History Chapters 22+23

(election picture) As a result of electoral irregularities, how many contested electoral votes were there in this election? Meaning that the election's results would have to await the settlement of these votes.

20

Haymarket Square

A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.

Horace Greeley

A New York newspaper editor, Greeley ran for president in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Crédit Mobilier scandal

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices—and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the vice president to allow the ruse to continue., Was an example of some of the corruption that occurred during this period of time.

After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states?

A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops

Jay Gould

A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor.

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Gilded Age

A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.

Closed Shop

A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire nonunion members.

The method of mass production that developed during the nineteenth century was a process that

relied on the use of power driven machinery

In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won which of the following?

An eight-hour day for government workers

The People's Party (Populist) advocated which of the following?

An increase in the money supply

(hot air balloon image) The cartoon suggests that the disparate groups that favored the People's (Populist) Party typically shared which of the following?

Belief in a stronger federal government role in the United States economic system

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican?

Black northerners

(election picture)How did Congress intend to decide the disputed election?

By a special electoral commission created by Congress

How did J. P. Morgan eliminate his banking competition?

By establishing interlocking directorates

(boss tweed image) During the late nineteenth century, politicians such as the one depicted in the image most likely would have opposed which of the following?

Calls for reforms to local and state governments

which was a result of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

Chinese immigration was prohibited in the United States until 1943.

All of the following were true of the Election of 1884 except:

Cleveland chose to "lie like a gentleman" about his illegitimate son.

Blaine lost the election of 1884 for all of the following reasons except:

Cleveland had been involved in an amorous affair with a Buffalo widow, who had an illegitimate son, for whom Cleveland had made financial provision.

In contrast to the Knights of Labor, what did the American Federation of Labor advocate for?

Concentrating on improving wages and hours and avoiding general social reform

Pendleton Act

Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.

Interstate Commerce Act

Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the act to achieve their own ends, but it gave the government an important means to regulate big business. It gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

he assassination of President James Garfield by a disappointed office seeker did which of the following?

Created the impetus to establish the first civil service system for federal employees

Which of the following was LEAST involved in the struggle for women's rights?

Dorothea Dix

States in which of the following time zones were not compelled by the federal government to cede land to railroad companies?

Eastern Time

The Interstate Commerce Act achieved all of the following except:

Eliminated government supervision of the railroads

True or False: Democrats and Republicans were at opposite ends of the room on questions of the tariff and civil-service reform during the postwar period.

False

(hot air ballon image) Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the Populist Party?

sharecroppers

Which of the following was the most important factor promoting the construction of railroads after the Civil War?

Government subsidies in the form of loans and land grants

(map image) Which one of the following railroad companies did not receive a land grant from the federal government?

Great Northern Railroad

Why was the Democrats' nomination of Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate in 1872 politically disastrous?

Greeley had spent many years denouncing Democrats as morally deficient slave traders and traitors.

(election image) Who was declared the victor in 1876?

Hayes

The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized

skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains

The depression that began with the panic of 1873 created the first major clamor for which of the following?

Inflationary policies to be promoted by issuing greenbacks and other forms of soft money

What did a vertical integration like the Carnegie Steel Corporation accomplish?

It established monopolistic control of every phase of business, from raw material to final consumer.

Which of the following is true of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?

It had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations.

What best describes the primary base of the Democratic Party?

It included wealthy easterners, poorer midwesterners, and debt-burdened agrarians.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court ruling in Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois?

It prohibited states from regulating interstate commerce.

Which of the following was true of the American labor movement in the late nineteenth century?

It was involved in a number of violent strikes.

All of the following are true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act except:

It was very effective.

Which of the following best accounts for the success of the American Federation of Labor in organizing labor in the late 1800s?

Its policy of organizing only skilled craftsmen

President assassinated during his first year in office

James a Garfield

To justify their economic domination of their industries, large trusts like Standard Oil and those of Swift and Armour claimed what?

Large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices.

"Every contract, combination in form of trust orotherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade orcommerce in any territory of the United States . . .is hereby declared illegal." The passage above was most effectively used for which purpose in the late nineteenth century?

Limiting the power of labor unions

The union membership card pictured above is designed to accomplish which of the following?

Link union membership with patriotic and religious images

If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above?

Midwestern farmers

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in all of the following except:

More rights for blacks in the South

If you had a window overlooking Dearborn Street in Chicago in 1900, this might be your view. This image shows the result of a half-century of industrialization, a bustling, crowded city that also reveals many of the priorities of the age. (image) What does the image indicate about urban life in Chicago?

People worked in one part of the city and lived in another.

"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform?

People's Party (Populists)

(boat image) Which of the following most directly affected the lives of the late-nineteenth-century workers?

Political machines that provided social services in exchange for votes

Who did southern textile mills generally employ?

