History 132 - Chapter 24

Why did business leaders continue to criticize the New Deal even as their economic situation improved? Disappointment over the Roosevelt administration's failure to allay the suffering caused by the depression Pressure from Republicans in the House and Senate Lack of trust in the effectiveness of the government's economic planning A belief that it betrayed constitutional guarantees

A belief that it betrayed constitutional guarantees

What did Franklin Roosevelt promise voters in his campaign speeches to highlight his differences with Hoover? A new freedom A square deal A new deal A new progress

A new deal

The failure of the National Recovery Administration (NRA) demonstrated that American businesses would not yield their autonomy voluntarily. the Supreme Court had made a mistake in sanctioning the NRA. unions and big business had opposing interests and could never cooperate. the reformers who worked in the NRA were naïve and had no sense of the business community.

American businesses would not yield their autonomy voluntarily.

According to New Dealers, why did the American economy need government and labor organizations? Because foreign capital had taken control of the American economy Because American corporations needed to be counterbalanced Because the free market economy was an unsustainable illusion Because this was the only way to bring about true socialism

Because American corporations needed to be counterbalanced

What actions made Huey P. Long, the governor of Louisiana in the 1930s, a nationally known political figure? Providing an example of Republican Party activism on economic issues Living up to his campaign slogan, "Every man a king, but only one wears a crown" Harping on white supremacy Building roads, hospitals, and schools

Building roads, hospitals, and schools

What impact did the challenges to the New Deal from the left and right have on U.S. politics in the 1934 elections? Socialist candidates made significant inroads in Congress for the first time in American history. Democrats worked hard to maintain their control of the Congress and squeaked through with narrow majorities. Republicans supported by the American Liberty League took control of the House and Senate. Democrats solidified their winning coalition and New Dealers won a landslide victory.

Democrats solidified their winning coalition and New Dealers won a landslide victory.

Which groups were exempted from the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in order to guarantee its passage through Congress? Factory workers, nurses, coal miners, and child laborers All unionized labor, because union contracts accounted for minimum wages and working hours Lawyers, doctors, accountants, and most professional workers Domestic help and farm laborers

Domestic help and farm laborers

How did President Roosevelt characterize his administration during the election campaign of 1936? Radical and moving farther to the left to bring more government intervention into the lives of the American people Conservative and newly focused on improving international relations Moderate and acting for the sake and with the support of all Americans regardless of class or social status Effective in its efforts to combat the greedy capitalists who lusted for power

Effective in its efforts to combat the greedy capitalists who lusted for power

Which feature was a shortcoming of the New Deal? Inability to reform the banking industry Failure to address racial injustice Failure to reform immigration laws Lack of success improving working conditions and supporting unionization

Failure to address racial injustice

How did Franklin D. Roosevelt respond to his Republican challengers in the presidential election of 1936? He promised a more bipartisan approach and accepted much of their criticisms. He described them as uneducated hicks out of touch with the modern economic theory. He explained that most of his failures were the fault of the Republican-dominated Congress. He emphasized his interest in improving the lives of ordinary Americans.

He emphasized his interest in improving the lives of ordinary Americans.

During the presidential campaign Franklin Roosevelt offered the electorate which promise? He promised to provide government aid to those who needed it. Roosevelt promised to revive the economy and provided a detailed plan for how this new economy would help the poor. Roosevelt promised to stay the course laid out by Hoover and allow poor people the opportunity to help themselves. He promised the poor that he would enact certain Communist policies to counteract the capitalist ones that had caused the depression.

He promised to provide government aid to those who needed it.

Why did President Franklin D. Roosevelt want to enact comprehensive tax reform in the 1930s? He saw both societal and political advantages to breaking up the large fortunes of the country's wealthiest citizens. He was desperate to find a way to fund the first few years of Social Security payouts. He hoped that a decrease in maximum personal income taxes might placate some of his conservative opponents. It would build a federal surplus and allow the nation to start looking toward international issues.

He saw both societal and political advantages to breaking up the large fortunes of the country's wealthiest citizens.

Which statement describes Republican Alfred Landon's presidential campaign in 1936? Endorsed by big business and the National Association of Manufacturers, he offered a radically conservative position. He was a moderate who offered mainstream Republican proposals for a balanced federal budget. As one of Roosevelt's original cabinet members, Landon exposed the shortcomings of the New Deal from the inside. Landon was an economist who had the wherewithal to challenge the ideas of Roosevelt's Brains Trust.

