History 201 module 4

The Jay Treaty (1794)

US & Great Britain *Terms:* Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports.

Quasi War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Alexander Hamilton's fiscal plan for the new government was met with opposition, but eventually he and Thomas Jefferson brokered a creative bargain, or compromise, in 1790. Complete the following passage describing this agreement.

Working on behalf of southerners, who generally opposed Hamilton's plan, Jefferson bargained to accept the majority of Hamilton's fiscal policies on the condition that a permanent national capital be established along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. It was hoped that this location would remove the business of government away from the northern financiers and merchants who seemed to exert so much influence over it.

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton

Ethnic Nationalism

a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture

Civic Nationalism

a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values - at first glance seems to define America; all those who commited self to liberty, equality, and democracy

What was the first U.S. constitution?

Articles of Confederation

What did Alexander Hamilton want?

- manufacturing powerhouse -strong gov.

What were the effects of the Constitution? Move the correct answers to the image of the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

- reduced the power of the states -created national political institutions -made possible a national economic market by giving Congress the power over tariffs, interstate commerce, and coining money, among others

The Constitution was a product of its time in that it aimed to deal with many of the questions facing early Americans. Which groups of people are specifically mentioned in the Constitution?

-"other persons" -Native Americans

dentify each statement about the survey of western lands in the 1780s as correct or incorrect.

-A typical section covered an area of 640 acres. -A typical township consisted of thirty-six sections. -The number of townships in a range varied.

Identify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

-Each state, regardless of size, possessed only one vote in the single legislative body. -Amendment of the Articles was achieved only with the unanimous consent of all of the states. -Congress had the power to coin money but was unable to levy taxes.

Artisans like the pewterers, represented in the image below, supported ratification of the new Constitution for which of the following reasons?

-Federalists argued that adoption of the Constitution would stimulate and improve the economy. -The Constitution would protect the commerce on which sales of their crafts depended.

What were the reasons for Thomas Jefferson's decision to purchase the vast Louisiana Territory from Napoleon Bonaparte?

-to ensure access to the port of New Orleans -to increase the amount of land available for farmers -to minimize French interference with the expansion of his "empire of liberty"

Despite his own personal and intimate relationship with Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson articulated a variety of claims about race in his book Notes on the State of Virginia. Identify Jefferson's beliefs below.

-He believed the bitter experience of slavery made blacks incapable of being loyal to the nation. -While he believed Indians and Americans would eventually merge into a single people, he did not believe in a similar merger of blacks and whites. -African-Americans were inferior to whites in intellect in a way that no democratic society could change. -He believed the best solution to issues of race in America was to remove blacks from the country.

When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1800, he was the first Anti-Federalist to assume the position. Which of the following actions did he take to dismantle the Federalist policies of the Washington and Adams administrations?

-He pardoned all of the persons imprisoned under the Sedition Act. -He reduced the number of government employees. -He abolished all taxes except the tariff. -He decreased the size of the army and the navy.

What facts about the situation of Native American tribes in 1795 does the map reflect?

-Indian tribes actively resisted the westward expansion of the United States. -The U.S. government tried to minimize armed conflict with Indian tribes.

Which statements describe the laws mandated by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

-It created at least three states out of the Northwest Territory. -It pledged "the utmost good faith" would be observed toward local Indians and that their land would not be taken without consent. -It prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.

Which of the statements are true of the War of 1812?

-It is called by some the "Second War of Independence." -Native American groups fought both with and against the American army. -Free black men of New Orleans fought for the American army.

What facts about public support for ratification of the new U.S. Constitution does the map reflect?

-Majorities favoring ratification were found mostly in and around large cities. -Most of the Anti-Federalists lived in rural areas. -There were few evenly divided areas.

Which facts about Lewis and Clark's expedition of 1804 does the map reflect?

-One purpose of the expedition was to explore the Louisiana Territory. -Lewis and Clark were seeking a water route to the Pacific.

Federalist and Republicans

..., first two political parties, Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalist, which had never organized into a formal political party.

Which of the following statements describe the effects of the Barbary Wars?

-The federal government made a formal statement declaring that the United States was "not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." -Many Americans adopted an attitude of suspicion toward Muslims. -The United States agreed to pay annual payments to Tripoli to ensure peace. -The Barbary "pirates" continued to harass American ships.

What conclusions can be drawn from the map below about the presidential election results of 1800?

-The two parties split the states almost evenly. -The outcome revealed a flaw in the system for choosing the president and the vice president.

Settlers of the frontiers were challenged by the Native Americans already living in those lands. What options did the government see for the future of native tribes in the West?

