History-17A-6248 EXAM 2 reviews

6Charles I (1600-1649) "consented" to this petition in _____. Parliament could force him to agree to it at this time because he needed Parliament to tax the English people so that he could conduct a war on the European continent.

1628

5Before the rebellion was squashed by South Carolina planters, How many whites and slaves had killed?

23 whites and 45 to 50 slaves were killed.

6____________ is a "political theory which holds that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority" in a country. It is also a "form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority" (American Heritage Dictionary online). - As a political doctrine, it was used in 17 to 18 century Europe to justify the centralization of state power in the person of the monarch. James I of England (who was also James VI of Scotland) embraced this theory and attempted to justify it by appealing to the "Divine Right of Kings."

Absolutism

6______________ was an Enlightenment philosopher. His thoughts on politics were influenced by the writings of John Locke. Montesquieu believed a separation and balance of powers should occur between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The purpose of this separation was to guarantee the liberties of the individual. His ideas profoundly influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution, who separated the powers of the presidency, the powers of Congress, and the powers of the judiciary.

Charles de Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, 1689-1755):

6Common Sense is a pamphlet that was written by Thomas Paine. In it he argued that reconciliation between the colonists and Britain was not possible because the entire system of English governance was corrupt. After all, only a corrupt government "could inflict such brutality on its own people." "The island kingdom of England was no more fit to rule the American continent, he claimed, than a satellite was fit to rule the sun." It made "common sense," then, for Americans to break completely with the English government (Brinkley).

Common Sense (1776)

5The slaves were headed toward to ________, where the Spanish governor had promised freedom to all British runaway slaves.

Florida

7_____________ was the first President of the United States. Before assuming this office (in 1789), he had served as a lieutenant colonel in the French and Indian War, served as a member of Virginia's House of Burgesses, and served as one of Virginia's delegates to the Continental Congress. After Congress elected him to be Commander in Chief of the Continental Army (in 1775), he organized the Continental Army and led it to victory in the American War of Independence. When it became apparent that the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised, he played a key role in the creation of the 1787 Constitutional Convention (which he chaired), and, after a new government was established under the Constitution, he became the nation's president.

George Washington (1732-1799

6_____________ was a Massachusetts lawyer. During the 1760s, he challenged Britain's colonial policies on the grounds that these policies violated the colonists' traditional liberties as Englishmen and their natural rights as human beings. He stated, "Taxation without representation is tyranny" (Faragher).

James Otis (1725-1783):

6__________, an English philosopher, is widely regarded as one of the founders of the Enlightenment. His ideas on the empirical foundations of human knowledge are important to the development of the modern social sciences. He is also important because his political ideas contributed to the development of "republicanism," a political ideology that was embraced by many Americans during the eighteenth century. Within the context of his own times, however, Locke, however, was not a republican, he was a Whig. As a Whig, he opposed absolute monarchs, championed representative government, and was concerned with defending the liberties of the individual. The ideas he developed in his political writings also profoundly influenced the supporters of the Independence Movement (and most especially Thomas Jefferson in 1776). From this point of view, Locke championed the belief that governments rested upon the consent of the governed (the "social contract theory"); the belief that the purpose of government was to protect the natural rights (life, liberty, and property) of the individual; and the belief that when governments could not guarantee their people these fundamental rights, but, in fact, became abusive of these rights, the people had a right to replace them with other governments. That is, he believed in extreme circumstances, people had a right to rebel against oppressive governments

John Locke (1632-1704) The English philosopher and political theorist John Locke (1632-1704) laid much of the groundwork for the Enlightenment and made central contributions to the development of liberalism. Trained in medicine, he was a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution.

7____________was a colonist who remained a loyal subject of the British crown during the American Revolutionary War. A loyalist was also sometimes referred to as a Tory or as a Royalist. Groups primarily supporting the Loyalists would include: British appointed officials; Anglican clergy; lay Anglicans living in areas dominated by descendants of Puritans and Pilgrims; tenant farmers (whose landlords were patriots); non-English ethnic minorities; and merchants engaged in the Atlantic trade.

Loyalist:

5__________ is an economic theory which holds that a nation's wealth and power are directly related to the amount of gold and silver that it can control. - Mercantilists believed that the various nations of the world had to compete with one another in order to acquire as much gold and silver as possible. - What one nation could acquire and control, another nation could not have. - The key to acquiring gold and silver was for a nation to establish a favorable balance of trade with its trading partners. - Colonies were useful in this scheme because they supplied the mother country with raw materials that could be turned into manufactured goods in the mother country. They were also useful because they could be treated as captive markets for the sale of the mother country's manufactured goods. - In effect, mercantilism, as an economic doctrine, justified the exploitation of a nation's colonies by the mother country. In the seventeenth - eighteenth centuries--due to its belief that the world contained a limited amount of gold and silver and its associated belief that nations would have to compete with one another for this limited amount—the mercantilist doctrine was used to justify wars between Europe's various states.

