History Chapter 15
Chinese Exclusion Act
-1882 -banned Chinese immigration for 10 years -Chinese already in US couldn't become citizens -In 1902, Chinese immigration was completely banned
Thomas Nast (4)
-A political cartoonist for Harper's Weekly, Thomas Nast attacked the Tweed and his corruption with many unflattering cartoons -Nast's cartoons increased in popularity and many turned against Tweed because of them -Tweed demanded the cartoons to be stopped -Nast and Tweed hated each other
African Americans fight back (3)
-African Americans start filing law suits against all of these institutions that are not treating them equally -They site the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as reason to be entitled full and equal treatment -The Supreme Court deems the Act unconstitutional - they said the 14th Amendment (equal protection under the law) only pertained to state law
Information Discrimination (1 & 3)
-African Americans were discriminated in many ways not sanctioned by the law - expected to "know their place" and have racial etiquette » Consequences were in place for African Americans not abiding by these socially enforced rules » Lynching was the most severe punishment - a hanging without a trial » From 1882 - 1892 - nearly 900 African Americans lost lives to lynching (usually in South)
Panic of 1893 (5)
-An economic depression hit in 1893 -Triggered by the failure of many railroad companies -Many pulled out of the stock market also causing a slump -Silver decreased in value - President Cleveland put the U.S. back on the gold standard and we were able to recover -Nixon takes us off the gold standard
15th Amendment (3)
-Annoys white women because they want to vote too -Adopted in 1870 -Gives intensity for women to push for voting rights
New Immigrants (5)
-Arrived 1880-1910 -Came from Southern and Eastern Europe -Were mainly Catholics, Jews or Orthodox Christians -Were often culturally different than their early American settlers -Generally settled in cities
Old Immigrants (5)
-Arrived before 1880 -Came from Northern and Western Europe -Were mainly Protestant Christians -Were culturally similar to their original American settlers -Settled both in cities and in rural areas
Chester A. Arthur (4)
-Arthur (wanted to end corruption, people were surprised by this) came into the presidency wanted to reform -He wanted to end the spoils system - a longstanding practice of filling government jobs with the winning political party's supporters -Arthur started with civil service reform -He helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act - required people to pass a test in order to hold certain jobs in government
Booker T. Washington (4)
-Born into slavery -Felt African-Americans should accept segregation for the moment and use the time to learn a skill or a trade -Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to teach African Americans practical skills for self-sufficiency -Thinks blacks should have financial equality, then they can tackle discrimination (wait & see kind of person)
Class Differences (3)
-Many wealthy at this time are not "old money" (money thats been in families for years, not the case for the current wealthy) -Their wealth was earned in business and industry - not inherited -They liked to flaunt their wealth - thus the period of time from 18170-1890 (post Civil War) is sometimes called the Gilded Age
Other Limits (2)
-Nativists felt that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe did not fit in to American culture because they were: poor, illiterate, and non-protestant -They called for a literacy test to measure their ability to read and write English - this passed Congress in 1917
Plessy v. Ferguson (10)
-Comité des Citoyens recruited Plessy, they were a prominent mixed-race men who were considered free people of color before the Civil War. They wanted to challenge the 1890 state Separate Car Law in order to halt the growth of Jim Crow, which was undoing the gains they made during Reconstruction. -Thought that white official will be sympathetic because he is light skinned. -Plessy is 1/8 percent black. -The outcome was negative because it made segregation a law. -Homer Plessy made segregation legal for about 60 years -This incident occured in Louisiana. -14th Amendment was supposed to protect you politically not socially so they considered, this case when you are sitting on a train which was considered "social" -Plessy claimed that segregated the trains was a violation of the 13th and 14th Amendments -Brown v. Board of Education; separating people is inequality -So the Supreme Court has a different opinion later over the years
The Rise of Class Difference (3)
-Due to growth of mass transit, the middle class can travel out of the city to live and leave the chaos behind -The poor can only afford to live in the city where they work -Class differentiation becomes very apparent at this time (turn of 20th century)
14th Amendment (3)
-Equal protection under the law -Lets African Amerians be citizens, basically anyone born in this country -No state law can supercede this
Legalized Discrimination
-Even though the 14th and 15th Amendments granted African-Americans their rights, prejudice was rampant in the country -In the South, white Democrats made great efforts to restrict African-Americans from voting
Money Supply (5)
