History 412 Final

What was the theme of education and civilization when dealing with Native Americans?

"Kill the Indian and Save the Man"

What was Darrow's famous quote?

"Scopes isn't on trial; civilization is on trial."

What were the effects of WW1?

(1914-1918) WWI challenged the notion that people were rationale. Before the war, children labor was less valued and school had to deal with a lot of students. WWI showed that human nature doesn't change but the uses for which society has for it (warfare) does. WWI challenged the notions of goodness and showed how civilization, in its highest ideals, collapsed.

Standardized Testing

- 1905, Alfred Binet IQ test - WWI, Army mental tests - NCLB, 2002 - Edward Thorndike, tests for arithmetic, handwriting, spelling, drawing, reading, and language - Charles Elliot, college entrance exams - 1926, SAT

Richard Pratt

- Civil war veteran - Saw Native Americans as people - "Kill the Indian, not the man" - Carlisle school - Education could save Native Americans

Scopes Trial

- Dayton OH, wanted to bring in popularity - Scopes, math teacher just passing threw, never even taught evolution - Became religion vs science - Darrow vs Bryan - Bryan got humiliated on the stand by Darrow and later died - Scopes lost had to pay fine

Committee of Ten Report

- Formed in 1892 by the NEA - 6 college presidents - Charles Elliot was the leader (Harvard President) - Elementary school should prepare for HS, HS should prepare for college - Everyone should be taught to go to college the matter what - Pathways to get to college

Cardinal Principles Report

- NEA, Clarence Kingsley - Looked at the objectives of the education system - Health, command of fundamental process, worthy home membership, vocation, civic education, worthy use of leisure, ethical character - Bringing all students together-democracy - Social efficiency to curriculum

Progressive Education

- Origins from John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - "Truth and knowledge arise out of observation and experience rather than manipulation of accepted or given ideas" - Concentrated experiences to learn - Pestalozzi and Frobel - John Dewey - Learning by doing

Off Reservation Boarding Schools

-Began in about 1860 - Goal was to assimilate Indians to American​ life - Protestant ideology - Reading, writing, speaking in English, Christianity all taught - Eradicate Indian culture - Hoped students would become economically self-sufficient by teaching work skills and individualism

Brown vs Board

-Case in 1954 - Introduced civil rights into schools - Schools should promote equal educational opportunities - Ruled that separate schools are unconstitutional - Little Rock Nine

What are some impacts of psychology on US Education in the early 1900s?

1) Fredrick Taylor (1911) studies time and motion. He says there is a lot of wasted hours during the day, which appeals to educational reformers as they try to determine the school day. 2) Edward Thorndike says achievement matters and quantifiable measurements are more important than romanticism. 3) Lewis Terman believes there are predeterminents that help shape how smart we are (IQ and heredity). His ideas of math, science and measurements become ever-present.

Songs of Innocence

20 songs made by artist William Blake that were not mass-produced because he did not believe in machines since they took away from the true value. These songs spoke to a world of imagination and one away from factories.

No Child Left Behind

2001 law that set high standards and measurable goals for education.

John Scopes

A 24-year-old science teacher and part-time football coach, Scopes presented an ideal defendant for the case. He was single, easy-going and had no intention of staying in Dayton. He was quiet, but his friends knew he disapproved of the new law and accepted an evolutionary view of human origins. He said he was teaching students evolution while he was filling in for the high school teacher. He was a rebel who would test the law without causing trouble, and was "arrested" for violating the Butler Bill. He saw the case as a way to stand up for academic freedom.

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

A British Psychologist who coined the term eugenics. He believed that intelligence was mostly genetic.

William Jennings Bryan

A Democratic nominee for President and a Presbyterian, Bryan was largely characterized by his strong religious quality. He saw no line between politics and religion, which led him to a profound suspicion of scientific elites. He grew concerned of the teaching of evolution in schools and found the theory improbable. As he began reading books on the issue in the 1900s, he was fearful that education was eroding young people's religious faith. As a result, Bryan identified evolution as the most paralyzing influence that civilization had to contend with. He argued that students were being undermined of their religious faith by teachers and criticized Darwinists. He was requested to join the prosecution team for a trial in Dayton. Although he had not been in a courtroom in many years, he accepted the case.

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

A French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test. He wanted to see how to identify school kids with learning disabilities or who required special help in class.

Johan Pestalozzi (1746-1827)

A Romantic Theorist who was an iconic figure in the advancement of early education. He had a knack for teaching and wanted to tap into curiosity with real-life options.

The Emile

A book written in 1763, it describes the practice of education through a relationship between a tutor and his student. The book highlights the importance of field trips and criticizes standardized learning.