Mercatilism

5____________ (c.1745-1797) was an African slave who purchased his freedom and became an advocate for the anti-slavery cause.

Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745-1797)

6________________was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia. He was critical of the Stamp Act in 1765, and he was also an outspoken advocate of the Independence Movement during the mid-1770s. His most famous speech was made before the Virginia Convention in 1775. In it he urged his fellow Virginians to prepare to fight the British. In this speech Henry is reputed to have said: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!"

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

7___________ was a colonist who supported the Independence Movement and the Revolution against the British Empire in the 1770s and the early 1780s. Groups supporting the Patriots would include: small and middling farmers; descendants of the Puritans and the Pilgrims; Chesapeake Gentry; local merchants; city artisans; elected officials; and people of English descent.

Patriot

6________________ are symbolic performances members of a society's lower orders stage, signaling their opposition to the practices, policies, and attitudes of that society's dominant groups. In Britain's American colonies on the eve of the American Revolution, the "common people" (artisans, small shopkeepers, and small farmers) frequently staged rituals of resistance, protesting and critiquing the policies of the British government. These rituals mocked or otherwise satirically challenged the British government and its magistrates. Laughter—directed toward British officials and the British Parliament--was a key component of these rituals.

Rituals of Resistance

4______________was a Separatist. He joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1631 and quickly got into trouble with the authorities because he began telling the other colonists (1) that the king of England could not grant land to them that belonged to the Indians; (2) that the church and the state should be kept separate from one another; and (3) that the separation of state and church also meant that that the Puritans should not be allowed to impose their religious beliefs on others living in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1636 he was banished from the colony for holding these beliefs, so he established a new settlement, Providence, on Narraganset Bay. It would become the capital of the colony of Rhode Island.

Roger Williams (1603-1683)

5_______ were a series of laws that were passed mainly in the Southern colonies during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century that denied slaves basic civil rights.

Slave codes

5On September 9, 1739, a slave rebellion occurred in?

South Carolina

5______ was the most violent slave uprising of the colonial period.

Stono

7____________________ was a key victory for the Americans during the Revolutionary War. General John Burgoyne surrendered more than 6,000 men to General Horatio Gates after Burgoyne and his armies were surrounded by the Americans near Saratoga. After the French learned of this victory, they allied with the American colonists against the British in the war.

The Battle of Saratoga (1777)

7_______________was the American and French victory during the Revolutionary War that forced the British to negotiate an end to the War. General George Washington led the American forces at this battle, the Comte de Rochambeau commanded the French, and General Lord Charles Cornwallis led the British.

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

British General Thomas Gage sent his troops to Concord to capture weapons the Patriots had stockpiled there. When the troops passed through Lexington, a group of "Minutemen" confronted Gage's troops. Since the Minutemen were vastly outnumbered, they retreated. Someone, however, fired a shot (the "shot heard around the world"), and Gage's men responded by unleashing two volleys and killing eighteen Minutemen. The British then continued on to Concord. They did not find the Patriots' arsenal. While the British were searching for the weapons, Massachusetts militiamen converged on Concord and fired on the British at Concord Bridge. Now outnumbered, the British retreated to Boston. As they retreated, they were shot at by Minutemen, who were hiding in woods and fields along their path.

The Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775): The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles of the Revolutionary War

6The Bill of Rights is one of the documents the English Parliament imposed on the English monarchy during the seventeenth century. After the "Glorious Revolution," James's daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, had to agree to the Bill of Rights before Parliament would ratify their monarchy. These rights included such principles as: the right of no taxation without the consent of Parliament; the right to petition the government if one had a grievance; the right of freedom of speech in Parliament; the right to bear arms (granted specifically here to Protestants); the right to be free of cruel and unusual punishments; the right of be free of excessive bail; and guarantees of due process of law.

The Bill of Rights

6In 1768, the British occupied Boston with infantry and artillery regiments. Conflicts between British soldiers and Bostonians escalated until, on March 5, 1770, a violent confrontation occurred. The incident began when a crowd started throwing snowballs at British soldiers. The soldiers panicked, fired into the crowd, and killed five colonists. Two more colonists died later from wounds they had received when the soldiers fired upon the crowd. This event is referred to as "the Boston Massacre."

The Boston Massacre (1770)

6In 1773, Parliament enacted legislation intended to save the East India Company from bankruptcy. The Tea Act granted the East India Company a monopoly on shipping and distributing tea in the colonies. Since only the Company's designated agents would be selling the tea, it was believed that they would be able to sell it to the colonists for less than they had to pay before passage of the Tea Act. The tea was still to be taxed, however, under the Townshend Duties. If colonists purchased the tea, they would be accepting, in effect, Parliament's right to tax them. In Boston, patriots prevented the tea on East India Company vessels from being unloaded. When the Massachusetts governor, Thomas Hutchinson, refused to let these vessels leave the Boston harbor, a stalemate between the governor and the Bostonians ensued. This stalemate was broken when "Mohawks" (colonists disguised as Native Americans) boarded the tea-bearing vessels and threw the tea into Boston Harbor. This event is referred to as the "Boston Tea Party."

