History Ch. 9-12

How was the Whiskey Rebellion solved?

*Washington sent out tons of troops and they defeated them*

The non-intercourse act

*a watered-down version of Jefferson's embargo aimed solely at Britain + France—was due to expire in 1810. didn't work*

cause of xyz affair

*anger of jay's treaty which scared french that we were getting closer to British*

interstate agreements*

*at constitutional convention Agreement that the federal gov't regulated interstate commerce.*

founding fathers on political parties*

*founding fathers didn't think that they were good for the republic or anything*

strict construction?

*jefferson/madison/democratic-republicans strictly interpreting the constitution Thought the states reserve power because of the 10th amendment*

washington's administration*

*neutrality* *precedents about only staying in office 2 years (talking to cabinet members instead of writing) loose constructionist sided with Hamilton's program*

What did the northwest territory include?

*north and west of the ohio river, east of mississippi, and south of the great lakes*

What did the Hartford solutions *not* mention?

*nothing about secession*

What happened when Jefferson became president?

*the Democratic-Republican party grew less unified as the Federalist party began to fade and lose power.*

What were the 2 precedents that Washington warns about in his farewell address?*

*1. permanent entangling alliances 2. political parties*

compromises at constitutional convention

*3/5 compromise Slave trade will end in 1807 (revisited) Great Compromise (sets up bicamaral legislature) Commerce compromise - only deals with foreign trade (imports not exports) Agreement that the federal gov't regulated interstate commerce. Separation of powers Checks and balances (make sure the gov't isn't too strong at the expense of the states)*

Great Britain's continued occupation of posts on US soil

*AFter Treaty of 1783, we didn't pay our debt so they felt like they could stay on their posts*

What caused virginia to called a convention in annapolis in 1786?

*Control of commerce* and interstate squabbling *commerce*

loose construction?

*Federalists/hamilton loosely interpreting the constitution Love the elastic clause*

first congress of the us*

*First 10 Amendments* *Judiciary act of 1789 that sets up supreme courts* *Cabinet* *Attorney General* *Bill of Rights* *Revenue Raising Tariff NOT a protective tariff* *Hamilton's Economic program*

What did Jefferson do after the Election of 1800?

*First thing Jefferson did - get rid of excise tax on whiskey. He left most of the major Federalist economic programs intact.*

articles foreign problems/weaknesses*

*Foreign: Great Britain doesn't abandon forts bc Americans haven't paid off debts from Treaty of Paris 1783. Spain is controlling the Mississippi River and seizing territories that don't belong to them. No more navigation laws so we aren't protected from barbary pirates.* *Other: Congress couldn't regulate commerce No levying taxes Could only request an army 9/13 _____________ each state had only 1 vote amendment process needed 13 states One branch National debt piled up Trade Barriers couldn't require states to follow federal treaties*

What did the Hartford convention do to the federalist party?

*It destroyed the party Last federalist to run for president - Rufus King*

What was the 16th section of each township in the land ordinance of 1785 used for?

*It was set aside to be sold for education in the Northwest. Another was set aside for veterans.*

What was the land ordinance of 1785?

*Provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to pay off the national debt.* *The vast area was to be surveyed before sale and settlement, thus forestalling endless confusion and lawsuits.* it was to be divided into townships 6 miles square, each of which in turn was to be split into 36 sections of 1 square mile each. *The 16th section of each township was set aside to be sold for education in the Northwest.* The orderly settlement of the Northwest Territory, where the *land was surveyed*, contrasted with the chaos south of the ohio river, where uncertain ownership was the norm and fraud was rampant.