Plessy Vs. Ferguson (1896)

A court case that embodies the "separate but equal" status in society during the time. Plessy was a black man who bought a coach ticket on a train, but was told to move by the Conductor. He refused, and was put into jail. Plessy argued this was unconstitutional, but in Louisianna the railways could have different coaches for different colors. Thus, the Court held the case as constitutional because it was percieved both races were given equality in their respective coaches.

Booker T. Washington (1865-1915)

A former slave from Virginia, he became one of the most influential African Americans of the late 19th Century. Also was a student of Armstrong.

Nat Turner (1800-1831)

A literate slave from Virginia. He claimed to have been guided by religious visions and led groups of slaves in violent attacks against white people.

John Dewey (1859-1952)

A man born in Vermont and attended college at 15 years old. He studied philosophy and was the head of the department at the University of Chicago, where he worked to develop his viewpoints that have lasted far beyond his time.

Turner's Rebellion (1831)

A rebellion of slaves against white people, in which 60 people die. This helped lead to strong tensions between the North and the South. Although his plan of eliminating slavery failed, it played a significant role in the arrival of the Civil War.

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

A set of statements delivered by Booker T. Washington that stressed vocational education was more valuable than social advantages because it better provided blacks a chance to obtain economic security. People in the North appreciated his efforts because they saw it as a way for society to become more aware of the race issue, while those in the South saw it as blacks submitting to segregation but still fitting into society.

Transcendentalism

A social movement developed in New England around the mid-1830s that was centered around the idea that in order to understand the nature of reality, one must first understand the process behind the nature of experience.

Frederick Froebel (1782-1852)

A student of Pestalozzi and educator who fell in love with nature at an early age. He had a very romantic view of society and was highly influenced by crystallography.

What did educational reformers try to shape the high schools to be?

Administrators needed a way to hold upper and middle class students together. Reformers targeted population who they hope would support public education. It was meant to impress social classes into a unified system and move towards a greater centralization.

Why are the failures of the Reconstruction important to American education?

African Americans were dealt a difficult hand then, and continue to be affected by similar issues even today regarding race and treatment in schools and society.

What was the issue with education after the Civil War?

After the Civil War, there was the question of what do to with 4 million people that could not read or write?

What was the Scopes Trial about?

Also known as the Scopes Monkey Trial, it was the prosecution of science teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution. The trial was about challenging a newly passed Tennessee state law against teaching evolution or any other theory denying the biblical account of the creation of man.

Why did progressive education come to be?

Although it means different things to different people, many wanted a change in curicculum but wanted efficiency in the classroom to persivere.

What was the nation experiencing during this time?

America was becoming a nation of immigrants. There were fears of "Race Suicide" and fear that they would not make good citizens.

Clarence Darrow

An American lawyer, he believed that intellectual battles could be won, not just fought. After a long career of celebrated cases, he was ranked in 1925 as the most famous lawyer in the country. The Scopes Trial was a dream-come-true for Darrow because he saw it as an opportunity to focus the attention of the country of fundamentalists. He believed religious fanatics threatened public education and civilization. He considered himself an amateur scientist and believed in the theory of evolution. He argued that human behavior was the product of genes, not free choice.

William Blake (1757-1827)

An English Poet and Artist who warned people about the dark satanic mills known as universities. He was seen as an unusual character, but wrote many children's books and was a master artist.

William Woodsworth

An English romantic poet who wrote "The Rainbow", which speaks of how you are as a child will define you later in life. He believes a imaginative spirit is a good thing.

What are the important points during the Progressive Education Era?

As the country entered a stage of reform, social changes exemplified the need to improve democracy and society. People could choose between the child-centered route or the quantitative testing methods.

What is America's Original Sin?

As the questions of race and equality become ever-present, slavery becomes America's original sin.

How were the 1880-1920s an "Age of Reform"?

At the time, America was undergoing a lot of progress and traditional changes. 1) Fundamental changes in the senate, women voting pushes, etc. 2) Social change is evident in immigration, urbanization (19 million come from Europe, 1.5 million from Mexico) 3) Continued spread of cities as immigrants settle in the North

Describe the differences between rural and city schools after the Civil War.

At the time, city school systems had more money than rural. But, many African Americans lived in rural areas, so their schools were not as well-funded. Additionally, because most schools were scheduled around the farming seasons, blacks only went for a couple of months every year.

What is the common ideal school like after the Civil War?

At the time, the ideal school is an inclusive space and a place where everyone can come together. Society wanted to have common values and the Civil War proved the fragility of the Republic.

What did Romantics not believe in?

Authority, Science, Reason, Mathematics

Binet Intelligence Test

Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon developed a series of tests designed to assess mental abilities. It was originally intended to test and identify children who needed additional academic assistance, but it became means to identify those that were labeled as "feeble-minded" by eugenics movement.