-They would be killed. -Their assimilation into American society was a long-term possibility. -They would be forced onto lands farther to the West.

The Articles of Confederation granted the national government limited powers. Identify the statements that describe the conflicts sparked by governance under this first written constitution.

-Wealthy property owners saw their rights constrained by poorer local majorities. -Indebted farmers, threatened with the loss of land because of failure to meet tax or mortgage payments, pressed state governments for relief.

Judith Sargent Murray, a prominent writer from Massachusetts, wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes" in 1790. Read the excerpt below, and then identify the statements that explain Murray's reasoning for providing education for women.

-Women who do not receive education feel a "void" when they arrive to adulthood never having learned the same things as their male counterparts. -Women will be as reasonable as men when they are given the same opportunities to develop reason.

The U.S. Constitution was a unique combination of political principles. Identify the features below that describe the principles embodied in the Constitution.

-checks and balances -federalism

Under the Articles of Confederation, what powers resided with the national government?

-making treaties with foreign powers -minting money

Building upon the framework of the Ordinance of 1784, in what way did the Ordinance of 1785 aim to further regulate western settlement?

-reserving land and funds for public education -empowering the federal government to survey and subdivide western lands into square-mile sections

Which of the following issues contributed to Jefferson's victory in the presidential election of 1800?

-southern votes made powerful from the three-fifths apportionment of electors -the Federalists' failure to mobilize voters through pamphlets, newspapers, and public meetings -voter anger over the Alien and Sedition Acts

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Article I, section 2, Clause 3

3/5 compromise ( slaves count in electoral college)

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826); head of the Democratic Republicans; believed in strong state government/power; believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution ( small gov. & anti-fed)

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and Vice President. This was apart of a larger compromise with the South over slavery. ( If you wanna take away slavery then the south gets more electoral votes since pop. isn't big).

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. Written in 1777 and ratified in 1781.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Constitution

An outline of how the government works. This is not a bill of rights

After the Constitution was authored, it was sent to the states for ratification. As a result, debates occurred in public meeting places and in publications such as newspapers and pamphlets. Some writers became associated with the defense of the strong national government proposed by the Constitution whereas others sought to defend the right of states to retain power.Identify each of the figures below as "Federalist" or "Anti-Federalist."

Anti-Federalist: Patrick Henry, author of the phrase, "Give me liberty or give me death." Federalist: -James Madison, known sometimes as "the father of the Constitution" -Alexander Hamilton, who believed that the government should promote commerce -John Jay, later the first chief justice of the Supreme Court

As ratification debates went on, those for and against ratification of the Constitution (Federalists and Anti-Federalists, respectively) coalesced into distinct groups. Match each of the following characteristics to the group it best describes.

Anti-Federalist: argued for a federal government only strong enough to do its tasks without interfering with state and local initiatives -:represented the interests of the rural farmer and the "common citizen" Federalist: argued that the country's large size and diversity of interests would be its strength -:found support from cosmopolitan areas -represented the interests of merchants and the commercial class

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

mercantile

Deeply involved in world trade ( Hamilton wanted this for the U.S.)

During the War of 1812, Tecumseh was a valuable partner of the United States.

False

James Madison viewed the addition of a Bill of Rights to be a very important and necessary check against future abuses of power by the national government.

False

The Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, largely favored the United States.

False

The participants in Shays's Rebellion were acting in opposition to the spirit of the Revolution. True Or False?

False, Nothing could be further from the truth. The "regulators" felt that they were responding to the forces of economic tyranny, and in their view, tyranny could come from an American government just as it came from an English one just a few years earlier.

Thomas Jefferson was the greatest advocate for a stronger federal government during the postwar period. True or False?

False. Alexander Hamilton was.

Review the following video with author Eric Foner titled "Racial Division Between Slaves and Free Men." Afterward, choose the statement that best summarize the author's argument.

Following the Revolution, racial difference became the primary argument for the continuation of the practice of slavery.

Jon Jay

Frustrated foreign affairs secretary under the Articles; one of the three authors of The Federalist

Political divisions first surfaced over the financial plan developed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Identify the five parts of Hamilton's financial plan.

Hamilton's financial plan: 1.establish the new nation's credit worthiness 2. creation of a new national debt 3. creation of the Bank of the United States 4. impose a tax on whiskey producers in order to raise revenue 5. encourage the development of factories by imposing a tariff on imported goods

A nation is a

Imagined community

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

3 branches of government

Legislative, Judicial, Executive

Timeline

May- Sept. of 1787- the constitution convention in Philadelphia 1788- New Hampshire becomes 9th state to ratify constitution. March 14, 1789- the constitution goes into effect. 1st congress and president. 1789- Bill of Rights are passed through congress & sent to states ( sept) 1791- Vermont becomes the 9th state to ratify the Bill of Rights.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

In their original forms, not all electable positions in the new American government were attained by a popular vote from the people. Which position has always been filled by a popular vote?