Federalists/Hamiltonians

*Rule by the "best people" (rule for industry and commerce) - northeast and along coast Hostility to extension of democracy A powerful central gov't at the expense of states' rights Loose interpretation of Constitution (love elastic clause) Gov't to foster business; concentration of wealth in interests of capitalistic enterprise a protective tariff Pro-British (conservative Tory tradition) National debt a blessing, if properly funded An expanding bureaucracy A powerful central bank Restrictions on free speech and press Concentration in seacoast area A strong navy to protect shippers Industry should be main economic driver*

Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)

*Rule by the informed masses (not the common people b/c they were informed) - south and west Friendliness toward extension of democracy A weak central gov't so as to preserve states' rights Strict interpretation of Constitution No special favors for business; agriculture preferred NO special favors for manufacturers Pro-French (radical revolutionary tradition) Didn't like debt; rigid economy Reduction of federal officeholders DIdn't like the bank Relatively free speech and press Concentration in South and Southwest; in agricultural areas and backcountry A minimal navy for coastal defense*

barbary pirates

*They were seizing our ships again Complaining about Poscha of Tripoly So we sent over our navy and defeated the barbary pirates. Washington dealt with this too bc we didn't have British protecting us. They are located in the mediterranean.*

barbary pirates*

...

hamilton excise tax and tariff law*

...

The war of 1812 peace talks / new orleans

Alexander first of Russia was trying to get peace between us and Britain • We sent an envoy of 5 guys to gent in Belgium a peace •* First, the British were beating us up and wanted a buffer state as Indiana, total control of the great lakes, main possessions they captured from the war • We said no* • At the same time in December, the british invaded again! This time in new Orleans (major sea port) • Here in new Orleans, we have Andrew Jackson got about 400 guys, lined them up behind a line, and took on 8,000 British men, but instead, Jackson and the Americans won the battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815 • *The most decisive battle of the war (New Orleans) had happened after the treaty of ghent was signed!!* • The treaty of Ghent said an armistice and an agreement stop shooting and also go back to the status quo o No exchange of territories New Orleans happened after treaty of ghent*

causes of the war of 1812

Causes of War of 1812 • Warhawks are angry about impressment and seizing of American ships • British are not respecting our neutrality rights • We put ourselves right in the middle of it in the Macon's Bill No.2 • So, James Madison declares war in hopes of restoring confidence in the republican experiment. We didn't know that we didn't really need to go to war • 2 weeks before the declaration of war, the English repealed the orders of councils, so the economic coersion actually worked! • we also were not prepared o small army thanks to Jefferson and the democratic-republicans o not well equipped (many militias-not good) o spread out o still, we went on to Canada *impressment/seizing ships british army and native americans order of councils war hawks wanted to go into canada and florida not respecting neutrality rights chesapeake incident*

After the war of 1812 / why did people doubt the americans?

Comes out- whole sense of nationalism for america new englanders didn't want to fight this war and our army stunk! • they got rich trading with the british • a lot of sectionalism (not united)

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 forbid?

Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest--a path-breaking step, though it exempted slaves already present.

Jay's Treaty

GW sends John Jay (first chief justice and federalist) to Great Britain. He negotiates a horrible treaty (Jay's Treaty) British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on US soil, consented to pay damages for recent seizures of Aemrican ships, but stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures and impressments or about supplying arms to Indians, and forced Jay to give ground by binding the US to pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts. It does more to unite the Jeffersonians against the Federalists than any other treay *kept us out of war*

What did Hamilton think about debt?

Hamilton believed that a small deficit was actually a good thing because it made sure the people who were owed the money to the success of the gov't (if someone owed you money, you would do everything for the success of the gov't so that you would get that money). Jefferson disagreed.

What was the problem with the assumption? How did they fix it?

Massachusetts was happy because they had a lot of debt that was going to be assumed by the gov't, but virginia was not happy because they didn't have a lot of debt. *Gov't went to Jefferson and said that if they got enough votes in congress for the assumption, they would make sure the new district of columbia would be in Virginia along the Potomac.*

The Neutrality Act

Neutrality Proclamation in 1793 - this document proclaimed the government's official neutrality in the widening conflict between Britain and France and sternly warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps *Kept us neutral because Washington knew that we were not ready to fight*

Result of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

The wisdom of Congress in handling this explosive problem deserves warm praise. If it had attempted to chain the new territories in permanent subordination, a 2nd American Revolution almost certainly would have erupted in later years, fought this time by the west against the east. Congress thus neatly solved the seemingly insoluble problem of empire. The scheme worked so well that its basic principles were ultimately carried over from the Old Northwest to other frontier areas.

Result of Jay's Treaty?

