History 1302 Exam 3

New Direction for Unions.

-United Mine works Union -United Auto workers B. Industrial unions 1. Movement to organize workers in mass-production industries 2. Craft unions in AFL opposed to industrial unions 3. Formation of Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) - The CIO 1. Success in automobile industry 2. Success in steel industry 3. CIO had soon unionized much of industrial America

Kellogg-Briand Pact.

-ending war in 1920s, sponsored by secretary of state Kellogg and french primary minister Briand -Powers renounced the use of war -multilateral agreement attempting to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy.

Wagner Act.

-provided fed. gov. support for unionizing workers and gave new creation of unions

Court-Packing Plan.

-second term for roosevelt to deal with a threat created by spring court to the policies of the new deal. 1937 he proposed this -fails bc supreme court is not expanded the bill could not get out of senate

Social Security 1935

1. "Cornerstone" of the New Deal 2. Relatively conservative with a regressive tax -old age pesnions -unemployment compensation -payments for blind and handicapped

Election of 1924.

1. Coolidge, who controlled the party machinery, won the Republican nomination 2. John W. Davis named candidate of divided Democratic party 3. Progressive party, American Federation of Labor, and Socialist party named Robert La Follette 4. Landslide victory for Coolidge; La Follette polled largest vote ever for third-party candidate

Controlling Inflation.

1. Demands for wage increases 2. Strikes a. United Steelworkers b. United Mine Workers c. Railroads 3. Truman's response to strikes -bad regulation few goods

Minorities and the New Deal.

1. Effects of farm programs on African Americans 2. Mexican Americans 3. Native Americans -Doctor John Collier Ass. Commissioner of indian affairs, anthropologist, expert on indian life, researching Indian reservations, did a great job trying to revive lives of tribes living on reservations

Native Americans.

1. Generally strong support for war 2. "Code talkers"- Navajo and Hopey native americans who were used to create and unbreakable code to allow American forces to communicate among enemy lines

Court Decisions and Civil Rights.

1. Grovey v. Townsend 2. Powell v. Alabama 3. Norris v. Alabama

Civil Rights in the 1940s.

1. Influences of World War II and cold war on race relations 2. Truman's change of heart on civil rights 3. Truman desegregates the military **Jackie Robinson*** -

Mexicans and Mexican Americans.

1. Mexican farmworkers and the bracero program 2. Ethnic tensions and violence in Los Angeles a. Zoot-suit riots

Attack on Pearl Harbor.

1. On December 7, 1941, Because unites states enters war, By japan so the US declares war on Japan, Then NAzi Germany declares war on US and US reciprocates

Discrimination Against Japanese Americans.

1. Over 112,000 sent to "war relocation camps" a. Internees came from western states b. Japanese Americans seen as a threat because of their ancestry 2. Most Japanese Americans not disloyal a. Victims of war hysteria and racial prejudice 3. Federal compensation to internment survivors in 1983

African Americans in the Second World War

1. Push for equality, face resistance to desegregation 2. Blacks in armed forces—usually in segregated units 3. Blacks in war industries a. Threat of A. Philip Randolph's march on Washington b. Executive order prohibits discrimination in companies with federal defense contracts c. Revived migration from the South 4. Racial violence a. Detroit race riot

Election of 1948.

1. Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey 2. Democrats nominate Truman and include a strong civil rights plank a. Southern conservatives form the Dixiecrats and nominate J. Strom Thurmond b. The Progressive party nominates Henry Wallace 3. Election results a. Truman wins in major upset b. Split in Democratic party helps Truman c. Democratic majorities in Congress d. A vindication for the New Deal 4. Fair Deal proposals 5. Conservative coalition blocks most legislation

Financing the War.

1. Taxation a. Revenue Act of 1942 b. Taxes pay about 45 percent of wartime expenditures

Roosevelt's Third Term.

1940, no constitutional amendment, Democratic party, defeats Windil Wilkie- lawyer and president of public utility companies

United Nations Security Council

A major agency within the United Nations which remains in permanent session and has the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. Originally, it consisted of five permanent members, (United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and the Republic of China), and six members elected to two-year terms. After 1965, the number of rotating members was increased to ten. In 1971, the Republic of China was replaced with the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union was replaced by the Russian Federation in 1991.

War in Korea.

A. America's entry 1. Korea from World War II to 1950 2. North Korean forces invade South Korea 3. United Nations sanctions aid to South Korea 4. Truman orders American military forces to Korea under UN auspices B. America in the Korean War 1. General Douglas MacArthur commands UN forces 2. Congress never voted a declaration of war C. Military developments 1. Inch'ŏn and decision to invade the North 2. Chinese Communists enter the war D. Dismissal of MacArthur 1. Different views of the Korean War 2. MacArthur openly criticizes Truman 3. MacArthur dismissed 4. Public disfavor

The Final Ledger.