-Famers thought that if there was more money in circulation, people would buy more of their products -They wanted the government to print more money so there was more in circulation -Originally, paper money could be exchanged for gold or silver coinage -In 1873 Congress had passed the gold standard stated that there there could only be as much money in circulation as there was gold in the treasury to back it up -Throughout every movement, the African Americans are also starting rallies because they are fighting for their civil rights
The Populist Movement (5)
-Farmers in the late 1880s had it hard -Crop prices were falling, equipment was expensive, many had debt -The railroads were beginning to charge very high prices to ship their product to market -The smallest farmers often had to pay the highest prices -Outraged farmers joined together to fight what they saw as injustices
The National Grange (8)
-Farmers worked to organize themselves -Local groups organized to help each other, then it grew to a national level -The first major farmer's organization became known as The National Grange -The Grange worked to fight high railroad costs -It evolved into fighting for political reform -The Grange was successful in some states in getting railroad regulation -Railroads are taking advantage of farmers -***Everything starts at the local level
Journey to America (4)
-Father or oldest son went first -travelled to port city -Laws came into effect in 1893 to enforce the medical requirements -Many travelled in steerage which was the cheapest, but the most uncomfortable part in the bottom of the ship
The Populist (MADE OUT OF THE COMMON PEOPLE, MAINLY FARMERS) Party (6)
-From these farmers pushing for reform was born the Populist Party -It was a political party made up of farmers, labor leaders and reformers -Called for an income tax, bank regulation and government ownership of railroad, telegraph (crosses state line so government controls it) and unlimited coinage of silver -Populist party did not win the presidential election, but won many seats in Congress in 1892 -Considered themselves party of the common man -Called for: income tax not everyone paid it) (came from 16th Amendment)
W.E.B. DuBois (5)
-Harvard educated professor -Wanted rights immediately -He felt that African-Americans should be led by the "talented tenth" - their best-educated leaders -Founded the NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -Wanted change immediately
Fighting Segregation (4)
-Homer Plessy sits in an whites-only compartment in a train to test the law -He is arrested - appeals and the case goes to the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson -The court ruled in favor of the railroad company, saying they did not violated the 14th Amendment -Legalized segregation went on for 60 more years
The Tweed Ring (5)
-In 1863, the most famous political machine was Tammany Hall (Democrat) led by William Marcy Tweed ("Boss Tweed") -It ran the Democratic Party in New York -Tweed used his position to make he and his friends rich - came to be known as the Tweed Ring -Tweed continued to control elections and big business in the city until he was exposed by a new bookkeeper (in Spain) for the city who gave information to the New York Times in 1871 -Tweed did not want bad pictures of himself in newspapers since many of his constituents (supporters) were illiterate. Tweed died in jail for embezzlement.
Limiting Chinese Immigrants (3)
-In 1873, the economy worsened and many felt the Chinese laborers were to blame for taking jobs from native-born Americans -A group of unemployed workers formed the Workingman's Party of California headed by Irish immigrant Denis Kearney -The mantra was: "The Chinese must go!" -California law banned Chinese from certain jobs from living in certain neighborhoods. (Couldn't have certain jobs and marry caucasian people)
Whiskey Ring Scandal
-In 1875 another scandal was exposed when a new treasure secretary revealed a conspiracy -Some high government officials, including Grant's private secretary, were receiving tax dollars illegally -Government officials were bribed by whiskey distillers - the distillers were allowed to keep millions of dollars in taxes and in return they gave these government officials a cut
Political Machines (3)
-In the late 1800s, cities grew enough that they needed professional politicians -In many cities, overcrowding, crime, and poor sanitation needed to be addressed -Political machines roe up to meet these needs, often by using corrupt practices
Social Gospel (2)
-Lived out what Jesus would have done through good work -these women believed that religious faith should be expressed through good works and believed they had a moral duty to solve society's problems
Japanese Immigrants (4)
-Nativists resented Japanese immigrants -In 1906, the San Francisco (CA) school board segregated its schools - Japanese were not allowed to go to school with Caucasian children -The Japanese government was outraged -President Theodore Roosevelt and the leaders of Japan came up with the Gentleman's Agreement. This plan stated that Japan would prevent unskilled workers (so their is no job competition) from entering the U.S. would stop segregating schoolchildren
Ellis Island (3)
-On the East Coast in the NY Harbor -Between 1892 and 1954, about 112 million immigrants entered the U.S. through Ellis island -About 20% were detained for health reasons and for lacking the proper papers. Eventually, most were cleared, but some were sent home.
