History Chapter 6

One of the compromises worked out at the constitutional convention was that for the purposes of taxation and representation

five slaves would be equal to three free men.

The U.S. violated the treaty of Paris by continuing to persecute loyalist and

having state courts not assist Britain in collecting debts

Father of the Constitution

James Madison

Vifginia delegate to the Constitutional convention who authored the Virgina Plan

James Madison

Constitutional plan which called for states to be represented EQUALLY in a bicameral congress.

New Jersey plan

Western farmers were refused right of deposit at this Spanish controlled city at the mouth of the Mississippi

New Orleans

Group that supported the ratification of the constitution

federalists

Western Land Claims controversy

"Haves" vs the "Have-nots" Some "have-nots" refused to ratify the Articles until some "haves" gave up their western land claims to Congress as "public domain", since they may benefit more from the new govt than the "Have-nots"!

contributions of James Madison

"father of the Constitution", JM lectured the delegateson constritutional matters and propsed a new framework for govt called the Virginia Plan.

List the major powers that the national government had under the Articles of Confederation and The Constitution

1. established legal authority 2. Unite states 3. Power reserved for states 4. each state had 1 vote 5. borrow money 6. raise army/navy

The northwest Oridnances did all of the following

1. protect the civill liberties of western settlers. 2. raise funds for the confederation Congress through the sale of western lands. 3. establish the steps new territories would take toward statehood.

year in which the Articles of Confederation were ratified

1781

The Constitution was adopted in this year

1788

number of states needed to ratify the Constitution

9

arguments of the Anti-federalists and Federalists

Anti's opposed a new Constitution mostly because there was no bill of rights, or that the delegates had scraped rather than revise the Article.

Captured ships and crews of nations who refused to pay tributes

Bar Bary Pirats

Oldest delegate at the Philadelphia Convention

Ben Franklin

limited national government with most powers reserved for the state

Confederation

Led a rebellion of western Massachusetts farmers

Daniel Shays

Series of essays which supported a strong central government

Federalist papers

Talks of sucession from these two states organized the formation of land ordinaces

Kentucky and Tennesse

Location of the Consitutional Convention

Philidelphia

Describe the new Jersey Plan

The New Jersey Plan (also widely known as the Small State or Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's, calling for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid.[2] The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the larger states, and so proposed an alternate plan that would have given one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature). This was a compromise for the issue of the houses. This plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (The proponents of the Virginia Plan). When the Connecticut Compromise (or "Great Compromise") was constructed, the New Jersey Plan's legislative body was used as the model for the United States Senate.[3] Under the New Jersey Plan, the organization of the legislature was similar to that of the modern day United Nations and other similar institutions. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities, and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, so they remained. The New Jersey plan also gave power to regulate trade and to raise money by taxing all foreign goods. Ultimately, the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a new constitution. The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey plan were added. In the Senate each state would be represented equally while the House of Representatives votes would be distributed according to population

Describe the Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan proposed instead a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their "Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants."[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented. In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.

contrast the Virginia Plan with the New Jersey Plan

VA Plan represented the large states proposing a bicameral legislature where population would dtermine the number each state had in BOTH houses. NJ Plan, or small-state plan, was merely a revision of the Articles with a unicameral legislature whereby all states would be equally represented.

What is the idea of "checks and balances" in the Constitution?

With checks and balances, each of the three branches of government can limit the powers of the others. This way, no one branch becomes too powerful. Each branch "checks" the power of the other branches to make sure that the power is balanced between them.

Group that opposed ratification of the constitution

anti-federalists

characteristics of early state constitutions

bicameral legislature, 3 branches of govt, bill of rights, system of checks and balances, strict voting qualifications leaving out ???

Under the Articles of Confederation, states conflicted over

boundaries, currency, and trade

difficulties with the Spanish after the War

boundary dispute over Western Florida, withdrawal of navigation rights on the lower Mississippi and the use of New Orleans as "port of deposit"

how Shay's Rebellion demonstrated a need for a stronger central government

by taking over part of the govt of MA and seizing a federal arsenal, the rebel farmers showed how easy such uprisings might be without a strong federal govt to control them.

most of the people who supported the ratification of the Constitution

came from cities and trade centers.

A system in which power is divided between a central government and state governments is known as

constituttionalism

3 branches of government

executive (enforces the law), legislative (makes the law), and judicial (explains the law).

The United States had difficulties with spain during the Confederation period because Spain

feared future expansion of the United States into the Spanish empire in America.

description of Constitutional convention delegates

most with experience in politics (Congress), many were lawyers or judges, many had college degrees, all well-known Americans. TJ called them "an assembly of demi-gods".

weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to tax (therefore, no steady source of income), changes had to be unanimous, no power to regulate commerce, no executive or judicial branches, no allowances for poplulation differences (one state - one vote).

Dictated how the land north of the Ohio River would be governed & settled.

northwest Ordinates

the State of Franklin as evidence of problems in the West

reason for wanting to secede was a lck of power by Congress to help the West with their needs, possibilities of Spain interceding.

A disagreement between northern and southern states at the Constitutional Convention developed over

representation in Congress.

Northwest Ordinances as patterns for national expansion

set a precedent for how US territories would be divided up to be sold (townships & sections), how a territory would become a state, and gives civil liberties to settlers & bans slavery.

examples of compromise at the Constitutional Convention

the "Great Compromise" was a major one when delegates decided to blend the large and small state plans. Other compromises involved the counting of slaves to determine a state's population for representation purposes (3/5 compromise). Another one involved a gradual interference by the national government regarding the slave trade.

The delay in ratification of the Articles of Confederation was due to disputes over

western land

Groups not allowed to vote

women, blacks, N.A.'s, those not owning property, younter than 21, those not meeting certain religious requirements.

troubles with Great Britain after the Way

would not evacuate American soil along the Great Lakes, encouraged Indian attacks, refused trade with the US.