The Boston Tea Party (1773)

6Following the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Coercive Acts (referred to as the "Intolerable Acts" in the colonies). The first Coercive Act closed the Boston Harbor. The Second Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, altered Massachusetts's charter, substituted an appointed council for the elected one, increased the governor's powers, and banned town meetings in Boston. The Third Act, the Justice Act, provided that a person accused of committing a capital crime in the course of suppressing a riot or enforcing the laws would be sent to England for trial. Finally, a Quartering Act allowed British troops to be quartered in privately owned houses (Faragher).

The Coercive Acts (1774):

6_______________is a system of laws that emerged in England during the Middle Ages. It still prevails in England today, and it is also honored in the United States of America. The Common Law is based on decisions English judges have made about court cases through the centuries, on the ideas and doctrines that supported those decisions and were implicit within them, and on the laws, customs, and usages of the English people. It is based on precedent. It is sometimes referred to as "judge-made law." Common-law judges are expected to adhere to decisions that earlier judges have made in specific cases(precedents) when the facts in the case that they are deciding are substantially the same as the facts of an earlier case.

The Common Law

7______________ was the legislative body that governed the thirteen rebellious British colonies in North America during the era of the Revolutionary War. It was convened twice. The First Continental Congress met from September 5, 1774, to October 26, 1774. It established the "Continental Association" and issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Second Continental Congress met from May 10, 1775 to March 1, 1781. It issued the 1775 Olive Branch Petition." It also organized the Continental Army, issued the Declaration of Independence (1776), and adopted the Articles of Confederation.

The Continental Congress (1774-1789

4__________ are one of the precedents upon which the U. S. Constitution was based. the belief that God could make agreements or contracts with human beings--is key to the Puritan way of life. The Puritans believed that God had covenanted with them when he launched them on their special mission to America. Following God's example, they covenanted with one another in almost all things relating to their secular as well as to their religious lives. Often these covenants were drafted in the form of written contracts, which specified the principles on which each contract (political, social, and economic, as well as religious) was based. The "Mayflower Compact" (1620), the first document of self-government in North America, assumed the form of a covenant; as did the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut" (1639); and the "Fundamental Agreement, or Original Constitution of the Colony of New Haven" (1639).

The Covenant

7________________was issued by the Second Continental Congress. It was written, for the most part, by Thomas Jefferson. It asserted that the British colonies on the North American continent were dissolving the bonds that connected them to the state of Great Britain, and it presented a list of "injuries and usurpations" that (the document claimed) the King of England had perpetrated on the colonists as he attempted to establish "an absolute tyranny" over them. One of the best known parts of the document is its statement of principles (or truths) that its author(s) maintained were self-evident: that all men were created equal; that they were endowed by their creator with a set of unalienable rights (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness); that governments were instituted by men to protect these rights; that governments received their powers from the consent of the governed; and that, when a government ceased to protect these rights, the people had a right to alter or to abolish it.

The Declaration of Independence (1776)

6When Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it passed the _________________ stating "Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever'" (Faragher).

The Declaratory Act (1766)

6___________________was the supreme legislature of the English state. It evolved in the course of the Middle Ages. By the ______________, it was composed of a House of Lords and a House of Commons. The English sovereign was also a part of the English Parliament.

The English Parliament - seventeenth century

6The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that swept "the West" during the eighteenth century (or, more specifically, between England's 1688 "Glorious Revolution" and the French Revolution of 1789). It was spawned by the achievements of the seventeenth century's "Scientific Revolution." Emboldened by the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment scholars argued that the human reason, unassisted by revelation, could ascertain the laws that governed both the physical and the human world. From their point of view, the key to discovering these laws was application of the scientific method to the study of human societies. They also believed that once the laws that governed human societies had been ascertained, people would be able to improve their societies by managing them in accordance with nature's laws. Thus, the Enlightenment embraced a conception of progress, which maintained human societies could develop and improve through time.

The Enlightenment

5What is the name of Olaudah Equiano autobiography was?

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

6________________ (or The Great Charter of English Liberty) was granted by King John at Runnymede to the people of England (due to pressure placed upon him by his feudal nobility and the English Church) on June 15, 1215. In this charter John agreed to sixty-three provisions that contained the germs of some of our most important liberties. The Great Charter is important because it constitutes an early expression of that complex of ideas that some have called "the Rights of Englishmen."