Angel Island (4)
-On the West Coast in the San Francisco Bay -Many Chinese immigrants were detained while awaiting approval -prison-like conditions -after being allowed in, the Chinese faced discrimination and poverty
The Alliance (SUPPORT GROUP, WORK TOGETHER) Movement (3)
-Other Alliances formed for farmers -The Farmers' Alliance began as a way to help farmers with daily needs like buying equipment -In the South, African American farmers were left out and started their own organizations
Gilded Age (2)
-People outside of the US only see the wealthy and think that that is how all life is. The people living in tenements aren't seen. -gilded - covered in gold
Political Machines (Cont.) (3)
-Politcal machines use illegal means to help their constituents -They hired men to vote more then once -There were many payoffs and bribes for granting contracts maintaining monopolies in most major cities
Immigrants and Political Machines (3)
-Political machines used immigrants to their advantage -The immigrants needed basic provisions such as food and clothing and the corrupt politicians needed votes - often bribes were used to get the votes -Political machines leaders gave away shoes, turkeys, jobs and housing all in exchange for votes and support of immigrants
Legalized Discrimination (Continued) (3)
-Poll tax - paying a tax to cast a vote - newly freed slaves do not have the money for this -Literacy tests - many African-Americans were denied an education and could not pass -Grandfather Clause - stated that a man could vote ONLY If he, his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867 *****All of these prevented African-Americans from voting*********
Legalized Segregation (5)
-Provisions for forcing legalized segregation (separation, in public accommodations) on African-Americans were known as JIM CROW LAWS -Jim Crow comes from a stereotypical name for a slave character in a song in the 1820s -The first of the Jim Crow Laws was passed in 1881 - calling for separate railway cars for African-Americans...it did not end with railcars -Soon even schools and most public places and services were segregated -Jim Crow, derogatory figure (one character of "black face")
Election of 1896 (5)
-Republican candidate was William McKinley -Democratic candidate was William Jennings Bryan -Populists supported Bryan because he backed the free coinage of silver -The Populist party died out but started the movement for reform -McKinley won
Credit Mobilier Scandal
-The Credit Mobilier Company charged taxpayers about $23 million MORE than it cost of building the railroad -All of the excess money was pocketed by the Union Pacific directors and the Credit Mobilier stockholders -In 1872, the New York sun reported that these stockholders were inclusive members of Congress and even the Vice President at the time, Schuyler Colfax
Interstate Commerce Act (6)
-The Wabash case led to Congress passing the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 -Significance - first time federal government had regulated industry! -Objective - to make railroad rates fair to all customers and to make sure rates are reasonable -Also stated that the rates must be the same regardless of the haul -Led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission -Since the deferral government responded, the farmers had success in the national level
Bad Press for Grant
-The Whiskey Ring and Credit Mobilier scandals both tarnished Grant's reputation -It wasn't proved if he knew about these things, but because they reached so high up in his administration, he was thought poorly of after these events
The Gold Standard (5)
-The gold standard reduced the number of dollars in circulation -Farmers wanted the dollar to again be backed by silver as well -They pressured Congress to pass such a law and mint some silver coins - however it did not have the impact they had hoped for -They continued to pressure government -Was accepted, tried, but failed
The National Grange=POLITICAL (Cont.) (3)
-They wanted help on the federal level -Went to the Supreme Court - In Munn v. Illinois - ruled in favor of the Grange saying that state legislature had the right to regulate business that involved public interest -In Wabash v. Illinois the Court ruled that the federal government had the power to regular railroad traffic moving across state boundaries
Tweed meets his end
-Tweed was convicted for fraud and extortion in 1873 -He was sentenced to 12 years in jail - he later escaped and was caught in Spain -Officials recognized him from one of Nast's cartoons -He died in New York City Jail
Federal Corruption
-Ulysses S. Grant (was general of Union army, better as a general than president) was president in 1869 -His reputation was tarnished by scandal during his presidency -The Credit Mobilier (French) showed a high level of corruption -The Union Pacific Railroad set up a company called Credit Mobilier that was to build part of the transcontinental railroad
Ending Corruption
-When President Hayes came into office in 1877, he sough to end fraud and corruption -He did crack down and fire those who did not move to end fraud -In 1880, James A. Garfield became president for a brief time - he was assassinated in July 1881 by a man (he was mentally unstable) who was denied a job in Garfield's administration
Old Immigrants (5)
-arrived before 1880 -came from Northern and Western Europe -Protestant Christians -culturally similiar to America -settled in cities and rural areas
New Immigrants (5)
-arrived between 1880-1910 -came from Southern and Eastern Europe -Catholics, Jews, or Orthodox Christians -culturally different from Americans -settled in cities
The Middle Class (4)
-as industry grew, so did the need for educated workers -as more people entered the work force as professionals, the middle class grew -there were needs for doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers -with this need came more strict regulations for education and licensing of these individuals - professionalization
Once immigrants were allowed in, they... (4)
-could only afford to live in slum-like conditions overcrowded -tended to live in groups based upon ethnicity -could only find low-paying jobs in factories -cities were overcrowded and urban life was difficult
Social Darwinists (2)
-disagreed with social gospel group -believed in survival of the fittest
Women in the Workforce (4)
-few professions accepted women as members -when they did find work, it was as typists, secretaries, or salesclerks -women often stopped working once they married -with indusrtriazlaiton, running a house was easier - example - they could buy clothing instead of making it
The Settlement House Movement (5)
-first house was in Chicago -uses model of London reformers -settlement Houses taught immigrants skills instead of just giving handouts -hull house was one of the first in U.S. founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star in 1889 -run by middle class, educated women
Workingman's Party of CA
-headed by Dennis Kearney (Irish immigrant) -"The Chinese Must Go!"
