History

German/Swiss Reformation

- Branch of Protestantism that started in Germany by * I Martin Luther and spread to Switzerland by Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin - Emphasized the authority of the Bible, justification by faith alone, and the priesthood of all believers - Translated the Bible into vernacular languages

Catholic Counter- Reformation

- Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries - Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and practices, such as the authority of the pope, the seven sacraments, transubstantiation, purgatory, indulgences, and the veneration of saints and relics - Initiated internal reforms, such as abolishing abuses, improving clerical education and discipline, promoting missionary work, and fostering spirituality and piety

On Oct. 31, 1517, Martin Luther composed ______________ indulgences and other theological issues.

95 Theses

Theocracy

A Christian society in which church and state act together.

95 Theses

A list of grievances against the RCC that Martin Luther posted on October 31, 1517 in Wittenberg.

Humanism

A renewed focus on man's capacities.

Purchasing an indulgence was said to release ___________________ from purgatory.

A soul

Who attended the Council of Trent?

All the Catholic Bishops and Cardinals attended the Council of Trent.

Heresy

An idea that is contrary to the teaching of a church. Many of Luther's ideas are believed to be heresy by the RCC, but they are believed to orthodox (or biblical) by Protestants.

Who were the radical followers of Zwingli that thought only thinking adults could be baptized?

Anabaptists

Martin Luther

Augustinian monk who started the Protestant Reformation by nailing 95 Theses to the chapel door at Wittenberg. He opposed corruption in the church and the selling of indulgences. He believed salvation came by faith alone, and that the Bible was the only rule of faith and practice.

Martin Luther argued that the only true authority was the ___________.

Bible

King Henry VIII wives

Catherine of Aragon=child was a Mary (divorced) Anne Boleyn= child was Elizabeth (beheaded) Jane Seymour= child was Edward VI (died) Anne of Cleves (divorced) Catherine Howard (beheaded) Catherine Parr ( survived)

Indulgences

Certificates that grant pardon from certain sins according to the RCC, and which may be purchased with money or granted by the Pope in appreciation for certain good deeds.

Protestantism

Christians who separated from the Roman Catholic Church in protest agains the corruption and failure to recognize the Bible as the sole authority for faith and practice.

The Anglican Church was also called what?

Church of England

Which of the following was NOT an example of the corruption of the medieval Roman Catholic Church?

Copying manuscripts of Scripture

Philip Malanchon

Drafted the Confession of Augsburg

What country was mainly Anglican?

England

John Wycliffe

English forerunner of the Reformation who translated the Bible into English, opposed church corruption, transubstantiation, and the selling of indulgences.

The punishment of depriving somone of the sacraments and excluding them from the fellowship of the Roman Catholic Church

Excommunication

Luther believed in salvation by __________ alone.

Faith

If the story never happened, why do you think people made it up?

First, it did happen, but they may have dramatized it to emphasize how important it was and to make a hero out of Martin Luther.

__________________________, the elector of Saxony, hid and protected Luther after Luther was declared an outlaw.

Frederick the Wise

John Calvin

French reformer who exiled to Switzerland (Geneva). He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, and he made Geneva into a theocracy.

John Calvin was asked to lead a community in which city?

Geneva

How were the German, Swiss, and English Reformation each distinctive from one another?

German=Martin Luther:Salvation is faith alone- Bible is the only source of authority

Pope Leo X

Giovani de Medici, Pope who was building St. Peter's Basilica and approved the selling of indulgences to pay for it. He excommunicated Martin Luther for heresy.

Pope Paul III

He called a church council to discuss doctrinal questions and to propose needed reforms. This became known as the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

After reading the title of the original document, what does it seem that Martin Luther is prepared to do? "Out of love and zeal for clarifying the truth, these items written below will be debated at Wittenberg. Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology and an official professor at Wittenberg, will speak in their defense. He asks this in the matter: That those who are unable to be present to debate with us in speech should, though absent from the scene, treat the matter by correspondence. In the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen."

He wants to debate the issues raised in the 95 Theses.

Why do you think Henry wanted this family portrait painted and not one with any of his other wives?

Henry wanted this portrait because Edward was his only son as well as his heir and successor to the throne.

Based on what she said and the results of the trial, what can you infer about her "accusers and judges""?

I believe they were her enemies and probably working with Henry VIII to get a conviction.

What do you think so many issues broke out about religion? Unfortunately, the Protestant Reformation was not a peaceful one. Throughout Europe, entire countries broke out into wars over religion. The painting here is from the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, when French Protestants (called Huguenots) were murdered.

I think there were so many issues because religion is connected to everything, and because it challenged authority, and the Pope did not like being challenged, and all the kings were worried that their authority would be challenged too.

To suspend public church services and administration of sacraments in an area (such as a kingdom)

Interdict

Why was Luther's refusal to recant his beliefs significant for the Reformation?

It is important that he did not recant because it may have all been covered up and forgotten, yet, because he stood his ground, the Reformation did begin and change the world.

Why was it a significant change when Guttenberg began producing the Bible in high quantities?

It is significant because more people had access to the Bible. Before the printing press, the Bible was copies by hand, which was very expensive. Also, now it could be printed in vernacular languages, not just Latin.

How does the dramatic legend (and images that support the drama) support the message of the Reformation? Legend says that Martin Luther marched through Wittenberg with his grievances, a nail, and a hammer and nailed the 95 Theses to the church door. However, it probably wasn't so dramatic, because church doors acted like news boards at the time, so it wouldn't have been unusual for anything to be nailed to the door.

It makes the Reformation to be a big deal, and it was a big deal.

Who was the pre-reformer sentenced to die at the Council of Constance?

John Huss

Who was the pre-reformer in Oxford who translated the Bible into English?