Poor whites recently off the farms

If you had a window overlooking Dearborn Street in Chicago in 1900, this might be your view. This image shows the result of a half-century of industrialization, a bustling, crowded city that also reveals many of the priorities of the age. (image) Based solely on the image, what can be inferred about manufacturing in 1900?

Public advertising was important to sales.

In 1868, Republicans generated enthusiasm for their candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, by doing what?

Reviving gory images of the Civil War

Obscure candidate who was at one point dubbed "The Great Unknown"

Rutherford B hayes

What was the significance of the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson?

Segregation laws were upheld as constitutional.

Members of which of the following groups were most likely to support the Populist Party?

Sharecroppers from the South

What was one reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor between the Democrats and the Republicans of the Gilded Age?

Sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties

(two images with reconstruction and slaves) What conclusion may be reasonably drawn from the image about the cartoonist's views?

Southerners will thrive without outside interference.

he decisions of the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally did which of the following?

Strengthened the position of big business.

What was the basic belief of the Social Darwinists?

Survival of the fittest.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

Tghis decision occurred in 1886., As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry., A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Which of the following labor organizations endorsed the philosophy of "bread and butter" unionism by concentrating on demands for higher wages, shorter hours, and improved work conditions?

The American Federation of Labor

All of the following were nineteenth-century transcontinental railroad lines except:

The Canadian Railroad

Who is associated with the Haymarket Square riot?

The Knights of Labor

Which two railroads joined to create the first transcontinental line in 1869?

The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific

Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic productivity of the United States in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s?

The application of new technologies expanded large-scale industrial manufacturing.

If you had a window overlooking Dearborn Street in Chicago in 1900, this might be your view. This image shows the result of a half-century of industrialization, a bustling, crowded city that also reveals many of the priorities of the age. image,, What conclusion may be reasonably drawn from the image about the architecture of downtown Chicago?

The buildings were used for residential and commercial interests alike.

Which of the following was not an effect of transcontinental railroad lines?

The cost of the railroads resulted in an economic depression.

Access to natural resources for businesses changed from the mid 1800's to the late 1800's most directly as a result of which of the following

The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph

Rutherford B. Hayes

The former Republican governor of Ohio who became president after the contested 1876 election. By 1880 he had lost the support of his party and was not renominated for the office.

(hot air balloon image) The People's (Populist) Party emerged most directly in response to which of the following late-nineteenth-century trends?

The growth of corporate power in agriculture and the economy

What brought a halt to Boss Tweed's widespread corruption?

The journalistic exposes of The New York Times and cartoonist Thomas Nast

Interlocking Directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the board of directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Vertical Integration

The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

Horizontal Integration

The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.

What was one of the most difficult adjustments many formerly rural workers had to make to the industrial system?

The strict discipline and regimentation of time

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.

Which best describes the relationship between the Democrats and the Republicans during the Gilded Age?

They disagreed primarily over the power of the federal government.

How did the government contribute to the building of the national rail network?

They provided free grants of federal land to the railroad companies.

City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following?

They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.

Who of the following was known as the most versatile inventor of the Gilded Age?

Thomas Edison

(men on boat image) The situation depicted in the image contributed most immediately to

the organization of new labor unions to confront managerial power

(Boss Tweed image) the image was created most directly in response to

the power gained by urban political machines

Which group was most dramatically altered by the new industrial age?

Women

William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" oration was primarily an expression of his

advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver

(two images with reconstruction and slaves)How are federal soldiers portrayed in the image on the left?

as slave masters

During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican?

black northerners

(two images with reconstruction and slaves)Who is likely buried in the image on the right?

carpet baggers

At the end of the nineteenth century, the desire of American business to control supplies of raw materials led to

vertical integration

Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," 1889 passage The "temporary unequal distribution of wealth" that Carnegie refers to in the excerpt resulted most directly from the

consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

The image was created most directly in response to the (men on boat image)

consolidation of corporations into trusts and holding companies

The precipitating factor in the 1894 Pullman strike was Pullman's

cutting of wages without proportionate cuts in company housing rents

In the last half of the nineteenth century, the New South advocates supported

expansion of southern industry

Grover Cleveland

first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term, he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis., President from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897. President from 1885 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.Cleveland's first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term, he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to ease the crisis.

Millionaire who conspired to corner the gold market in 1869

jay Gould

Although the Sherman Antitrust Act was originally intended to inhibit the growth of business monopolies, courts initially used its provisions successfully against

labor unions

Between 1870 and 1900, farmers did all of the following in an attempt to better their condition EXCEPT

limit production of crops

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the formation of labor unions was often a response to

low wages and dangerous conditions in industrial work

(Boss Tweed picture) The cartoon above is a commentary on late-nineteenth-century

municipal corruption

In the three decades following the Civil War, the policies of the Republican Party generally favored

northern industrial interests