He was a moderate who offered mainstream Republican proposals for a balanced federal budget.

Which characteristic propelled Franklin Roosevelt to the front ranks of the national Democratic Party in 1931? His glowing military record and his untarnished personal reputation His belief that government should help Americans through the Great Depression Roosevelt's lack of a national political reputation, which made him a dark horse candidate Roosevelt's amiability and pleasant personal demeanor

His belief that government should help Americans through the Great Depression

How was the industry response to the Great Depression different from the response of farmers? Industry rejected federal subsidies while farmers asked for them. Industry curtailed production, whereas farmers expanded it. Industry raised wages rather than cut them. Working conditions improved in industry while they got worse on the land.

Industry curtailed production, whereas farmers expanded it.

Why did some labor leaders resent the National Recovery Administration (NRA)? It tried to stabilize prices at a time when workers needed bargains. The NRA ignored the price of labor and the role of unions completely. It allowed businesses to form company-controlled unions in charge of collective bargaining. The NRA empowered more radical leaders at the expense of the American Federation of Labor.

It allowed businesses to form company-controlled unions in charge of collective bargaining.

President Roosevelt's plan for enlarging the Supreme Court resulted in which outcome? It became unnecessary when four conservative judges retired. It faced great opposition but was ultimately successful. It was ruled unconstitutional by the sitting Supreme Court justices. It was ratified by Congress but not by the required number of states.

It became unnecessary when four conservative judges retired.

The photograph shows a General Motors plant during a strike in 1937. What does the image suggest about labor disputes during the Great Depression? Labor disputes were generally settled peacefully. The lack of jobs during the Great Depression decreased the desire of workers to organize. Strikers and their supporters were radical and disorderly. Labor disputes affected entire families.

Labor disputes affected entire families.

According to the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union's (STFU) criticism, the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) had what in common with the NRA? Both organizations transferred congressional powers to an administrative agency. Both organizations explicitly excluded African Americans. Like the NRA, the AAA tended to help mostly those who needed help the least. Like the NRA, the AAA helped those who needed help the most.

Like the NRA, the AAA tended to help mostly those who needed help the least.

Why did Dr. Francis Townsend propose a nationwide pension plan in 1934? Nations across Europe were introducing pension plans at the time. Many of his retired patients lived in misery. President Roosevelt had alluded to assistance for the elderly. The doctor had failed in his practice and was nearing retirement.

Many of his retired patients lived in misery.

Who were the primary beneficiaries of New Deal reforms in the 1930s? African Americans and other minorities Organized workers in major industries Women Banks and big corporations

Organized workers in major industries

Why did Roosevelt's agricultural policies fail to confront the economic and racial inequalities of the South's economic system? His agricultural policies focused on the West and the Midwest where racial inequalities were less pressing. Roosevelt blamed African Americans for the problems they faced and did not believe government could help. Roosevelt depended on the support of white southern Democrats for the success of his political programs. Despite his political line, Roosevelt had no interest in addressing the plight of African Americans.

Roosevelt depended on the support of white southern Democrats for the success of his political programs.

How did New Deal programs and the efforts of the Roosevelt administration affect African Americans in the 1930s? Reforms brought a sharp decline in lynchings in the South. Roosevelt increased their representation in the federal government but failed to improve their overall economic and social status. WPA jobs employed ten thousand African Americans as supervisors and expanded the black middle class. The New Deal improved educational opportunities so that 10 percent of black students earned college degrees by the end of the decade.

Roosevelt increased their representation in the federal government but failed to improve their overall economic and social status.

Why did voters support Franklin Roosevelt in the election of 1932? Roosevelt said he would create a welfare system to provide government relief to every family that needed it. He promised his administration would institute a new system of Social Security pensions for Americans. He suggested that he would increase the size of government to better control the economy. Roosevelt's campaign promises were vague, but voters were dissatisfied with the Hoover administration.

Roosevelt's campaign promises were vague, but voters were dissatisfied with the Hoover administration.

Which effect did Franklin Roosevelt's "fireside chats" have on the American people? The fireside chats undermined his support among radio listeners who were put off by his patrician tones. Roosevelt's fireside chats enabled him to build a rapport with millions of ordinary Americans. They brought the U.S. government into American homes, which ordinary citizens did not like. They convinced the American people that Roosevelt was going to continue the policies of the Hoover administration.

Roosevelt's fireside chats enabled him to build a rapport with millions of ordinary Americans.