John Wycliffe

Henry VIII

King of England who made Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury in order to get a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. In 1534 he had Parliament pass the Act of Supremacy, which made him the supreme head of the Church of England.

What was the official language of the Roman Catholic church?

Latin

Reformation

Luther and other who separated from the the RCC because they realized that reform of corrupt practices needed to go hand in hand with reform in doctrine. Counter

In what city did Martin Luther nail his '95 Theses' to the door of a church?

Luther nailed the 95 Theses in Wittenberg

What is the problem Martin Luther sees with the sale of indulgences?

Luther sees that the people believe they are saved by the purchasing of the indulgences.

The Schmalkaldic League of Protestant Princes was founded in 1530 to protect __________________.

Lutherans

List the religions on the map that are Protestant.

Lutherans, Calvinists, and Anglicans are Protestant churches.

Do you think Martin Luther knew that this would become such a significant event? Explain.

No. I think he wanted to help the Church, not divide it.

Where were the Calvinists concentrated?

Parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, parts of France, and Scotland

What is the cause of the reformation?

Printing press spreads ideas quickly Growth in the power of secular rulers Corruption of the Catholic Church Humanism challenged religious authority

A place of temporary punishment where souls bound for heaven must go after death to pay for minor unconfessed sins:

Purgatory

Impact of the Reformation

Reformation had lasting effects on church and society in Europe and beyond - Led to religious diversity, wars, persecutions, political changes, cultural developments, educational opportunities, missionary endeavors, social reforms, and more - Shaped Western civilization and influenced other parts of the world

Ignatius of Loyola

Roman Catholic who formed an order known as the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation. This order was known for three things: military organization and discipline, educating the young in schools and universities, and world missions.

A religious act that grants grace (spiritual benefit), without which one cannot be saved (according to Catholicism).

Sacrament

John Knox

Scottish reformer who studied with John Calvin in Geneva and returned to Scotland to establish the Presbyterian form of church governance.

Elizabeth I

Second daughter of Henry VIII, rule England from 1558-1603. She ruled as a Protestant, and Parliament passed the second Act of Supremacy in which she was made the supreme governor the the Church of England. She enacted the Elizabethan Settlement in which she sought to compromise between RCC and Protestantism.

What does Anne Boleyn request from Henry VIII? "You have chosen me from low estate to be your queen and companion, far beyond my desire; if, then, you found me worthy of such honor, good your grace, let not any light fancy or bad counsel of my enemies withdraw your princely favor from me; neither let that stain - that unworthy stain - of a disloyal heart towards your good grace ever cast so foul a blot on me, and on the infant princess your daughter. Try me, good king, but let me have a lawful trial, and let not my sworn enemies sit as my accusers and judges. Yea, let me receive an open trial, for my truth shall fear no open shame." Anne Boleyn (1536)

She requests a "lawful trial."

What areas remained mostly Roman Catholic?

Spain, France, and much of the Holy Roman Empire

Pre-Reformation

Term for the individuals and movements that advocated for reform in the Catholic Church before 1517 - Some of these proto-reformers include John Wycliff and Jan Hus. - Often faced persecution and condemnation from the Church

Why does Martin Luther say he can no longer keep quiet? What is his reasoning?

The Bible does not teach of indulgences. Both the Apostle Peter and the Apostle Paul speak of salvation by grace, but they also speak of the discipline that is required after one has been given the gift of salvation.,

How did the Catholic Counter-Reformation address the ideas and actions of the reformers? To what extent was it successful or not?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation was the Catholic 4 I Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic doctrines and reformed the church. It was partly successful and partly unsuccessful.

How were the German, Swiss, and English Reformations each distinctive from one another?

The German Reformation was sparked by Martin Luther's protest against the Catholic Church's corruption and doctrines, while the Swiss Reformation was led by Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin, who emphasized the sovereignty of God and the predestination of the elect. The English Reformation was initiated by King Henry VIll's break with Rome over his desire to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn, and it resulted in the establishment of the Anglican Church, which retained some Catholic elements but also adopted some Protestant reforms. 20f30 Study

In 1555,___________________________ decided that whoever ruled would determine the religion of his territory.

The Peace of Augsburg

What does the pope seem to think about the 95 Theses?

The Pope believes that the 95 Theses are heretical, scandalous, false, and offensive.

In which city did the pope, the head of the Catholic Church, live?

The Pope lives in Rome, Italy (Vatican City).

What areas were mainly Lutheran?

The northern part of the HRE, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

What does the papal bull say about the teachings, writings, and works of Martin Luther?

The pope condemns them, reprobates and rejects them, and he encourages everyone else to do the same.

What should be done if someone finds those works?

They should burn publicly any of Martin Luther's writings.

Counter Reformation

This is the Catholic Reformation in which the RCC maintained the orthodoxy of many of their beliefs, but corrected many of the moral corruptions and experienced a deeper spirituality

Petrine Theory

This theory holds that Christ made Peter the first pore it and gave him supreme authority over the church on earth

Catholicism

Those Christians who remained faithful the the RCC and followed the Pope and the hierarchy as well as the traditions, which included seven sacraments, indulgences, and transubstantiation.

What do you think their goal was?

To improve the RCC without changing too many things.

True or False: In 1302 Pope Boniface declared, "it is necessary to salvation for every human to be subject to the Roman pontiff" (pope)

True

True or False: The Petrine Theory claims that Christ made Peter the first pope and gave the Roman bishop rule over the catholic church.

True

On what did the Roman Catholic Church of the Renaissance typically spend money?

• Art, paintings, and sculptures

Corruptions of Late Medieval Church

• Simony: selling church positions to the highest bidder • Nepotism: giving church positions to family members • Absenteeism: Priests never visiting their parishes • Uneducated clergy (not qualified) • Immorality: debauchery, promiscuity, illegitimate children