How did immigrants cope with this new life? (3)
-immigrants surrounded themselves with people of their own culture and religion to feel comfortable -cities in Northeast & in the midwest became patchworks of ethnic neighborhoods -residents established churches and institutions to keep their heritage and religion alive
Native Americans-Other Discrimination (4)
-in some states not considered citizens until 1924 -excluded from politics -stuck on reservations - no economic relief -government tried to "Americanize" their children
How were people able to prevent African Americans to keep them from voting? (3)
-intimidation -kkk, prominent members of society -lynch, immediate hanging with no trial
Nativists (4)
-native-born Americans saw the immigrants as a threat to society -even though immigrant labor helped boost the economy, Nativists felt their jobs were threatened because immigrants worked for less wages -nativists felt the immigrants were too different culturally and blamed them for crime, poverty, and violence in the cities -felt immigrants didn't fit in b/c they were poor, illiterate, and non-protestant
Americanization (2)
-not all native-born Americans were in agreement with Nativists -some actually worked to help immigrants assimilate into American life by learning English and citizenship information
tenement houses (5)
-poor ventilation -little lighting -no plumbing -trash and sewage were left in the street -these conditions led to sickness and ultimately death in many cases
Why New Immigrants Came to America (6)
-religious freedom -poverty -desire for a better life -no opportunities in country -not enough jobs in country -little land to go around
Benevolent Societies (2)
-residents also formed what came to be known as benevolent societies--aid organizations to help immigrants. -The societies helped immigrants obtain: jobs, health care, and education.
Asian Americans-Other Discrimination (3)
-segregated schools and living -not allowed in white neighborhoods -mixed marriages illegal in some states
The Wealthy (4)
-spent vast amounts of money on houses -owned multiple homes - one in city and one in country for getting away - example Cornelius Vanderbilt -wealthy women felt their place was in the home managing servants and entertaining -some spent time working on social reform
Jacob Riis (5)
-successful muckraker, since he does raise awareness (stirred things up) -wrote book called How the Other Half Lives in 1890 -depicts life of the Lower East Side of New York, exposing the horrors of tenement life to the country with drawings and stories -later, uses photography to capture disturbing images -Future President Teddy Roosevelt says, "I have seen you pictures and I am here to help."
The Working Class (2)
-the poor, working class living in crowded, filthy tenement houses -they worked and lived in these horrendous conditions, no escape
When was the constitution written?
1789
Brown vs. Board of Education (In Kansas)
1954, will override Plessy v. Ferguson
Civil Rights Act
1964
How many amendments are there?
27 Amendments
Early Skyscrapers
After industrialization, cities needed to expand, they build up instead of out by using steel frames, they could build taller buildings.
What is the religion of the new settlers? (immigrants)
Catholic
Frederick Law Olmstead
Designed lush parks in urban areas to preserve some of the countryside. Most famous is Central Park in NYC.
13th Amendment
Freed the slaves
Upon landing in the U.S., immigrants had to...
Go through another medical checkup, and if they didn't pass, they could either be sent home or put in quarantine.
Before they got on the steamship, ...
Immigrants had to get a medical checkup to meet the requirements.
Urban Growth
People feared that with urban sprawl, green space would be lost.
Farmers were (What party)...
Populists! (Some thought that free coinage of silver so we can put more money out there)
Progressive Era
Populists' Era of reform
What is the religion of the original settlers? (American Citizens)
Protestants
Gentleman's Agreement
Roosevelt created this to prevent unskilled Japanese workers from entering the US. In return, the US stopped segregation.
Political Machine (Definition)
Was an informal group of professional politicians who controlled local government, well/successful group of people who worked in "shady" ways
Benevolent Societies Definition
aid organizations to help immigrants
Xenophobia
fear of foreigners
Henry Street Settlement in NYC
founded by Lillian Wald
Civil Servant
gets salary through taxes, works for government
Teddy Roosevelt
great diplomat and could negotiate well
Elisha Otis
invented the safety elevator
Professionalization
strict regulations for education and licensing of these individuals
Mexican Americans-Other Discrimination
struggled to do language differences and debt peonage, a practice carried over from Mexico that held a person in one job until they paid off a debt to their employer. (Will remain poor)
Literacy Test
test passed in 1917 that measured immigrants ability to read and write English
Steerage
the cheapest, but the most uncomfortable part in the bottom of the ship
William Graham Sumner
was a sociologist who believed that the poor were poor because they were not strong enough