did Lord Dunmore do that horrified many southerners? a. He encouraged Indians to conduct raids against backcountry settlements in the Carolinas. b. He issued a proclamation freeing all slaves south of the Ohio River. c. He promised freedom to slaves who joined the British cause. d. He confiscated property of Loyalists. e. He circulated germ-ridden blankets among frontier towns to spread disease.

c. He promised freedom to slaves who joined the British cause.

Which of the following was associated with the Intolerable Acts? a. British authorities stationed soldiers in Boston for the first time. b. Parliament closed all American ports to all trade until the tea destroyed by the Boston Tea Party was paid for. c. The Massachusetts Charter of 1691 was changed to curtail town meetings. d. The office of governor of Massachusetts became an elected position. e. Colonists were prevented from producing items made from glass, paper, or lead.

c. The Massachusetts Charter of 1691 was changed to curtail town meetings.

What policy did the new United States pursue in its dealings with Native Americans? a. The U.S. government generally left them alone because it was busy trying to restore order after the war. b. The U.S. government tried to protect them from encroachment by backcountry farmers, as required by the Treaty of Paris. c. The U.S. government set out to dispossess the Native Americans of their remaining rich lands and drive them westward. d. The U.S. government pursued a policy of outright extermination. e. The U.S. government recognized Indian claims to their traditional lands from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River.

c. The U.S. government set out to dispossess the Native Americans of their remaining rich lands and drive them westward.

What role did rising prices play during the Revolution? a. They encouraged more men to enlist in the Continental army because military pay increased with inflation. b. Angry Americans voted out congressmen who had approved the paper money that caused the inflation. c. They prompted protests by Americans, especially women, who took goods from merchants whom they accused of hoarding. d. They led the Continental Congress to obtain huge loans from Catherine the Great of Russia. e. They prompted the writers of the Constitution to ban paper money—a provision that later was repealed.

c. They prompted protests by Americans, especially women, who took goods from merchants whom they accused of hoarding.

With regard to slavery, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a. allowed for new territorial governments to ban or permit the institution as they saw fit. b. allowed the importation of slaves into the Old Northwest for at least another twenty years. c. banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. d. made no difference, because the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional the following year. e. gave slaveholders the right to recover slaves who escaped into the area north of the Ohio River.

c. banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River.

In the 1780s, settlers in western areas such as Tennessee and Kentucky: a. were especially attentive to what land belonged to Indians and purchased Indian land legally. b. found that the soil was poor for growing cash crops such as tobacco or cotton and moved westward. c. believed they had a right to take possession of western lands and use them as they saw fit. d. were largely wealthy plantation owners who helped settle thriving trading towns along the rivers. e. threatened civil war because they considered the Confederation Congress to be too powerful.

c. believed they had a right to take possession of western lands and use them as they saw fit.

General John Sullivan: a. led pro-American Cherokee troops in campaigns against Lord Cornwallis in North Carolina. b. surrendered his forces to the Stockbridge Indians in a humiliating defeat. c. destroyed forty Indian towns in a campaign against the Iroquois. d. encouraged American forces to treat Indians and their lands "truly well and gently." e. was a British spy whom pro-American Creek Indians unmasked.

c. destroyed forty Indian towns in a campaign against the Iroquois.

The Stamp Act created such a stir in the colonies because: a. it raised prices on printed products so much that most colonists no longer could afford to buy books and newspapers. b. lawyers were offended that they could be jailed for not using the correct stamp on legal documents. c. it was the first direct tax Parliament imposed on the colonies. d. none of the revenue raised would be spent within the colonies themselves. e. Benjamin Franklin went public with his opposition to it.

c. it was the first direct tax Parliament imposed on the colonies.

The attack by Massachusetts colonists on the home of lieutenant governor and chief justice Thomas Hutchinson: a. convinced him that the Stamp Act, which he had previously supported, was unwise. b. physically assaulted Hutchinson's family, an act that prompted Great Britain to clamp down on colonial liberties. c. led Hutchinson to believe that effective British rule would require the loss of some liberties for the colonists. d. led Parliament to repeal of the Townshend Acts immediately. e. included Samuel and John Adams.

c. led Hutchinson to believe that effective British rule would require the loss of some liberties for the colonists.