A. Estimates of death and destruction 1. Between 50 and 60 million total military and civilian dead 2. Soviet Union suffered greatest losses of all B. Impact on America and the Soviet Union 1. Depression ends in the United States 2. Dramatic expansion of U.S. federal government and presidential authority 3. United States emerges from war with global, political, and military responsibilities and interests 4. United States emerges as the strongest nation on earth in economic and military terms 5. Despites its losses, Soviet Union emerges from the war with new territory and enhanced influence a. Soviets become the strongest power in Europe and Asia

Election of 1936.

A. FDR's popularity B. Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon C. Democrats created a new electoral coalition D. Landslide victory for FDR

Election of 1932.

A. The parties in 1932 1. Republicans a. Renominated Herbert Hoover b. Mood of defeat 2. Democrats a. Nominated FDR b. FDR promised "a new deal for the American people"

Silent Cal. (Calvin Coolidge)

After President Harding's death, his vice president, Calvin Coolidge, assumed the presidency. Coolidge believed that the nation's welfare was tied to the success of big business, and he worked to end government regulation of business and industry as well as reduce taxes. In particular, he focused on the nation's industrial development. -passive president in 1924 Victory Republican

Andrew W. Mellon.

As President Harding's secretary of the Treasury, he sought to generate economic growth through reducing government spending and lowering taxes. However, he insisted that the tax reductions mainly go to the rich because he believed the wealthy would reinvest their money and spur economic growth. In order to bring greater efficiency and nonpartisanship to the government's budget process, he persuaded Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which created a new Bureau of the Budget and a General Accounting Office. -wealthy man from Pittsburgh

George C. Marshall.

As the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he orchestrated the Allied victories over Germany and Japan in the Second World War. In 1947, he became President Truman's secretary of state and proposed the massive reconstruction program for western Europe

The Atomic Bomb.

August 4 1945 surrendered on August 14 1945 a. Targets chosen among cities not already devastated by firebombing b. Potsdam Declaration threatens bombing if Japan does not surrender immediately c. Military considerations pertaining to fighting Japan and desire to avoid invasion paramount in dropping of first bomb on Hiroshima d. Concerns over Soviet entry into Pacific war significant in the dropping of the second bomb on Nagasaki

Dixiecrats.

Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States' Rights (Dixiecrat) party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president.

NATO.

Defensive alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe -peace time military alliance -protect west germany from soviet attack

Douglas MacArthur.

During World War II, he and Admiral Chester Nimitz dislodged the Japanese military from the Pacific Islands they had occupied. Following the war, he was in charge of the occupation of Japan. After North Korea invaded South Korea, Truman sent the U.S. military to defend South Korea under the command of ____. Later in the war, Truman expressed his willingness to negotiate the restoration of prewar boundaries which ____ attempted to undermine. Truman fired ____ for his open insubordination.

Federal Writers' Project.

During the Great Depression, this project provided writers, such as Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, and Saul Bellow, with work, which gave them a chance to develop as artists and be employed.

Tuskagee Airmen

During the Second World War, African Americans in the armed forces usually served in segregated units. African American pilots were trained at a separate flight school in Tuskegee, Alabama, and were known as Tuskegee Airmen.

Dwight D. Eisenhower.

During the Second World War, he commanded the Allied Forces landing in Africa and was the supreme Allied commander as well as planner for "porch" Operation Overlord. In 1952, he was elected president on his popularity as a war hero and his promises to clean up Washington and find an honorable peace in the Korean War. His administration sought to cut the nation's domestic programs and budget, but he left the basic structure of the New Deal intact. In July of 1953, he announced the end of fighting in Korea. He appointed Earl Warren to the Supreme Court whose influence helped the court become an important force for social and political change. His secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, institutionalized the policies of containment and deterrence. Eisenhower supported the withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal and established the Eisenhower doctrine, which promised to aid any nation against aggression by a communist nation. Eisenhower preferred that state and local institutions to handle civil rights issues, and he refused to force states to comply with the Supreme Court's civil rights decisions. However, he did propose the legislation that became the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

WAC.

During the Second World War, the increased demand for labor shook up old prejudices about gender roles in workplace and in the military. Nearly 200,000 women served in the Women's Army Corps or its naval equivalent, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

Alger Hiss

During the second Red Scare, ___-_-, who had served in several government departments, was accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union and was convicted of lying about espionage. The case was politically damaging to the Truman administration because the president called the charges against Him a "red herring." Richard Nixon, then a California congressman, used his persistent pursuit of the case and his anti-Communist rhetoric to raise his national profile and to win election to the Senate.

President Roosevelt.