Freedman Schools

Black and Northern Missionary-established schools in Union occupied territories during the Civil War. Freed children and adults flocked to these schools because oppression is something all people run away from, even if they did not know what their future held.

Why were Jim Crow laws problematic for black schools?

Black schools received far less funding than white schools and obtained inferior materials. Additionally, little assimilation between colored people actually happened.

What did these laws do for the educational goals of African Americans?

Blacks' dreams of education were never fully clenched because they were limited.

What did Du Bois and Booker see the purpose of education as?

Booker believed it was important for blacks to obtain an industrial education for self-sufficiency, while Du Bois argued blacks needed to fight for their rights and seek out a broad liberal arts education to obtain high intellectual abilities to get into society.

General Samuel Chapman Armstrong (1839-1893)

Born in a missionary family and Captain of Union infantry during the Civil War who also headed the Freedmen's Bereau. His most significant accomplishment was establishing Hampton Institute.

What did these restricting laws do in the field of education?

By 1865, 90-95 percent of African Americans were illiterate.

What was the numerical effect of the Freedmen's Bureau?

By 1870, 3,000 schools are formed to help Southern bad parts. Southern states begin to establish system of free common schools to get back into the Union.

Because of the white backlash against construction, what happens to the South?

By 1873, the South is half as wealthy and they have twice as many children and not enough resources to educate blacks. The Southern economy is in a downward spiral. Blacks are in a very desperate situation.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

Central figure in rise of transcendentalism who supports schools but is critical of institutions. He believes one must be innocent as a child to enter heaven.

Why did urban school systems isolate certain pupils into special classes in the early 20th century? (Tropea)

Certain students were placed in special classes because compulsory attendance laws beginning in the 20th century challenged previous exclusionary practices. If schools did not meet the attendance laws, they would lose funding. Thus, schools had to revert from past practices and rather than forcing students to drop out or leaving them behind, they placed them in special classes. In total, segregation of selected pupils in separate classes satisfied both legal requirements and local school authorities' concern for order.

How did some students accomodate themselves to schools?

Children accomodated to schools by embracing the civilization-savagism paradigm. Some saw that it was assimilation or extinction, thus they wanted to ensure racial survival so they continued to stay in school. Students came to enjoy the school life and once time passed, loneliness or homesickness eventually faded. Students also made friendships with their teachers and helped make learning/cultural shift easier.

What was the role of children in consumerism?

Children were the primers for consumerism culture. Chain stores, advertisements and fashion all targeted to appeal to children. By 1920s, 1/3 of all jobs are attached to finance.

How did educators try to encourage Native American parents to send their children to boarding schools, and put up a perception that these schools were helping them?

Children's cooperation was easier when the parent was on board. Educators tried convincing students that progressive "chiefs" were running the day-to-day work, which made it seem like Indian-esque. Additionally, educators encouraged parents to come witness the students' progress at the school and school boards sometimes incorporated tribes. The most powerful and effective way for parents to support the boarding schools was to have them see the industrial might of America. There, they saw the importance of having their children become like white men and to interact, then one day live like white men.

How did communication change in the 1920s?

Communication quickens with the introduction of the telephone, radio and mass production of goods.

Why were conservatives upset with progressive education?

Conservatives believed schools would just turn into play-pens and not studious, disciplined hubs that were prominent in the 1800s.

How did Native Americans resist boarding schools and what was taught?

Control over students was not absolute. Many were allowed to go home over the summer, which only reinforced their cultural identity. In physical terms, others tried to sneak out and run away from the school and some set the schools on fire. Students also resisted passively and behaved in ways that slowed down teaching plans. They played pranks, undermined objectives, refused to participate in games and adopted a system of unresponsiveness.

What were the tensions between American Indian culture and curricula and rituals encountered at off-reservation boarding schools?

Cultural identity was assaulted. Students were stripped on their long hair, their buckskin and clothing was exchanged for suits, some were given surnames or new names and children had to adjust to a life off the reservation-which caused homesickness.

What did Dewey believe the curriculum for child-centered education should be?

Dewey believed child-centered education should have an interdisciplinary curriculum that focuses on connecting multiple subjects. In this sense, students should be able to move freely in and out of classrooms to create their own paths of acquiring knowledge. Classes should emphasize collaboration and creative thinking.

What did John Dewey believe in as a major reformer of progressive education?

Dewey believed that human beings learn through a hands-on learning style. He thought teachers and students should learn together and saw the classroom as a place that should have democratic ideals: equal speech and similar learning experiences.

What did Du Bois believe in?