Vitalized the newborn Democratic-Republican. o When the Jeffersonians learned of Jay's concessions, their rage was fearful to behold. o The treaty seemed like an abject surrender to Britain, as well as a betrayal of the Jeffersonian South. Southern planters would have to pay the major share of the pre-Revolutionary debts, while rich Federalist shippers were collecting damages for recent British seizures. o Jeffersonian mobs hanged, burned, + guillotined in effigy that "damn'd archtraitor, Sir John jay." Even GW's huge popularity was compromised by the controversy over the treaty. *Pinckney's Treaty came as a result b/c Spanish were freaked out and opened up mississippi river and new orleans which was important for the jeffersonians who were farmers XYZ affair happened because french were freaked out* *kept us out of war*

kentucky and virginia resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in *response to the Alien and Sedition Acts*, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. • *Compact is that the states have an agreement with the gov't that the states gave the gov't their power, and if the federal gov't oversteps their boundaries, the states can say "you're wrong, you can't do that." Federal gov't broke the compact.* • *Said that both the alien and the sedition acts were unconstitutional* • *States would decide the constitutionality of congressional acts* • Both Virginia and Kentucky adopted this

marbury vs. madison

William Marbury had been one of the "midnight judges" appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D.C., but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, Marbury sued for its delivery. Marshall dismissed the case, but he said *that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws (AKA, "judicial review").* • Marbary - senate voted on him, came back to adams who signed on him + left it on the desk (midnight justices) • ______ saw this, walked into state department office + picked them up so that marbary would never be a justice • Marbary sued Madison, + went directly to the supreme court o they decide that they are not allowed to hear the case, + throw It out because in the constitution it says the supreme court can only hear a case that is an appeal to a lower court o Marbary should have sued in a district court + then taken to supreme court after being appealed • article 13 of the judiciary act of 1789 says that _______ • john marshall sets a president that *the supreme court will determine the constitutionality of congressional acts* o known as the principle of judicial review

in the great compromise, what kept one branch from having too much power?

checks and balances veto, impeach

great compromise

connecticut plan *larger states were conceded representation by population in eh House of Representatives, and the smaller states were appeased by equal representation in the Senate (upper house). Each state, no matter how poor or small, would have 2 senators.* The big states obviously yielded more. AS a sop to them, the delegates agreed that every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the House, where population counted more heavily. From then on success seemed to be within reach.

commerce great compromise

everyone agreed that the federal gov't should be in charge of the interstate commerce (not for states) southerners were exporters of foodstuffs, cotton, tobacco, and rice northerners were importers of finished goods like cloth and stuff compromise: federal gov't could regulate imports but not exports

great compromise involving slaves

house counted all the slaves, took 3/5 and then they were counted for population. they put a law to outlaw slave trade but southerners rejected it. they said that in 20 years the issue would be revisited

Hartford Convention

in December of 1814, New England Federalists got together in Hartford to have the Hartford Convention • some suggested seceding (small minority) Hartford solutions *said nothing about secession* • economic financial help from the federal government • *Proposed series of constitutional amendments many set up to weaken the party in power - the democratic-republican o 2/3 vote for embargo, declare war, bring in new state, get rid of 3/5 compromise, 1 term 4 years for president, 2 successive presidents cannot come from same state o jeffersonians like farmers in the south in west, so they want the 3/5 compromise* • They go to present this to Washington on January 5 o Then they find out about ghent and then new Orleans happens so they forget about the war resolutions and go home

Result of xyz affair

it sent a wave of hysteria sweeping through the US. THe federalists were delighted at this unexpected turn of affairs, whereas all except the most rabid jeffersonians hung their heads in shame over the misbehavior of their french friends. *undeclared war came as a result*

financial program of alexander hamilton--what was it?

it was hamilton's job to fix the national debt. *He included 3 things in his financial program: Pay off national debt at par Assumption - got that by promising virginia washington dc on the potomoc The bank He also got a _____ tariff*

which was more noteworthy: the land ordinance of 1785 or the northwest ordinance of 1787? what did it deal with?

northwest ordinance of 1787. it came to grips with the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies. *set up how a territory becomes a state*

Why did the embargo fail?

o He underestimated the bulldog determination of the British, as others have, + overestimated the dependence of both belligerents on America's trade. o W/ most of Europe under his control, Napoleon could deal w/out American trade. o The French continued to seize American ships + steal their cargoes, while their emperor mocked the US by claiming that he was simply helping them enforce the embargo. o Also, Jefferson miscalculated the unpopularity of such a self-crucifying weapon + the difficulty of enforcing it. The hated embargo was not continued long enough or tightly enough to achieve the desired results—+ a leaky embargo was perhaps more costly than none at all. o Latin America opened its ports for commerce o He did, however, understand Britain's dependence on American trade.