The Townshend Act did all of the following EXCEPT: a. impose new import duties on glass and tea. b. encourage some colonies to boycott British goods. c. reaffirm Boston's decision to abide by the Quartering Act. d. create a Board of Customs Commissioners to catch smugglers. e. raise revenue to pay the salaries of American governors and judges.

c. reaffirm Boston's decision to abide by the Quartering Act.

British possessions in the West Indies: a. were handed over to the new United States in the Treaty of Paris. b. issued their own declarations of independence in the late 1770s. c. remained loyal to the crown during the American Revolution because their leaders feared slave uprisings. d. all fell into the hands of the French, either through conquest or treaty, as a result of the American Revolution. e. were divided during the American Revolution: some islands sent regiments to the Continental army, while others proudly fought for the king.

c. remained loyal to the crown during the American Revolution because their leaders feared slave uprisings.

John Adams recommended George Washington as commander of the Continental army because: a. he knew that Washington was weighing an offer from Britain to lead its North American forces. b. he shared Washington's view of the importance of natural rights. c. the fact that Washington was from Virginia could help unify the colonists. d. he knew Washington had opposed General Howe's forces cutting down the Liberty Tree. e. they had an agreement that Adams would then be put in charge of administering the army in the New England colonies.

c. the fact that Washington was from Virginia could help unify the colonists.

What did South Carolina promise every white volunteer at the war's end? a. a musket of his own b. two acres of land c. the right to vote d. one hundred shillings e. a slave

c. the right to vote

Which statement about blacks and freedom in the Revolutionary era is FALSE? a. The language of liberty echoed in slave communities, North and South. b. "Freedom petitions" were presented by slaves in New England beginning in the early 1770s. c. Many blacks were surprised that white America did not realize their rhetoric of revolution demanded emancipation. d. After the Revolution, emancipation in the North was swift and all encompassing. e. The number of runaway slaves, as measured by newspaper advertisements, rose dramatically.

d. After the Revolution, emancipation in the North was swift and all encompassing.

How did the War for Independence affect anti-Catholicism in America? a. Anti-Catholicism increased when Quebec Catholics volunteered in large numbers for the British army. b. Because Americans resented Catholic France negotiating a separate peace with Great Britain, anti-Catholicism became more prevalent. c. Independence led the states to impose anti-Catholic laws that they had been unable to adopt when they were under British control. d. The alliance with France, a predominantly Catholic country, helped diminish American anti-Catholicism. e. Spain's wartime aid to Britain led Georgian colonists to attack Catholic missions in Florida.

d. The alliance with France, a predominantly Catholic country, helped diminish American anti-Catholicism.

Which statement about Revolutionary Pennsylvania is FALSE? a. Nearly all of its prewar elites opposed independence. b. The radical leadership that emerged included Thomas Paine and Benjamin Rush. c. The radical leadership attacked property qualifications for voting. d. The state's new constitution gave only limited power to the state's governor. e. Its new constitution centralized political power in a one-house legislature.

d. The state's new constitution gave only limited power to the state's governor.

Which of the following did states NOT do during the period when the Articles of Confederation governed the United States? a. They imposed their own tariffs. b. They printed their own money. c. They postponed debt collection. d. They called out militias to stop foreclosures on the homes of debtors. e. They held legislative elections in which candidates attacked creditors.

d. They called out militias to stop foreclosures on the homes of debtors.

What role did Native Americans play in the Revolutionary War? a. They all allied themselves with the British, who promised to protect them against American encroachment. b. They all allied themselves with the Americans, since the British had failed to protect them against American encroachment. c. Most tribes officially maintained neutrality but secretly aided one side or the other. d. They divided in allegiance, just as white Americans did. e. They volunteered to fight in the Continental army, but George Washington rejected them.

d. They divided in allegiance, just as white Americans did.