Du Bois argued that you cannot get rights of you lack civil rights, stressing that unless you have equality under the law you cannot find economic rights. He went against Booker and believed the only way blacks could get equality was through fighting for it, not compromising.

What role did schools serve in response to jobs and populations?

During the progressive era, there was no protection for child labor, which made some jobs extremely dangerous-especially if children were working them. Thus, the enforcement of child labor laws sent more children to schools.

Why did Educators in the 19th Century believe that schools should teach common values and American subjects to Indians?

Educators believed schools should teach Indian common values because they wanted America to be seen as a Nation of Progress. The country wasn't in a good state of mind after the Civil War, and educators believed schools could stimulate democracy, social progress and moral values. Additionally, educators needed a way for Indians to get off the land so more people could take over. Lastly, they knew educating the Indians was less expensive than simply killing them off.

What is ironic about the trial?

Even though the evolutionists lost the case, they won the argument as they were able to publicize scientific evidence in favor of evolution.

What was the long-term impact of the trial on science instruction in American schools?

Evolution was essentially banned from public schools, and creation was the only theory taught in classrooms for many years after. Neither side truly claimed victory, though. The antievolution statute became a largely symbolic act. Today, the debate over science and creation is a much-discussed topic in schools.

Anti-Slavery Fair (1846)

Fair held in Philadelphia that was anti-slavery inspired and organized by the PFASS. They raised money for abolitionism by charging a small attendance fee and selling anti-slavery publications.

What was the relationship between farms and schools?

Farms needed child labor, but kids had to go to school or work which influenced if farms struggled or not.

Freedmen's Bureau (1865)

Federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers in the South after the Civil War. It tries to coordinate voluntary groups and people to protect schools from white vigilantes in 1865. It provided food, housing, medical aid, established schools, etc.

WEB Du Bois (1868-1963)

First African American to get a PHD from Harvard University, and was against the views of Booker T. Washington. He was a leading educator who believed equality and civil rights were the upmost importance.

The St. Louis Kindergarten

First kindergarten open to any student in the area in 1873. It allowed movement and freedom, set up in circles to symbolize unity and reinforced social cooperation.

Alexis De Tocqueville (1805-1859)

French Author who visits America and observes sectionalism/unfair treatment of African Americans.

What happened to fundamentalism?

Fundamentalism did not die after the Scopes trial. Rather, it attracted a number of adherents nourished on a steady diet of antievolution books and articles. Fundamentalists focused their efforts within their churches and the term became a byword in American culture. Fundamentalism became its own subculture.

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Genevan philosopher who wrote the Emile. He believed institutions would take away life and freedom.

What did Froebel believe in?

He believes that children had unique abilities and each needed to learn a certain way in a space that allowed nature to influence what they acquired. Teaching involves location and childhood is a key for better development.

Why does Tropea's understanding of history lead him to conclude that 'policies to improve the discipline and performance of many American pupils may be doomed by the educational institutions that administer them? (Tropea)

He believes that special classes, special curricula and lowered promotion standards preserved school order after new attendance laws. Yet, these standards did not replace backstage actions that allowed teachers to preserve order in the schools. This continued, and shaped how common schools dealt with special education kids to the present. Schools become a self-fulfilling prophecy with lowered standards for efficiency and expectations.

How did Froebel instill his ideas in his classroom?

He designed his classroom like a garden-once again to help organization- and to tap into importance of nature. Froebel also used toys and shapes to help kids ask questions and stimulate their mind.

What did Dewey view the relationship between education and life as?

He saw the two as connected and they were not separate, nor could they ever be. By treating education as a part of life rather than in preparation for it, students would become more productive citizens.

Why did Booker T. Washington believe-or stress- this assimilation process?

He supported civil rights and donated to schools/movements quietly, but he knew that if you were outspoken in the South, it would likely end up with you getting killed.

What did Binet believe in regards to education?

He thought intelligence was complex and could not be fully measured.

What did Pestalozzi believe schools should have?

He tried opening an orphanage, but instead opened up a school. He saw the possibility of orphans and how one could tap into knowledge using natural and common methods. He was skeptical of institutions and believed school teachers should be females because they were motherly figures-which would help progress children in life.

What did Booker T. Washington urge African Americans to do at the time?

He urged blacks to temporarily abandon their efforts to win full civil rights and instead focus on cultivating their industrial and farming skills. In a way, this would mean blacks would have to quietly accept segregation, but know their assimilation into American society would be through wealth and culture.

What did people like Binet fear regarding tests?

He was afraid that once you developed scales of learning, everyone would be categorized. And, just because it meant something for someone did not make it right for the other person.

What did Booker T. Washington believe in?