Why does Napoleon give up New Orleans and parts of florida in the Louisiana Purchase?

o He used it for his breadbasket to feed the French sugar Isl+s o However there was a slave uprising at one of the isl+s, + his army was dying over there so he gave it up, which means he no longer needed Louisiana. o Didn't want Americans to go to british o Livingston got it for 15 million dollars.

The articles of confederation problems/weaknesses***

o There was no executive branch—George III had left a bad taste—+ the vital judicial arm was left almost exclusively to the states Each state had a single vote any amendment of the Articles themselves required unanimous ratification It had no power to regulate commerce, + this loophole left the states free to establish different, + often conflicting, laws regarding tariffs + navigation. o Nor could Congress enforce its tax-collection program. It established a tax quota for each of the states + then asked them to contribute their share on a voluntary basis. • The feeble national gov't in Philly could advise + advocate + appeal, but it could not command or coerce or control the independent states. o It couldn't act directly upon individual citizens of a sovereign state (not even protect itself against gross indignities) o The new Congress, w/ all its paper powers, was even less effective than the old Continental Congress, which had wielded no constitutional powers at all. • The Articles were weak, but they were proved to be a landmark in gov't. They were for those days a model of what a loose confederation could be.

What happened at the annapolis conference?

only 5 states showed up so they decided to meet again to fix the articles

What was pay off national debt at par in hamilton's financial program?

pay back at face value plus accumulated interest. people are a little upset about this but it is the right thing to do because everyone who borrowed money will pay it back

power given to the federal gov't great compromise

problem was how much power should be given to the federal gov't enumerated powers in the constitution *if it's not in the constitution, the states reserve the power* writers were trying to keep the federal gov't weak and the states the main power

who were the federalists generally?

rich guys in cities, lawyers, well-educated, good speakers, better organized, controlled press. had power and influence on their side. george washington and ben franklin *want constitution ratified*

what was the bank in hamilton's financial program designed for?

rich people - help them invest in America, then that money will soon tickle down to the common person. if it is good for a rich person, it is good for the country.

who were the antifederalists generally?

samuel adams, patrick henry, and richard henry lee. poor, away from the cities, in debt, liked paper money and states' rights and outnumbered federalists) *don't want constitution ratified because there aren't protections for individual liberties--bill of rights*

what was assumption in hamilton's financial program?

since all the states were involved in the war effort and spent their own money in it, they thought it is right that the federal gov't should assume the debt of the states and pay it off.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

tax protest regarding the excise tax on whiskey involving farmers in western pennsylvania they began terrorizing the tax collectors

What was the solution for the northwest ordinance of 1787?

temporary tutelage, then permanent equality. First, there would be 2 revolutionary territorial stages, during which the area would be subordinate to the federal government. Then, when a territory had more than 60,000 inhabitants, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 charter members. *steps were set up how a territory becomes a state* *Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest--a path-breaking step, though it exempted slaves already present.*

The bank in hamilton's financial program

the first bank in the united states. Hamilton believed that the bank was really necessary because we need a place to deposit American money and if the gov't has a million dollars, we want it to be lend out and invested and circulated. They also developed their own currency. It was designed for rich people. Jefferson said that it was unconstitutional (strict construction).