The Magna Carta (1215)

5Between 1651 and 1696 the English Parliament passed a series of "______________s" that applied mercantilist economic theory to the relationship that England had with its colonies. "The acts defined the colonies as both suppliers of raw materials and as markets for English manufactured goods. Merchants from other nations were forbidden from doing business in the English colonies, and colonial commodities were required to be transported in English vessel" (Faragher 77).

The Navigation Acts

6During the seventeenth century, the English Parliament struggled with England's Stuart monarchs for sovereignty in England. In the course of that struggle, Parliament forced the Stuarts and their heirs to agree to several documents that curtailed the power of the English kings. The Petition of Right is one such document. The Petition of Right stated that Charles could not tax the English people without the consent of the English Parliament. The Petition also stated that freemen could not be arbitrarily arrested or imprisoned. In addition, it asserted that England's monarchs could not declare martial law in times of peace, and that England's army could not be quartered with the English people.

The Petition of Right (1628)

6____________ reformed the government of Quebec, granted extensive land to the colony, and granted greater religious freedom to the province's Catholics. It was interpreted by the colonists as another punitive measure that was directed toward them.

The Quebec Act (1774):

: In 1763, the British government was confronted with economic problems. Due to the "mercantilist wars" of the eighteenth century, it had accrued an immense war debt. Its financial problems were underscored by Chief Pontiac's war. Although this Native American uprising was defeated, it revealed the British government would have difficulty defending the frontiers of the lands that it had won from France in the wake of the Seven Years War. The "Proclamation of 1763" was issued during Pontiac's Rebellion. It designated the headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic from the Appalachians as the temporary western boundary of British colonial settlement in North America. The British government was hoping that, by limiting settlement in its western lands, it could avoid clashes between its colonists and the Indians that drained its treasury and cost British lives.

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

6＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿was a revenue-raising measure imposed by the British Parliament on Britain's Anglo-American colonists. It required tax stamps be placed on most printed materials. It also stated violators of the act would be tried in the Vice-Admiralty courts. As with the Sugar Act, colonists resented it because they had not consented to it and because violators would not be tried by a jury of their peers.

The Stamp Act (1765)

5What is the call of those happened? -On September 9, 1739 a slave rebellion occurred in South Carolina. - The rebellion began on the banks of the Stono River, twenty miles south of Charles Town. -The slaves were headed toward Florida, where the Spanish governor had promised freedom to all British runaway slaves. - Before the rebellion was squashed by South Carolina planters, twenty-three whites and forty-five to fifty slaves were killed. -Stono was the most violent slave uprising of the colonial period.

The Stono Rebellion

6＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ (aka The Revenue Act of 1764) lowered the duties imposed by the Molasses Act of 1733. The American colonists were unhappy with it, nonetheless, because it stipulated that violators of the Act would be tried in the British Empire's vice-admiralty courts, thus signaling the end of the Empire's policy of "salutary neglect" toward its American colonies. The colonists were also unhappy with the act because judicial decisions emanating from the vice-admiralty courts were issued only by court judges and not by juries composed of the colonists' peers.

The Sugar Act (aka The Revenue Act of 1764)

6____________(named for Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer) were revenue acts Parliament passed, which imposed import duties on such commodities as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. They sparked widespread resistance to "British tyranny." Colonial resistance to the Townshend Acts included boycotts of British goods, rituals of resistance, and political tracts defending the liberties of the colonists. In 1770, the Townshend Duties were repealed, all save the tax on tea. The tea tax was retained to underscore the fact to the colonists that Parliament had a right to tax them if it so chose.

The Townshend Acts (1767):

7_______________ was an agreement between France and the United States. It was signed on February 6, 1778, and it stated that the two countries would aid each other in the event of a British attack "from the present time and forever." The treaty followed the Americans' success at the Battle of Saratoga.

The Treaty of Alliance

5_____________________ (or "Triangular Trade") is a term that is sometimes used to describe the economic system that developed on the Atlantic linking Europe, Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. It is typically envisioned as constituting a single trading network. Although the system was more complex than the term "triangular trade" implies, it is still a useful concept because it underscores the key role that the slave trade played in this system. Within the context of the triangle trade, the "middle passage"--that leg of the triangle in which slaves from West Africa were shipped to the New World slave colonies—played a pivotal(基本的な、中心的な、中枢的な) role.

The Triangle Trade

4____________played a key role in the founding of Connecticut. He believed that male suffrage should not be restricted to Church members. In 1636, he led a group of his followers from Massachusetts to the Connecticut River, where they founded the town of Hartford.

Thomas Hooker (1586-1647)

7 The 1783 ________________ ended the Revolutionary War. The British granted unconditional independence to the Americans. The British also ceded to the Americans a huge (but poorly defined) expanse of territory, extending from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida and from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean. The Americans also received fishing rights off of the coast of Newfoundland.

Treaty of Paris (1783)