He was educated at Hampton, an Agriculture School, and came to believe the acquisition of political and civil rights was only possible through economic self-sufficiency rather than protest.

What are Pestalozzi's main themes of childhood education?

Heart, Hand, Head will help teach children values that go beyond the classroom.

Why were high schools reinforcing?

High schools reinforced the struggle of repeating societal issues and introduced a new social system where teens are seen + targeted for a world of consumption.

What was Dewey's approach on education?

His approach was child-centered because he placed the emphasis on learning on the needs and interest of the child. Dewey argued children should explore their environments.

What did the early Pestalozzi style classroom look like?

His classrooms emphasized teaching methods that were designed to strengthen ability. He used ideas and turned lesson plans into more interactive styles, which went beyond textbooks. He used object-teaching and his classrooms tried to entrap all the senses of a human.

How do Dewey's ideas resonate today?

His ideas shape K-12 schools even today, and teacher education even today. One example is the modern push toward problem-based learning.

What was the pressing question of high schools in the early 20th century?

How can schools provide, but how can kids continue to help their family survive? Can schools address the issues of poverty and child labor?

What are the major influences on high schools from the 1890s-the mid 1900s?

Immigration, Urbanization and Industrialization impacted how high schools were developed.

Why did the number of boarding schools decline between 1900 and 1925?

In the 1900s, boarding schools declined because there was a call to emphasis the day-school, which drew attention away from the boarding school. Many believed boarding schools should only be used for children that lived a nomadic life, which helped public schools become a real possibility. Public schools encouraged a mix of races, which was more symbolic than helpful. Public schools were also cheaper to run as boarding schools became more expensive. Disease and death was also more relevant, and was heightened with the Great Depression.

What was the most satisfying way for Native American students to fight back in boarding schools?

Indians called their teachers names based on their actions and nicknames. It was a way of renaming white people based on Indian-fashion, similar to how they were given new names based on white fashion.

What are the stimulators of social change and thereby in education in the early 20th century?

Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization

Why is Tropea article important?

It shows that you cannot truly have common curicculum and schools will never be fair or meritocratic institutions.

What was the world like in the 1920s?

It was a world of Hollywood, sex and mass production. There is women with short hair, keeping up with looking beautiful, drinking, dancing, cars, short swim suits and stressing to be the best.

Purpose of Hampton Institute?

It was an Agricultural school that was built and designed to train black youth who would go out and teach people of their color by example. They would stress economic self-sufficiency and obtaining land to build up an industrial system to learn a trade, preserve salvation and establish character.

What was the American High School seen as in the 1900s?

It was seen as a marvel in comparison to Western Europe. It was a place where young people could be removed from the workplace and benefit from learning. Kept teens away from full-time work, but encouraged them to find extra spending money.

Why was Plessy v. Ferguson important?

It was the first time segregation essentially became a law, which spread into other aspects of society like education. Then, Jim Crow Laws became real. It gave America justification to segregate which delayed the nation's hopeful unification process even further, if that is still in effect today.

Who were some notable names of European influences on Romanticism in the origins of Romanticism?

John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, William Blake, William Wodsworth, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry D. Thoreau, Johan Pestalozzi and Frederick Froebel

What is the great romantic message?

Joy is our name, but through infancy we can find our hope and messiah.

What was the purpose of kindergartens, according to the Romantics?

Kindergartens were trying to resolve social tensions. They taught middle-class values to poor kids and tried to attract kids off the street and into a safer environment. Kindergarten also became a vocational aspect, where the poor should be taught practical skills to fit into society.

The Butler Bill

Law that prohibits the teaching of any theory that denies the story of the creation of Man and to teach instead that man has come from a lower order of animals.

What did Lincoln believe in?

Lincoln believes in colonization, but knew it was unrealistic to send slaves back. He was a Republican, and he stressed free land, free labor and free schools.

Measuring the Mind in the 19th Century

Many thought testing was the only efficient method of measuring how people learn. But, the only way to truly know was by asking questions. 1) Phrenology (shape of skulls might tell us something about where knowledge comes from) 2) Craniometry (comparing sizes of brains to find human potential)

How did the testing movement come to be?

Many wanted schools to be held accountable as more debate swirled around what a school is on a national level.

Richard Henry Pratt (1840-1924)

Military man that took a fundamental role in civilizing Native Americans by setting up boarding schools in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What is important to recognize about the advancements of African American schooling?

Most educational advancement and reform for blacks during Reconstruction was mostly from the work of African Americans themselves.

Missionary Impulse

Movement of whites that began teaching in Freedman schools.

What did Romantics want in schools?

Nature, Emotion, Creativity, Individual Expression, Imagination

What is ironic about black education during the Reconstruction period?