Which of the following best assesses the congressional appropriation for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935? The $5 billion appropriation was more than the federal government collected in revenues in 1934. The appropriation was a mere 5 percent of what the Roosevelt administration had requested. Roosevelt had requested the WPA funds because he wanted to see Keynesian economics in practice. Roosevelt ensured that the WPA appropriations would be covered with an increase in excise taxes.

The $5 billion appropriation was more than the federal government collected in revenues in 1934.

What was the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union's (STFU) criticism of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)? The AAA enriched large farmers at the expense of smaller ones. The AAA taxed tenant farmers who were at the bottom of the economic ladder. The AAA concentrated too much on midwestern farmers at the expense of poor southern sharecroppers. The AAA allowed large agricultural processors to increase their prices without increasing the amounts they paid to farmers for crops.

The AAA enriched large farmers at the expense of smaller ones.

In addition to providing public works jobs for unemployed Americans, what other kinds of jobs did the Works Progress Administration (WPA) create? The WPA created part-time jobs for housewives to supplement the family income. The WPA gave jobs to many artists to make use of their talents for public benefit. The program created jobs for white-collar managers who had lost positions due to stock scandals. Works Progress Administration (WPA) jobs programs hired teenage girls to perform child care for other working women.

The WPA gave jobs to many artists to make use of their talents for public benefit.

Why did union membership surge in the wake of the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935? The Wagner Act guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize unions. The Wagner Act prohibited businesses from hiring their own labor force. The conditions in the labor market were good enough for workers to act more boldly. The expansion of welfare capitalism in the Wagner Act provoked unions to push their influence.

The Wagner Act guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize unions.

Which opportunity did the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) offer unemployed men in the 1930s? Low-cost loans to farmers who wanted to renovate and upgrade their farms Work in the nation's urban areas by building transportation infrastructures and creating new housing The chance to be paid for useful work building dams, planting trees, and constructing roads The chance to earn a college education

The chance to be paid for useful work building dams, planting trees, and constructing roads

Why did the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) fare better than the National Recovery Administration (NRA)? The disbursement of allotment checks and rising farm produce prices engendered loyalty among farmers large enough to qualify for the program. The Supreme Court upheld the tax that sufficiently funded the AAA's allotment payments. The AAA received support from small farmers through the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU). The powerful agricultural processors and distributors endorsed the AAA.

The disbursement of allotment checks and rising farm produce prices engendered loyalty among farmers large enough to qualify for the program.

This map depicts the shift in state voting patterns between the presidential elections of 1928 and 1932. What does the map suggest about the importance of the Great Depression in reconfiguring national politics? The map indicates that the Republican Party maintained its strength in the West. The map indicates that the Great Depression increased the national appeal of the Democratic Party. The map indicates that the onset of the Great Depression had little effect on national voting patterns. The map indicates that the Democrats gained the support of many Americans, but lost their traditional southern constituency.

The map indicates that the Great Depression increased the national appeal of the Democratic Party.

Which conclusion can be drawn about the election of 1936 and Americans' support for the New Deal? The overwhelming Democratic victory revealed that the New Deal was very popular. The increase in Republican representation in Congress revealed that many Americans wanted to limit the expansion of government power. The votes gained by third-party candidates revealed that an unexpectedly large number of Americans wanted more radical reforms. Roosevelt's narrow victory revealed that Americans were ambivalent about New Deal reforms.

The overwhelming Democratic victory revealed that the New Deal was very popular.

Who did New Deal agencies like the Federal Emergency Relief Association, the Civil Works Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps try to assist? Unions fighting for better working conditions Businesses that had lost customers The unemployed Farmers affected by low crop prices

The unemployed

How did the outcome of the strikes at Republic Steel compare to those at General Motors? The union abandoned the organizing campaign at Republic Steel after a police attack killed ten strikers. The union organized a successful boycott of Republic Steel, which made the company concede to its demands. Steelworkers borrowed auto workers' strategy of the sit-down strike and used it with great success. Steelworkers won union recognition without resorting to a strike.

The union abandoned the organizing campaign at Republic Steel after a police attack killed ten strikers.

How was Franklin Roosevelt related to former president Theodore Roosevelt? Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin Roosevelt's father-in-law. Franklin Roosevelt was Theodore Roosevelt's nephew. Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin Roosevelt's cousin. Franklin Roosevelt was Theodore Roosevelt's son.v

Theodore Roosevelt was Franklin Roosevelt's cousin.