Where did the proceeds of the land ordinance of 1785 go to?

they were used to pay off the national debt and *raise revenues for the federal gov't*

what problem did jefferson have with the bank? what was the conclusion?

this is where the question comes up if the constitution allows you to establish a national bank. if that power is not enumerated to the federal gov't, the states reserve the right. (strict constructionist) hamilton believed the opposite--if it isn't there, he can do it. He said to GW: Constitution gives us power to tax and print money therefore it is proper for us to establish a bank. (loose interpretation) *This is the elastic clause or necessary improper clause or implied powers clause. GW signed with Hamilton*

What was the elastic clause?

this is where the question comes up if the constitution allows you to establish a national bank. if that power is not enumerated to the federal gov't, the states reserve the right. (strict constructionist) hamilton believed the opposite--if it isn't there, he can do it. He said to GW: Constitution gives us power to tax and print money therefore it is proper for us to establish a bank. *(loose interpretation loved by Hamilton) This is the elastic clause or necessary improper clause or implied powers clause*

beginning of the war of 1812

we invaded in 3 different places in Canada in 1812 and then again in 1813 • we were destroyed basically Luckily, we had a good navy • and good sailors • they actually wanted to be there • 6 of them were African Americans Oliver hazard Perry built a small sleet of ships on lake eerie and defeated some British ships, seizing lake eerie • so they couldn't get their materials from Canada to the west because we came in between • so they abandoned fort Michilimackinac june of 1814 napoleon was defeated • so we were in a war with great Britain so it was just us • british laid a blockade along our east coast • this is a real war! • they invade the us (lots of troops) - took same route as in the revolutionary war in lake Champlain. At the battle of Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain, General Macdonough defeated british ships sending them back to Canada As more ships came over, there were more invasions • They captured Washington dc once too • Then they burned all of it the british, after burning dc, went to Baltimore • major sea port! • cut off more trade! • but this time, all of a sudden, we held our ground at fort mchenry *map - 3 major battles - Plattsburgh(upstate ny in lake champlain), New Orleans (tip of mississippi river), and Mchenry (baltimore).*

What is Jefferson's response to the Louisiana purchase?

• *Jefferson isn't consistent - nowhere in the constitution says that we can purchase territory from another country + bring it into the country o Not acting like a strict constructionist! o Jefferson says we can't make this purchase because it is unconstitutional (we can't buy l+). o However he was convinced that he needed to make the purchase now when he had the chance o Had to loosely look at the constitution*

What was a benefit of the embargo?

• However, w/ shipping tied up + imported goods scarce, the resourceful Yankees reopened old factories + erected new ones.

What did Jefferson see the Election of 1800 as?

• Jefferson meant that his election represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. • Jefferson's mission, as he saw it, was to restore the republican experiment, to check the growth of gov't power, + to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. • *No less "revolutionary" was the peaceful + orderly transfer of power on the basis of an election whose results all parties accepted. We are all republicans we are all democrats bc ....*

Election of 1800

• Jefferson won by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65. NY fell into the Jeffersonian basket, + w/ it the election, largely because Aaron Burr . + his influence. One of the lessons Jefferson learned after the victory was that it is easier to condemn from the stump than to govern consistently.

The Embargo of 1807

• Jefferson, because of impressment, had to do something o he went to congress to get a trade embargo o *Embargo act - stopped all trade to all country* • Economic coersion • This hurt our economy more than anybody • The economic embargo dealt with British and French violations of the US wish to be neutral • The warring nations in Europe depended heavily upon the US for raw materials + foodstuffs. o In his eager search for an alternative to war, Jefferson seized upon this essential fact. o He reasoned that if America voluntarily cut off its exports, the offending powers would be forced to bow, hat in h+, + agree to respect its rights. o This rigorous law forbade the export of all goods from the US, whether in American or foreign ships. o More than just a compromise between submission + shooting, the embargo embodied Jefferson's idea of "peaceful coercion." If it worked, the embargo would vindicate the rights of neutral nations + point to a new way of conducting foreign affairs. o If it failed, Jefferson feared the Republic would perish, subjugated to the European powers or sucked into their ferocious war *This part of peaceful coersion did not work*

Lewis and Clark

• Lewis + Clark's 2 + a half-year expedition yielded a rich harvest of scientific observations, maps, knowledge of the Indians in the region, + hair-raising wilderness adventure stories. • *Hired by gov't and travelled to Missouri and Rocky Mountains and to the pacific coast. the explorers also demonstrated the viability of an overl+ trail to the Pacific.* o Down the dusty track thous+s of missionaries, fur-traders, + pioneering settlers would went their way in the ensuing decades, bolstering America's claim to the Oregon Country.

how did the sedition acts affect jeffersonians

• Many outspoken Jeffersonian editors were indicted under the Sedition Act, and 10 were brought to trial. All of them were convicted, often by packed juries swayed by prejudiced Federalist judges.