Neither the North or the South lived up to the common school ideal. Many Republicans believed that common schools could transcend divisiveness in society, but we see no integrated communities. Additionally, America is supposed to be the land of freedom but more often than not, blacks are still not allowed to go to school in many contexts since states do not have to establish equally funded or integrated schools until much later.

Why was obtaining education important for African Americans?

Obtaining an education was a symbolic step away from slavery and towards goal of merging in society, as well as understanding legal documents that pro-slavery citizens introduced to them to try to get blacks in trouble.

Anti-Slavery Alphabet (1846)

One of the books sold at the fair that people would take a risk to buy and bring the materials to African Americans and others. Simple design and message of book caught attention. (B is for brother of the different skin, but is equal under God).

What was the impact of Turner's Rebellion?

Other slaves were provoked and inspired by the massacre, which instilled fear in powerful white, pro-slavery citizens. As a result, laws were established that restricted reading and writing for blacks to prevent further attacks. Legislators tried to do everything they could to stop blacks from gaining equal education.

What are the origins of modern testing?

Over time, there is a gradual development with the experimentation of written examinations. There is more age-graded classrooms and schools begin to expand because of the rising populations, which sets the standards of where education is moving.

How did Native American Parents resist boarding schools?

Parents would hide their children when people came to take them, some refused, some fought back and others wrote to their children and encouraged them to escape and to come home.

Why is this increased communication influencial in society?

Peope build their own radio sets and it sparks change, showing how powerful the industrial economy is.

How did people respond to Pestalozzi's teaching style?

People traveled far and wide to see his work in action.

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War (1865-1870) when the federal government took action to rebuild the South. Republicans saw themselves as the party of progress and push for equal education because the country was trying to mold itself back together.

John Locke (1632-1704)

Philosopher who believed that every child began as a blank slate. He wanted to find the best way that children could learn and grow, since he believed that 9/10 of what we become are from education. He also stressed a lot of who we are comes from our experiences.

How would you describe the motivations of Richard Henry Pratt?

Pratt served in the Civil War and was in charge of a group of Native American prisoners that were being held in a prison. At the time, he could not watch his prisoners die of disease or starvation, so he decided to train them for a life in America by stripping them of their cultural elements. He believed in saving the man, but killing the Indian because he thought he understood them so well since he lived alongside and with them. Pratt liked Indians, but had little use for their culture and believed their ways were inferior to whites. Pratt saw the only way to civilize this group of people was through schooling.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)

President of the United States during the early part of Progressive Education movement. He believed that schools should be a center of experimentation and society should stray away from Dewey's ideas.

President Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States who emancipated the black slaves but also triggered the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861-1865.

What went against Romantic values?

Principles of Emulation (such as written exams, oral tests, memorization) went against Romantics in the school system.

How did progressive education take shape?

Progressive education took many forms. Children were engaged with occupations and kids learned about the modern world. Kindergartens adopted friendly environments, show and tell was introduced, etc.

What becomes the most important force of educational research in the early 1900s?

Psychology

What were schools like during the Civil War and mostly during Reconstruction?

Racially segregated charity schools were the norm in the North. Free blacks began forming their own churches, schools and businesses. In the South, black schools were a little more in poorer conditions. However, both regions had the same educational style, since the quality of education depended greatly on the type of teacher and learning styles.

Henry D. Thoreau (1819-1862)

Rebel and writer whose status as a teacher becomes gospel-like. He is a romantic who reflects on his thoughts in a wilderness cabin, and comes to realize that we start off owning material goods, but then they come to own us.

Romanticism Beliefs

Romantics believe that children have a natural desire to learn and schools should spark initial curiosity. However, they believed institutions restricted individual expression and only enforced rule-bound systems. Textbooks and schools encouraged rules, which would make true learning difficult.

What did this increase in population and changes in society do to the schools?

School enrollment boosted like never before.

What do schools become an answer for?

Schools become an answer for the displacement of young people in economy and society.

How did schools help sell the war effort?

Schools raised money, hosted loyalty parades, etc.

What happened immediately after the trial to those involved?

Scopes: He never taught again after the trial. He returned to his studies, got married and wrote a few books. Darrow: He remained with the Scopes case until it played out in the Supreme Court. He embarrassed Bryan on the witness stand. Bryan: He took the offense immediately after the trial ended. He worked an extensive, fiery speech and his efforts clearly upset him. Before his crusade, he died in his sleep during an afternoon nap. People believed he died of a broken heart because of Darrow's questioning. Dayton: The town quickly returned to normal after the trial and it did benefit. However, few percieved a lasting change.