Why did economic conservatives and the Republican Party oppose Social Security? Conservatives and Republicans did not want to invest in elderly people because they could not provide a long-lasting constituency. Labor unions, leftists, and the Townsend movement all supported it. They believed it would give the government too much control over private property and destroy Americans' work ethic. They were loath to allow President Roosevelt to receive credit for a program that they had originally devised.

They believed it would give the government too much control over private property and destroy Americans' work ethic.

How did American business leaders respond to Roosevelt's efforts at rescuing capitalism with the New Deal? They embraced the New Deal reluctantly. They were grateful that someone was willing to save capitalism. They criticized the New Deal for its timidity and conservatism. They denounced the New Deal.

They denounced the New Deal.

How did poor and unemployed Americans respond to the American Communist Party? They rushed to join the Communist Party in droves, pulling significant support away from the Democratic Party. They convinced the Communist Party to join forces with the Union Party to run against the Democrats. They found the prospect of a violent revolution unappealing and preferred to gain jobs and security within capitalism. They critiqued the American Communist Party for its lack of commitment to improving the lives of workers.

They found the prospect of a violent revolution unappealing and preferred to gain jobs and security within capitalism.

How did New Deal agricultural reforms affect black sharecroppers in the South? They often found themselves kicked off the land. They received land from wealthy landowners through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). It raised their earning significantly and helped them recommit to the southern way of life. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) inadvertently quashed the civil rights movement in the South.

They often found themselves kicked off the land.

Why were relief programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) so popular with Americans? They replaced the stigma of welfare with the dignity of jobs. They required little work and tended to be in workers' neighborhoods. They paid well and offered health insurance benefits. They launched promising careers in the civil service.

They replaced the stigma of welfare with the dignity of jobs.

What was the primary purpose of the "codes" of the National Recovery Administration (NRA)? To invigorate competition and promote innovation To stabilize industries To protect consumers To keep government out of the marketplace

To stabilize industries

Roosevelt's Brains Trust identified which factor as the greatest flaw of American capitalism and the main cause of the depression? Underconsumption was the root cause of the Great Depression, and correcting it was the solution. Industrial manufacturing, not agricultural production, was the central problem in the American economy. Huge businesses had created the depression, and it was necessary to break them up. Government should not interfere with the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.

Underconsumption was the root cause of the Great Depression, and correcting it was the solution.

Factors that began to work against the expansion of New Deal programs included antagonism between conservatives and New Dealers, as well as Roosevelt's own conviction that the depression was largely over. the failures of Social Security and the Farm Security Administration, because they illustrated that the New Deal approach had little to offer. a withering dissection of New Deal economics by John Maynard Keynes, coupled with a growing sense that the New Deal had accomplished all it could. more assertive attacks on the administration by minority groups, the rise of a new female leadership, and violent labor strikes that discredited the New Dealers' alliance with labor.

antagonism between conservatives and New Dealers, as well as Roosevelt's own conviction that the depression was largely over.

The Emergency Banking Act and the Glass-Steagall Banking Act both modified the American banking system to allow banks to be operated privately with the support of federal funding while implementing more stringent regulation of their practices. cautious planning and limited action until a hundred days had passed for Roosevelt to assess the situation. nationalization, which satisfied radical New Dealers who believed that nationalized banks would serve as the cornerstone of federal economic planning. strong government intervention in the economy that was similar to the corporate fascism practiced in Italy.

banks to be operated privately with the support of federal funding while implementing more stringent regulation of their practices.

New Dealers hoped that the National Recovery Administration (NRA) would produce a collective social conscience among businesses through its commitment to the welfare of domestic workers and agricultural laborers. the establishment of mandatory business codes written by NRA employees. the promotion of free market ideals. coordination of management, labor, and the federal government.

coordination of management, labor, and the federal government.

In addition to putting thirteen million men and women to work, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) also invited Mexican immigrants to benefit from federal employment projects. expanded and renovated the nation's infrastructure. helped build the infrastructure of the Democratic Party. balanced the federal budget.

expanded and renovated the nation's infrastructure.

The economic model developed in the 1930s by John Maynard Keynes advocated government intervention to revive production, boost consumption, and restore prosperity. free enterprise without any meddling from the government. the elimination of ruthless and corrupt business practices. decreasing government taxation and spending and allowing the natural laws of supply and demand to restore prosperity.

government intervention to revive production, boost consumption, and restore prosperity.