Elected during the Great Depression, Roosevelt sought to help struggling Americans through his New Deal programs that created employment and social programs, such as Social Security. Prior to American's entry into the Second World War, he supported Britain's fight against Germany through the lend-lease program. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he declared war on Japan and Germany and led the country through most of the Second World War before dying of cerebral hemorrhage. In 1945, he met with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference to determine the shape of the post-war world. -Governor of New York, assistant of the Navy -Reviving economy, relieving human suffering, and rescuing farm sector were challenges he faced

RFC.

Federal program established in 1932 under President Herbert Hoover to loan money to banks and railroads and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy.(Reconstruction Finance cooperation

HUAC.

Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government; best-known investigations were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist party membership.

Nazi Party.

Founded in the 1920s, this party gained control over Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in 1933 and continued in power until Germany's defeat at the end of the Second World War. It advocated a violent anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist, pan-German ideology. The Nazi party systematically murdered some 6 million Jews along with more than a million others.

First New Deal.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people;'' the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs. a. Banking crisis b. Industrial recovery c. Raise commodity prices

Axis powers

Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, aiming at geogrphic expansion september 1, 1939 when adolf Hitler invade Poland due to an agreement that Hitler made a nazi-soviet agreement pact, under this agreement

Dust Bowl.

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.

Teapot Dome.

Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. -Bribery of gov. officials and illegal contracted between oil companies

Huey P. Long.

He began his political career in Louisiana where he developed a reputation for being an unscrupulous reformer. As a U.S. senator, he became a critic of President Roosevelt's New Deal Plan and offered his alternative called the Share-the-Wealth program. He was assassinated in 1935.

NRA.

Headed by Johnson, This organization's two goals were to stabilize business and generate purchasing power for consumers. The first goal was to be achieved through the implementation industry-wide codes that set wages and prices, which would reduce the chaotic competition. To provide consumers with purchasing power, the administration would provide jobs, define workplace standards, and raise wages.

Share-the -Wealth.

Huey Long, a critic of President Roosevelt, offered this program as an alternative to the New Deal. The program proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes, which would be used to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,500. Under this program, Long promised to provide pensions, reduce working hours, pay veterans' bonuses, and ensures a college education to every qualified student

Jackie Robinson.

In 1947, he became the first African American to play major league baseball. He won over fans and players and stimulated the integration of other professional sports.

Joseph R. McCarthy

In 1950, this senator became the shrewdest and most ruthless exploiter of America's anxiety of communism. He claimed that the United States government was full of Communists and led a witch hunt to find them, but he was never able to uncover a single communist agent.

"Ohio Gang."

In order to escape the pressures of the White House, President Harding met with a group of people, called the "Ohio gang," in a house on K Street in Washington D.C. Members of this gang were given low-level positions in the American government and they used their White House connection to "line their pockets" by granting government contracts without bidding, which led to a series of scandals, most notably the Teapot Dome Scandal. (page 1069)

"Return to Normalcy."

In the 1920 presidential election, Republican nominee Warren G. Harding campaigned on the promise of a "return to normalcy," which would mean a return to conservative values and a turning away from President Wilson's internationalism.

Warren G. Harding.

In the 1920 presidential election, he was the Republican nominee who promised Americans a "return to normalcy," which would mean a return to conservative values and a turning away from President Wilson's internationalism. His message resonated with voters' conservative postwar mood; and he won the election. Once in office, Harding's administration dismantled many of the social and economic components of progressivism and pursued a pro-business agenda. Harding appointed four pro-business Supreme Court Justices and his administration cut taxes, increased tariffs and promoted a lenient attitude towards government regulation of corporations. However, he did speak out against racism and ended the exclusion of African Americans from federal positions. His administration did suffer from a series of scandals as the result of him appointing members of the Ohio gang to government positions.

Alfred E. Smith.

In the 1928 presidential election from New York, he won the Democratic nomination, but failed to win the presidency. Rural voters distrusted him for being Catholic and the son of Irish immigrants as well as his anti-Prohibition stance. -New Deal Coalition

Atlantic Charter.

Issued August 12, 1941, following meetings in Newfoundland between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the charter signaled the allies' cooperation and stated their war aims. When we formally enter the war

Yalta Conference.

Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Soviet leader Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

New Deal legislation that established the_____ to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional in United States v. Butler (1936) -1933 payed farmers to reduce production

NIRA.(National Industrial Recovery Act)

Passed on the last of the Hundred Days;dealing with the crash of business and idustry. it created public-works jobs through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and established a system of self-regulation for industry through the National Recovery Administration, which was ruled unconstitutional in 1935.

Lend-Lease Bill.

Permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in the Second World War. A. Countries deemed essential to American defense—such as Britain—allowed to receive arms and other equipment, even if they could not pay B. Act bypassed the legal restrictions against extending loans to countries that defaulted on earlier U.S. loans C. Weakening isolationist opposition failed to prevent its passage

Truman Doctrine. 1947

President Harry S. Truman's program of post-Second World War aid to European countries—particularly Greece and Turkey—in danger of being undermined by communism.

Herbert Hoover

Prior to becoming president, Hoover served as the secretary of commerce in both the Harding and Coolidge administrations. During his tenure at the Commerce Department, he pursued new markets for business and encouraged business leaders to share information as part of the trade-association movement. The Great Depression hit while he was president. Hoover believed that the nation's business structure was sound and sought to revive the economy through boosting the nation's confidence. He also tried to restart the economy with government constructions projects, lower taxes and new federal loan programs, but nothing worked. -Presidency of 1928 and 1933

Double V Campaign.

Promoted civil and economic rights for african americasn (Tuskagee airmen), organized by pittsberg carrier that you have victory over facist powers and jim crow law.

Twenty-first Amendment.

Repealed prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, effectively nullifying the Eighteenth Amendment.

Eleanor Roosevelt

She redefined the role of the presidential spouse and was the first woman to address a national political convention, write a nationally syndicated column and hold regular press conferences. She travelled throughout the nation to promote the New Deal, women's causes, organized labor, and meet with African American leaders. She was her husband's liaison to liberal groups and brought women activists and African American and labor leaders to the White House.

Good Neighbor Policies

Started by hoover, Proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first inaugural address in 1933, it sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.

Iron Curtain.

Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the cold war divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union's Eastern European satellites.

Operation Overlord.

The Allies' assault on Hitler's "Atlantic Wall," a seemingly impregnable series of fortifications and minefields along the French coastline that German forces had created using captive Europeans for laborers. Eisenhower turning point for war. Code name -June 6 1944

Joseph Stalin.

The Bolshevik leader who succeeded Lenin as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1924 and ruled the country until his death. During his totalitarian rule of the Soviet Union, he used purges and a system of forced labor camps to maintain control over the country. During the Yalta Conference, he claimed vast areas of Eastern Europe for Soviet domination. After the end of the Second World War, the alliance between the Soviet Union and the Western powers altered into the tension of the cold war and Stalin erected the "iron curtain" between Eastern and Western Europe.

Winston Churchill.

The British prime minister who led the country during the Second World War. Along with Roosevelt and Stalin, he helped shape the post-war world at the Yalta Conference. He also coined the term "iron curtain," which he used in his famous "The Sinews of Peace" speech.

Benito Mussolini.

The Italian founder of the Fascist party who came to power in Italy in 1922 and allied himself with Adolf Hitler and the Axis powers during the Second World War.

Final Solution.

The Nazi party's systematic murder of some 6 million Jews along with more than a million other people including, but not limited to, gypsies, homosexuals, and handicap individuals.

Buy Stock On Margin.

The investment practice of making a small down payment (the "margin") on a stock and borrowing the rest of money need for the purchase from a broker who held the stock as security against a down market. If the stock's value declined and the buyer failed to meet a margin call for more funds, the broker could sell the stock to cover his loan.

Adolf Hitler.

The leader of the Nazis who advocated a violent anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist, pan-German ideology. He started World War II in Europe and orchestrated the systematic murder of some 6 million Jews along with more than a million others.

Bonus Expeditionary Force.

Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.

Second New Deal.

To rescue his New Deal program form judicial and political challenges, President Roosevelt launched a second phase of the New Deal in 1935. He was able to convince Congress to pass key pieces of legislation including the National Labor Relations act and Social Security Act. Roosevelt called the latter the New Deal's "supreme achievement" and pensioners started receiving monthly checks in 1940. -improving conditions for labor

Marshall Plan.

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-Second World War Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General in 1947. - created markets for american products

Containment.

U.S. strategy in the cold war that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised in 1947 by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan.

McNary-Haugen Bill.

Vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927 and 1928, the bill to aid farmers would have artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the United States for higher prices.

George F. Kennan.

While working as an American diplomat, he devised the strategy of containment, which called for the halting of Soviet expansion. It became America's choice strategy throughout the cold war.

Great Depression

Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until the Second World War.

Taft-Hartley Labor Act.

a. Restrictions on labor b. Passed over Truman's veto c. Effect of act -prohibited closed shop for unions, forbid adding unessary jobs to contract, and have to take oaths thay they are no a communist

Blitzkrieg.

the German "lightening war" strategy used during the Second World War; the Germans invaded Poland, France, Russia, and other countries with fast-moving, well-coordinated attacks using aircraft, tanks, and other armored vehicles, followed by infantry. 1. Germany invades Denmark, Belgium, Norway, and the Netherlands, france, lexemberg 2. France falls to Germany by June