All of the following were advantages enjoyed by the British during the American Revolution EXCEPT: a. the world's best navy. b. a professionally trained army. c. the ability to recruit German soldiers to fight for the British. d. an intimate knowledge of the terrain. e. the ability to lure slaves to fight for the British in exchange for their freedom.

d. an intimate knowledge of the terrain.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense: a. argued that the British governmental system was perfectly good, but that current officials had corrupted it. b. made highly original arguments in favor of independence. c. sold well among the elite, who in turn were able to convey its ideas to the lower classes. d. argued that America would become the home of freedom and "an asylum for mankind." e. led to his arrest on charges of treason, but he saved himself by writing another pamphlet taking the opposite position.

d. argued that America would become the home of freedom and "an asylum for mankind."

Thomas Jefferson's views on religion and Christian doctrines: a. were very similar to those expressed by Isaac Backus, a Baptist leader. b. show that he actively sought to stamp out religious worship. c. indicate he did not believe in a benevolent Creator. d. demonstrate his rejection of the divinity of Jesus. e. found widespread acceptance among evangelicals in the new nation.

d. demonstrate his rejection of the divinity of Jesus.

Washington's defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown: a. allowed Washington to march his men unmolested through the Lower South where he achieved ultimate victory at Camden. b. would have been impossible without Benedict Arnold's poor generalship on behalf of the British. c. angered the French, whose fleet had yet to arrive and who wanted credit for the victory. d. destroyed British public support for the war. e. made up for Washington's failure to support General Nathanael Greene at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse.

d. destroyed British public support for the war.

What would Americans NOT experience, according to James Chalmers, the Maryland Loyalist, should independence come to the colonies? a. an imposed government b. failed commerce c. increased debt among farmers and plantation owners d. happiness and prosperity e. misery and desolation

d. happiness and prosperity

Crispus Attucks: a. defended in court the British soldiers who participated in the Boston Massacre. b. organized the boycott of British imports following the Townshend Act. c. was the first person of mixed race to serve in the Continental Congress. d. has been called the first martyr of the American Revolution. e. died bravely at the Battle of Concord.

d. has been called the first martyr of the American Revolution.

The efforts to emancipate slaves in the 1770s and 1780s: a. occurred only in the New England states. b. resulted entirely from the voluntary work by slaveholders. c. included all slaves north of South Carolina. d. reflected the importance of property rights. e. were reversed in 1792 by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case.

d. reflected the importance of property rights.

The Declaratory Act: a. imposed a boycott on all manufactured goods produced in the colonies. b. declared that colonists had to house British soldiers in their homes. c. closed the Port of Boston on account of the Boston Tea Party. d. rejected Americans' claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes. e. proclaimed the colonies' independence from Great Britain.

d. rejected Americans' claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes.

Virtual representation was the idea: a. that only those who were elected by a given population could represent that population in a legislative body. b. about representation that most politically-active American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s embraced. c. endorsed by the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. d. that each member of Britain's House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district. e. that the king should appoint delegates to represent the colonies in the British House of Commons.

d. that each member of Britain's House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district.

Which of the following groups did NOT include a significant proportion of Loyalists during the Revolutionary War? a. Anglican ministers and imperial officials b. Highland Scots in North Carolina c. southern backcountry farmers d. the Livingstons, a wealthy New York family e. slaves hoping for freedom with a British victory

d. the Livingstons, a wealthy New York family

What served as a sort of "school of political democracy" for the members of the "lower orders" in the colonies-turned-states? a. the Protestant Church b. the lower house of the state legislatures c. the taverns d. the militia e. the first public schools

d. the militia

Which of the following was NOT a key obstacle to the abolition of slavery in the Revolutionary era and new nation? a. the Lockean belief in protecting property against outside interference b. the idea that slavery for blacks made freedom possible for whites c. the fact that slavery was an old institution in America d. the widespread fear that freed slaves would move west and unite with Indians e. the reality that a high percentage of some states' populations consisted of slaves

d. the widespread fear that freed slaves would move west and unite with Indians

In 1778, the focus of the war shifted: a. from minor skirmishes of fewer than a hundred men to major battles, each involving thousands of soldiers. b. from fighting in the southern states to fighting in New York and New England. c. to an emphasis on the Continental army's trying to capture British strongholds in the Ohio Valley. d. to the South, where the British captured Savannah that year. e. to emancipation, when General Washington declared all slaves who fought for American independence should be free.

d. to the South, where the British captured Savannah that year.