Result of marbury vs. madison

• Marshall's decision regarding Marbury spurred the Jeffersonians to seek revenge. • In 1804, Jefferson tried to impeach the tart-tongued Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, but when the vote got to the Senate, not enough votes were mustered, + to this day, no attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment. o Jefferson's ill-advised attempt at "judge breaking" was a reassuring victory for the independence of the judiciary and for the separation of powers among the 3 branches of the federal gov't.

The sedition acts

• The "lockjaw" Sedition Act, the last measure of the Federalist clampdown, was a direct slap at 2 priceless freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution by the Bill fo Rights—freedom of speech and freedom of the press (1st Amendment). o This law provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the gov't or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. o Severe though the measure was, the Federalists believed that it was justified. The verbal violence of the day was unrestrained, and foul-penned editors, some of them exiled aliens, vilified Adams's anti-French policy in vicious terms. *trying to hurt the Jeffersonians*

what were the compromises at the constitutional convention?

• The 55 delegates from 12 states had small + intimate sessions (compromise). They were held in complete secrecy, w/ armed sentinels posted at the doors. The delegates did not want to advertise their own dissensions or put the ammunition of harmful arguments into the mouths of the opposition. • George Washington was unanimously elected chairman. The revolutionary war guys weren't there, + the time had come to yield the stage to leaders interested in fashioning solid political systems. • The 55 delegates were conservative, well-to-do (lawyers, merchants, shippers, l+ speculators, + moneylenders). No poor debtor group.19 owned slaves + they were young but experienced statesmen. They were more interested in preserving + strengthening the young Republic than in further stirring the roiling cauldron of popular democracy (nationalists) o The delegates hoped to crystallize the last evaporating pools of Revolutionary idealism into a stable political structure that would endure. They strongly desired a firm, dignified, + respected gov't. They believed in republicanism but sought to protect the American experiment from its weaknesses abroad + excesses at home. o Delegates were determined to preserve the union, forestall anarchy, + ensure security of life + property against dangerous uprisings by the "mobocracy." They wanted to curb the unrestrained democracy rampant in the various states.

how did the embargo affect the economy?

• The American economy staggered under the effect of the embargo long before Britain or France began to bend. o Dead masts filled everywhere. Jefferson nonetheless induced Congress to pass iron-toothed enforcing legislation. o It was so inquisitorial + tyrannical as to cause some Americans to think more kindly of George III, whom Jefferson had berated in the Declaration of Independence

Sedition Act + Constitution

• The Sedition Act seemed to be in direct conflict with the Constitution. Bu the Supreme Court, dominated by Federalists, was of no mind to declare this Federalist law unconstitutional. (The Federalists intentionally wrote the law to expire in 1801, so that it could not be used against them if they lost the next election.) o This attempt by the Federalists to crush free speech and silence the opposition party, high-handed as it was, undoubtedly made many converts for the Jeffersonians.

How was the tie broken in the Election of 1800?

• The agonizing deadlock was broken at last when a few Federalists, despairing of electing Burr + hoping for moderation from Jefferson, refrained from voting.

HOw did the embargo affect the Federalists?

• The embargo even had the effect of reviving the moribound Federalist Party. Gaining new converts, its leaders hurled their nullification of the embargo into the teeth of the "Virginia lordlings" in Washington.

the alien laws

• The first of these oppressive laws was aimed at supposedly pro-Jeffersonian "aliens." Most European immigrants, lacking wealth, were scorned by the aristocratic Federalist party. But they were welcomed as voters by less prosperous + more democratic Jeffersonians. o The Federalist Congress, hoping to discourage the "dregs" of Europe, erected a disheartening barrier. They raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from a tolerable 5 yrs to an intolerable 14. *trying to hurt the Jeffersonians*