What was the impact of progressive reform on special education? (Tropea)

Segregation increased school administration and staff, teachers were better accomodated to organize behavior, bureaucratic efficiency because special students were not included in the school's overall promotion rate which reduced the publicization of retardation. However, there were some issues. Curriculum had to be changed to accomodate the new working students and special students, and left promotion in the hands of the teachers.

Describe the characteristics of Southern Schools after the Civil War.

Southern Schools were racially segregated. White schools received more funding, black children rarely went because they were needed in sharecropping families and there were not as many schools available for blacks.

How did teachers and administrators decide who belonged in special classes? (Tropea)

Specialized staff provided for these changes. Schools instructed parents to seek their physician and test their child. Schools also employed Binet Examiners and introduced clinics, testing procedures and placement investigations (scientific standards). Although these helped legitimize the separation, they conflicted with informal rules and upset the preservation of order. There were also backstage rules teachers used, but these largely backfired.

What was the impact of the testing movement?

Standardized tests of all kinds and reinforced the power that tests have in our lives. This movement also created a type of testing generation that has been reduced to single, numerical scores.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation after Plessy v. Ferguson and leading up to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s.

What was the 19th century high school curriculum like?

Teachers taught english, mathematics and foreign language. It is the beginning of familiar subjects that we see today. It is meant to educate people in familiar academic subjects, which becomes a widely middle-class classroom. Men who went to high school were usually bookeepers and wanted to go to college. Women were trained to be teachers. Thus, most students were women. Teachers used aids and mostly referenced learning by doing. At the time, textbooks and recititation became the norm. High schools become a monopoly.

What were the roles of teachers in Dewey's view?

Teachers would serve as a facilitator or a guide as they helped students learn. The teacher should observe the interest of the students and help them develop problem solving skills. Based on Dewey, teachers should emphasize working in groups, exploration, collaboration, student projects, etc. However, teachers still had to use professional judgement to shape the learning process by being as high of quality as they could be. Otherwise, education would be lacking.

What were the 1920s like in American society?

The 1920s were a time of rich conflict, literature and an era largely studied by historians. The sense of empowerment was shattered.

Describe the 19th century background of high schools.

The Boomer Generation swelled enrollment in high schools. As these numbers grew, stigmas became attached (i.e. dropouts). However, the high school could not expand unless elementary schools did.

American Civil War

The Civil War lasted from 1861-1865 and was a battle between the North and the South, mostly over the argument of slavery.

When was the Scopes Trial about?

The Scopes Trial occurred in July of 1925.

How did the Scopes Trial start?

The Scopes Trial started when a newspaper stated an American Civil Liberties Union was willing to offer its services to anyone that wanted to challenge the new Tennessee anti-evolution law. A group of town leaders in Dayton, Tenn. read the papers and hatched a plan to bring the case to Dayton.

Eugenics

The belief that the human population could be genetically improved by controlling who was allowed to have children. This reduces the importance of the environment and more on the person themselves. Testing still emerges.

Tom Stewart

The chief prosecutor in the Scopes Trial, he designed the argument to preserve political control over the school's exclusively in state legislature. This narrowed the trial and forestalled the defense as they made efforts to show there was no conflict between evolution and creation.

Why is the Scopes Trial significant in American education?

The decision has led to the current state of how science is taught in the classroom. We are still trying to validate Evolution vs. Creation in schools and why there is so much conflict around it. It brings up the issues like what should be the purpose of schools, who should make decisions and what content is taught?

Consumerism

The economic and social ideology that encourages the acquirement of goods in excessive amounts.

What is the key component of the modern testing movement?

The emphasis was marked by transformation in society.

What were the ongoing social changes in the 1920s?

The farming world of the past was gone. It was becoming an urbanized, industrial nation.

Where do ideas of romanticism reside strongly?

The fear of institutions, emphasizing creativity and pushing imagination become apparent in the development of kindergarten.

Pragmatism

The idea that reality must be experienced. According to Dewey, this means that students must interact with their environment to adapt and learn.

What was the verdict of the Scopes Trial?

The jury sided with the law and found Scopes guilty of teaching against the Butler Law. He was fined $100 and released.

What is the center of debate in regard to the origin of child-centered education in the 19th Century?

The lingering question of how one should educate a child remains. As education takes many forms, a new way of thinking comes into play, which is known as Romanticism. It becomes a battle of the child versus the institution.

Fundamentalism

The literal interpretation of the Bible.

Crystallography

The mystic belief that parts of the universe could be discovered through fundamental objects like crystals. His ideas were very open and all about enhancing possibilities plus freedom.

What was the impact of more factories?

The rise of factories and cities further divided the rural and urban areas. Although they [industry] was a driving force of the economy, rural areas were left behind.

What did conservative criticisms of education believe?