The "Daughters of Liberty" was the name given to: a. the female children of the Founding Fathers, especially the daughters of Washington, Adams, and Jefferson. b. New England women who won voting rights in the 1770s. c. the brave women who cared for wounded soldiers during the early battles of the Revolution. d. women who spun and wove to create their own clothing rather than buy British goods. e. the first national women's patriotic organization, which raised money to provide supplies for the Continental army after Saratoga.

d. women who spun and wove to create their own clothing rather than buy British goods.

Which of the following was NOT a significant battle during the first year of the Revolutionary War? a. Lexington and Concord, which included "the shot heard 'round the world'" b. Fort Ticonderoga, where soldiers commanded by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold forced a British surrender c. Breed's Hill, where the British suffered heavy casualties trying to dislodge colonial militiamen d. the Siege of Boston, which culminated in Sir William Howe's troops abandoning the city e. Cowpens, which helped turn the tide of war in the South.

e. Cowpens, which helped turn the tide of war in the South.

An example of anti-Catholicism during the 1770s was the: a. barring of Catholics from southern state militias. b. Second Continental Congress's refusal to accept aid from Catholic France. c. widespread arrests of Catholics as potential British spies by Pennsylvania authorities. d. famous attack on a Boston convent by Massachusetts minutemen. e. First Continental Congress's denunciation of the Quebec Act.

e. First Continental Congress's denunciation of the Quebec Act.

Which statement about Thomas Paine's Common Sense is FALSE? a. It was published in 1776. b. It called for a democratic system based on frequent elections and a written constitution. c. It tied the economic hopes of the new nation to the idea of commercial freedom. d. It dramatically expanded the public sphere. e. It was breathtakingly original in its ideas.

e. It was breathtakingly original in its ideas.

Which of the following was NOT an example of Loyalists being deprived of their freedom by patriots? a. New state governments suppressed newspapers thought to be loyal to Britain. b. Pennsylvania's government seized property from members of pacifist religious groups. c. Many states required oaths of allegiance to the new nation. d. Several states denied Loyalists the right to vote and forced them into exile. e. The New England states forced Loyalists into militias against their will.

e. The New England states forced Loyalists into militias against their will.

Why did apprenticeship and indentured servitude decline after the Revolution? a. King George III had supported them, and anything associated with the king was unpopular in the United States. b. Many apprentices and indentures had refused to fight in the Revolution, and their bosses, resenting them for it, got rid of them. c. Thomas Paine's criticism of them in Common Sense greatly influenced the many who had read his pamphlet. d. Northerners were outlawing slavery in their state constitutions and began to eliminate apprenticeship and indentured servitude as well amid southern charges of hypocrisy. e. The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and indentured servitude struck growing numbers of Americans as incompatible with republican citizenship.

e. The lack of freedom inherent in apprenticeship and indentured servitude struck growing numbers of Americans as incompatible with republican citizenship.

In the winter of 1776-1777, Washington won important victories that improved American morale. These battles were at: a. Saratoga and Albany, New York. b. Morristown and East Orange, New Jersey. c. Long Island and White Plains, New York. d. Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. e. Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey

e. Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey

What were the Suffolk Resolves? a. the peace treaty that ended the Regulator movement in North Carolina b. a list of demands addressed to landlords, made in 1772 by New York tenant farmers c. a group of anti-Tea-Act petitions from Boston merchants to the Massachusetts royal governor d. the resolutions pledging the Continental Congress's loyalty to King George III in 1775 e. a set of resolutions made in 1774, urging Massachusetts citizens to prepare for war

e. a set of resolutions made in 1774, urging Massachusetts citizens to prepare for war

The negotiation of the Treaty of Paris of 1783: a. ignored those who had been loyal to the British empire. b. was a masterful bit of diplomacy by Thomas Jefferson. c. gave the new American nation control of Florida. d. led to the British government receiving compensation for anything the Continental Congress had taken from British citizens. e. began only after the Battle of Yorktown.

e. began only after the Battle of Yorktown.

Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys: a. started the colony of New Hampshire. b. forced the British army to retreat at Concord. c. were spies working for the Sons of Liberty. d. put down the revolt of the Regulators in North Carolina. e. fought intrusions by New York landlords into what became Vermont.

e. fought intrusions by New York landlords into what became Vermont.

Violent social turmoil in rural areas during the 1760s: a. was due entirely to Great Britain's Proclamation of 1763, banning western settlement. b. ended when the British army drove out Native Americans beyond the line of settlement. c. flourished because the British army had no interest in going beyond coastal cities. d. led to the creation of the Sons of Liberty. e. involved events in both northern and southern colonies.

e. involved events in both northern and southern colonies.

For which three accomplishments did Thomas Jefferson wish to be remembered? a. presidency, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution b. Louisiana Purchase, presidency, the Declaration of Independence c. the Constitution, the University of Virginia, presidency d. the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, the Declaration of Independence, Louisiana Purchase e. the Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia, the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

e. the Declaration of Independence, the University of Virginia, the Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

The Olive Branch Petition: a. was meant to ease tensions among the organized political parties within the Continental Congress. b. enabled northern and southern colonies to work together. c. convinced Thomas Paine that he had enough support to write Common Sense. d. was Parliament's final attempt to explain virtual representation to the colonists. e. was addressed to King George III and reaffirmed American loyalty to the crown.

e. was addressed to King George III and reaffirmed American loyalty to the crown.

A key consequence of the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 was: a. France became an ally to the United States. b. the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress. c. the immediate surrender of all British troops to the Continental army. d. British commanders taking the war into the heart of New England for the first time. e. General Washington's decision to retreat to Valley Forge for the winter.

a. France became an ally to the United States.

Which of the following statements regarding black soldiers during the American Revolution is FALSE? a. No southern state allowed blacks to serve in its militia. b. A total of approximately 5,000 African Americans served in state militias and in the Continental army and navy. c. Rhode Island, which had a relatively high black population for New England, formed a black regiment. d. George Washington initially refused to allow black recruits, but later changed his mind. e. Blacks and whites served together in racially integrated Continental army units.

a. No southern state allowed blacks to serve in its militia.

The constitution of which state eliminated all property and tax qualifications for voting in 1777? a. Vermont b. New York c. Maryland d. Virginia e. Massachusetts

a. Vermont

Republican motherhood encouraged: a. greater educational opportunities for women. b. a radical change in the patriarchal structure of the family. c. women to become public speakers for various social causes in the 1780s. d. widespread resentment among women. e. a significant increase in women's direct involvement in politics in the 1780s.

a. greater educational opportunities for women.

How did the Revolutionary War change the meaning of freedom? a. It meant that all men now had a legal claim to an equal distribution of property. b. It challenged the inequality that had been fundamental to the colonial social order. c. It ended colonial society's legally established hereditary aristocracy. d. It ended coverture, under which husbands exercised full legal authority over their wives. e. It meant that, for the first time, men were free to pursue whatever occupations they wished.

b. It challenged the inequality that had been fundamental to the colonial social order.

Britain responded to the Boston Tea Party with: a. the Townshend Act. b. the Intolerable Acts. c. a declaration of war. d. the Suffolk Resolves. e. the Boston Massacre.

b. the Intolerable Acts.

Which one of the following did NOT specifically provide for direct or indirect taxes on the colonies? a. the Sugar Act b. the Tea Act c. the Townshend Act d. the Stamp Act e. the Declaratory Act

e. the Declaratory Act

What did the "invisible hand" refer to? a. gradual emancipation laws b. Republican motherhood c. royal authority d. pro-British loyalties e. the free market

e. the free market

The Sugar Act alarmed colonists, in part because it: a. increased the tax on molasses and made rum more expensive to produce. b. made sugar, a key consumer good, too expensive. c. mandated that violators of the act be tried in a court with a jury. d. eliminated the admiralty courts, which colonists had long favored. e. threatened the profits of colonial merchants already in economic trouble.