Members of the House Of Representatives

How was slavery worded in the constitution ?

Never used the word slavery, was said in a coded lang.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Identify how the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was similar to the American Revolution.

Pennsylvania farmers were protesting a tax, similar to the tax protested in the revolution.

A series of measures approved by Congress during the 1780s defined the terms by which western land would be marketed and settled. The survey of western lands divided land into successively smaller units, to be sold by the federal government to private buyers. Order the units by size, from largest to smallest.

Range, township, section

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Creation of United Nations

Required creating Americans

Article 4, section 2 clause 3

Slaves who escaped into freedom in the North were required to be sent back to their owners in the South (doesn't actually use the word slave)

Identify the states that participated in the slave trade in the years after the ratification of the Constitution.

South Caroline & Georgia

Article 1, section 9, clause 1

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

As George Washington settled into his presidency, factions argued about the role of the new government. Which of the following represents the views on government held by the "strict constructionists"?

The government could only exercise powers written in the original U.S. Constitution.

Why did the Federalist Party ultimately collapse after the War of 1812?

They appeared unpatriotic while the U.S. triumphed in the war against the British.

The election of 1800 caused confusion for Americans when the House of Representatives was tasked with choosing between Thomas Jefferson and his vice-presidential running mate due to a tie. Identify the action taken by Congress in order to avoid this problem in the future.

They passed the 12th amendment, requiring separate electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Alien Act

This law gave the president the power to imprison or send aliens out of the country

President Washington chose Alexander Hamilton to head the Treasury Department, but Hamilton's ideas for a federal financial plan were disputed by his old Anti-Federalist opponents, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Match the beliefs below to their appropriate proponent(s).

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison: Principles of free trade are important to the future financial health of the republic. -Small landowners and farmers are the cornerstone of a democratic republic. Alexander Hamilton: The application of tariffs and subsidies is important to the future financial health of the republic. -The future financial health of the republic is tied to commerce with Europe. -There should be a standing national army to deal with potential uprisings.

The founders are often thought of as a unified group, but they were comprised of men of a wide variety of beliefs about what the role of government should be. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, for example, represented ends of the spectrum in regard to the strength of the federal government.Match each of the following descriptors to the correct person.

Thomas Jefferson: -a member of Virginia's landed, slave-owning elite -distrusted strong government as hostile to the ideas of liberty Alexander Hamilton: -came from humble origins in the West Indies, though he married into a prominent New York family - argued for a strong central government with the power to encourage and direct commerce

Gouverneur Morris

delegate responsible for writing the Preamble to the Constitution. " we the people of the states of.." changed to " we the people"

seditation act

it made it a crime to write or say anything insulting or anything false about a gov't official.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of?

members chosen every second year by the people of the U.S.

New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan

picture

Strength and weaknesses of the articles of confederation

picture

The election of 1800 caused a constitutional crisis after it resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. The tie sent the final vote to the House of Representatives to be determined. To prevent this occurrence in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment, which requires electors to cast separate votes for the president and vice president.

study

The Constitution represents a compromise between those founders who wanted to expand democracy and those who wanted to ensure the federal government had enough authority to keep control of the population. Determine which of the following aspects of the new Constitutional federal government expanded democracy or authority, respectively.

the expansion of democracy: -Members of the House of Representatives were to be decided by popular vote -The Constitution left it to individual states to determine their own rules for who could vote, but imposed neither property nor religious qualifications. the expansion of authority: -Under the new Constitution, the president was charged with enforcing the law and commanding the military. -Supreme Court judges were to be appointed by the president, and the president was to be decided by a committee of electors known as the electoral college.

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson bargained for southerners to accept consolidating the national debt. In exchange for this, the new permanent capital for the United States was built in the area of Virginia and Maryland.

true

The senate of the U.S. shall be composed of?

two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature for six years & each senator shall have one vote.

Federlist

wanted a strong, central gov.

Matthew Lyon

was the first person to be put to trial for violating the acts on charges of criticizing Federalist president John Adams and disagreeing with Adams' decision to go to war against France. Lyon was sentenced to four months in jail and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine and court costs. While in jail, Lyon won election to the Sixth Congress. In the election of 1800 Matthew Lyon cast the deciding vote for Jefferson after the election went to the House of Representatives because of an electoral tie.