The thought that curriculum should have subject matter that ruled.

What was the state of the urban school model during the 1920s?

The world of rural farming continued, but it was slowly disappearing. But, it was a world in which administrators saw an urban future. They wanted schools to be run like businesses, make schools look like corporate America (bigger) have more centralization, make it more expertise.

What becomes of the surge in testing?

There is an orgy of tests. There are multiple choice tests for the first time in 1915, a world of time and clocks, objective understandings, attempts at precision and fairness. Testing also gives rise to army tests for soldiers, which have cultural biases.

What was the reaction to social change in the 1920s?

There was a rush of anti-black, anti-semetic, anti-catholic because of the large immigration numbers. The Ku Klux Klan revived itself and tried shutting down private schools.

Why did students submit to this education?

There were many reasons why students submitted to this education. Some were scared, some thought it would help them survive, some were told it was the right thing to do and some wanted to please their parents. However, many students saw the schools as a way to fit into society and chance to succeed in America. The schools gave them shelter and food, which was much more than many had on their reservations, which was a symbolic change. And then some submitted because they had no other option.

How did the country try to limit the number of immigrants coming into America?

There were quotas, reading tests and other acts passed to try to calm fears. Since there was the Red Scare going on, people feared that these ideas would take form in America. This fed into more movements to restrict people.

What are the visions of America during the Civil War and during Reconstruction?

There were two visions of America. 1.) Republicans believed in an integrated society with a common set of norms. 2.) Democrats saw a racially segregated society.

Why were the 13, 14 and 15 Amendments important?

These amendments sought to abolish slavery by gueranteeing blacks equal rights under the law, but in the public eye no one was equal yet.

Why were materials sold at the Anti-Slavery fair important?

These materials were not read in the classroom, but they were read to younger generations in anti-slavery households in an attempt to inspire the next generation.

What did romantics feel education should be?

They (Woodsworth, Blake, Locke, etc.) believed education should be less into rituals and systems and more into heaven on earth type of experience. Education should tap into the sense of human possibility as rebirth and use art, music and poetry to speak to these hopes.

How did Bryan and Darrow change the initial issue into a series of other issues?

They added their own arguments to the case. On one side, Darrow characterized the case as truth-seeking scientists against fundamentalist hucksters. Then, Bryan did not want Darrow to set the tone for the debate. The defense's goal was not to help Scopes, but was to bring the issue to the US Supreme Court and have a higher power declare such laws were unconstitutional. Statements included the battle of good versus evil, whether all teachers were violating the law and it helped Darrow turn the trial into a big biology lesson.

How did Romantics think learning should be done?

They believed learning should be handled by natural methods and rural-based educational experiences.

What did free blacks believe was the basis for republican citizenship?

They believed owning and forming their own schools, churches and businesses would help them assimilate into society and ultimately gain equality.

Why did eugenicists stress this type of mind testing?

They believed they could produce more desirable inherited characteristics.

What did these scales develop into?

They developed into what we know as the IQ Test. Binet's goal was to judge intelligence but argued it could not be determined by one factor, but several. Based on this, he proposed the idea of a mental age or measure based on the abilities of children in age groups.

Why did people want to limit what blacks were taught in school?

They did not want African Americans to get an education because if they learned how to read, they would come to discover they were still being treated unfairly and unlawfully.

Why did the Dayton town leaders want to bring the Monkey Trial to Dayton?

They hoped the case would generate publicity and jump-start the town's economy. It did much more.

What were the common values educators wanted to impart on Native Americans in boarding schools?

They wanted to impart: 1) Rudiments of Academic Education: ability to write, read and speak English 2) Arithmetic, science and the arts so Indians could catch a glimpse of the civilized world; this would also hopefully stimulate curiosity 3) Teach Indians how to work and use practical skills for economic self-sufficiency in changed reality 4) Taught the values of individualism and come to respect the importance of private property 5) Enforce Christianization since America was a nation built on it and social evolution was only possible this way 6) Highlight the values of citizenship and taught to respect the flag, as well as the sacrifice white men were making to civilize them- the savages

Progressive Education

This was a movement in the late 19th Century that aligned with the American hope to reconstruct democracy, equality and social value. It is a view of education that emphasizes the need to learn by doing. It placed an emphasis that schools should play a leading role in preparing American citizens for active and civic participation in a democratic society.

What is the underlying questions in society?

Where is the individual and how do we treat them? What are schools for? Who are schools for?

What was the response of Southern State School building and the freed slaves actions across the US?

White backlash. The federal government was unwilling to protect civil rights, and the KKK establishes itself to ensure white supremacy.

What did the treatment of African Americans and Native Americans symbolize in our understanding of education?

Who are schools for? What are schools for?