Macon's Bill No.2

• Trade with everybody! • Whichever France or England denounce the restrictions on trade and we will cut it off for the other • Madison accepts Napoleon's denounce of continental system • We cut off trade with the British • This doesn't make the war hawks happy - they want the war • Madison goes into congress in June 1812 to get a declaration of war o If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nation • To Madison the bill was a shameful capitulation. It practically admitted that the US could not survive w/out one of the belligerents as a commercial ally, but it left determination of who that ally would be to the potentates of London + Paris. *#44 is B - same as on quiz Brought us into the war..even though 2 weeks before the declaration of war, England repealed the orders of council*

Convention of 1800

• Undeclared war with French seizing ships and oppressing sailors. Out on the open sea for about 2 years and then Tallyram said we can't do this, so Americans sent people out for the Convention of 1800 that got us out of the entangling alliance o They signed the Convention of 1800 • *Got us out of the entangling alliance with the French and out of war*

how does the louisiana purchase start?

• W/ the Louisiana Purchase, America secured at one bloodless stroke the western half of the richest river valley in the world + further laid the foundations of a future major power. • The ideal of a great agrarian republic, as envisioned by Jefferson, could now be realized in the vast "Valley of Democracy." o At the same time, the transfer established valuable precedents for future expansion: the acquisition of foreign territory + peoples by purchase + their incorporation into the Union not as vassal states but on a basis of equal membership. • Jefferson tells British guy Livingston to go to napolean + purchase new Orleans + any territories held in the east in florida • Not very successful, so Monroe is sent • Napolean says how much will you give me for Louisiana territory (to Livingston) - because he didn't need it anymore *Important bc New Orleans controlled the entire mississippi which is where the farmers were (for Jefferson)*

result of louisiana purchase

• W/ the Louisiana Purchase, America secured at one bloodless stroke the western half of the richest river valley in the world + further laid the foundations of a future major power. • The ideal of a great agrarian republic, as envisioned by Jefferson, could now be realized in the vast "Valley of Democracy." o At the same time, the transfer established valuable precedents for future expansion: the acquisition of foreign territory + peoples by purchase + their incorporation into the Union not as vassal states but on a basis of equal membership. • The purchase also contributed to making operational the isolationist principles of Washington's Farewell Address. Avoiding entangling alliances had been only an ideal to be pursued, rather than a realistic policy, so long as American had potentially hostile + powerful neighbors. • By removing virtually the last remnant of significant European power from the North American continent, the US was now at liberty to disengage almost entirely from the ancient system of Old World rivalries.

The xyz affair

• When Adams came in, there were problems. *The French were angry about Jay's Treaty and were afraid that we were making alliances with Britain.* So French seizes ships, oppresses soldiers, etc. • Adams sends people over to talk to the foreign minister of France (tallyrand) • Headed by John Marshall who goes over to France and is met by 3 French guys. *They tell him that if they want to meet the foreign minister, you will have to give the gov't money and 250,000 dollar bribe to them. All that for just a meeting! • XYZ want a bribe! Adams said no. "Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute" They all got mad at the French. We built up our military* • These terms were intolerable. The Americans weren't going to pay the bribe w/out assurances of a settlement. Negotiations quickly broke down, + John Marshall was hailed as a conquering hero for his steadfastness. • *This embarrasses the Democratic-Republicans (low point for them and high point for Adams)* • *Undeclared war with French seizing ships and oppressing sailors. All because of Jay's Treaty.* Out on the open sea for about 2 years and then Tallyrand said we can't do this, so Americans sent people out for the Convention of 1800 that got us out of the entangling alliance

were the alien and sedition acts supported?

• the Alien and Sedition Acts, despite pained outcries from the Jeffersonians they muzzled, commanded widespread popular support. Anti-French hysteria played directly into the hands of witch-hunting conservatives. In the congressional elections of 1798-1799, the Federalists, riding a wave of popularity, scored the most sweeping victory of their entire history.

Treaty of Ghent

•* The treaty of Ghent said an armistice to stop shooting and also go back to the status quo o No exchange of territories signed on christmas eve of 1814 (2 weeks before battle of new orleans)*