e. threatened the profits of colonial merchants already in economic trouble

According to Noah Webster, what was the very soul of a republic? a. equality b. diversity c. democracy d. freedom e. industry

a. equality

Virtually every founding father owned at least one slave at some point in his life. Who was a notable exception? a. George Washington b. John Adams c. Thomas Jefferson d. Benjamin Franklin e. James Madison

b. John Adams

During the eight years of war, approximately how many Americans bore arms in the Continental army and state militias? a. 80,000 b. 125,000 c. 200,000 d. 350,000 e. 500,000

c. 200,000

What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation? a. Nothing; Congress was so powerless under the Articles that nothing happened in this area. b. It negotiated treaties for the tribes to keep their lands, but Congress was so lacking in power that the treaties proved useless. c. Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South. d. Congress backed away from any involvement when land companies requested that the government step aside and leave the West's economic development in private hands. e. Congress recruited enough state militias to force the Native Americans off of their land.

c. Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South.

Which statement about gender and politics in the Revolutionary era is FALSE? a. The winning of independence did not alter the law of family inherited from Britain. b. In both law and social reality, women lacked the essential qualification of political participation. c. In appreciation for their invaluable contribution to the war effort, women were allowed universal suffrage. d. Many women who entered public debate felt the need to apologize for their forthrightness. e. Most men considered women to be naturally submissive and irrational and therefore unfit for citizenship.

c. In appreciation for their invaluable contribution to the war effort, women were allowed universal suffrage.

Which state's constitution granted suffrage to all "inhabitants" who met a property qualification, allowing property-owning women to vote until an 1807 amendment limited suffrage to males? a. New York b. Virginia c. New Jersey d. Massachusetts e. Pennsylvania

c. New Jersey

How did Pennsylvania display the Revolutionary War's radical potential? a. Benjamin Franklin's departure for France left control of the state up for grabs, and the lower classes took over. b. The prewar elite had supported independence, then tried to negotiate with Great Britain, costing themselves the respect of the lower classes, who took power from them. c. Philadelphia's artisan and lower-class communities took control and put a new emphasis on freedom and on more democratic politics. d. The Second Continental Congress had to take over the state when the people voted to abolish the position of governor, thereby showing how the new nation's power dynamic would differ greatly from the old system. e. Just through the population retaining the old style of government, they demonstrated that major change was possible without uprooting the whole system.

c. Philadelphia's artisan and lower-class communities took control and put a new emphasis on freedom and on more democratic politics.

Which of the following is true of how the new state constitutions in the Revolutionary era dealt with the issue of religious liberty? a. Several states finally allowed Jews to vote and to hold public office. b. States increased public funding of religion because they no longer had to win British approval to do so. c. Seven state constitutions began with a declaration of rights that included a commitment to "the free exercise of religion." d. Thomas Jefferson wrote a bill for establishing religious freedom in Virginia, but the House of Burgesses never adopted it. e. Deists and evangelicals fought with one another over whether church and state should be separate.

c. Seven state constitutions began with a declaration of rights that included a commitment to "the free exercise of religion."

During the Revolutionary War, tensions between backcountry farmers and wealthy planters: a. enabled the British to turn around their previously unsuccessful performance during the war. b. prompted several mutinies within colonial ranks. c. gave the British hope that they might be able to enlist the support of southern Loyalists. d. led Benedict Arnold to defect to the British. e. caused Francis Marion's eventual defeat at the Battle of Cowpens.

c. gave the British hope that they might be able to enlist the support of southern Loyalists.

The new state constitutions created during the Revolutionary War: a. completely eliminated property qualifications for voting. b. became far more democratic in the southern states than in the northern states. c. greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state. d. did nothing to change the composition of elite-dominated state legislatures. e. all retained tax-supported churches as a way of ensuring a virtuous citizenry.

c. greatly expanded the right to vote in almost every state.

Which of the following was NOT a way in which women contributed to the Revolutionary cause? a. participating in crowd actions against merchants accused of hoarding goods b. contributing homemade goods to the army c. replacing their husbands in political offices d. spying on the British army e. fighting in the war

c. replacing their husbands in political offices

What major event first led the British government to seek ways to make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire? a. the Declaration of Independence b. King Philip's War c. the Seven Years' War d. the Boston Tea Party e. the appointment of William Pitt as British prime minister

c. the Seven Years' War