History Cowboy Test

"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." Which of the following most likely motivated Congress to pass the law in the excerpt? A.) a federal effort to remove indigenous nations from land and claim it for white settlers B.) a treaty between France and indigenous nations that created an alliance to conquer western states C.) an armed invasion by several indigenous nations aiming to reclaim land in the northeastern states D.) a divisive court ruling that excluded indigenous land from state laws and guaranteed an indigenous right to sovereignty

A

"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. The point of view expressed in the quotation above is most likely that of: A.) a federal homestead recipient. B.) a transcontinental railroad owner. C.) a formerly enslaved person. D.) a person searching for religious freedom.

A

"In the end, the Ghost Dance offered believers, not an immediate and violent rejection of American governance, but an intense spiritual and emotional experience that facilitated their accommodation to American dominance in many areas of Indian life while simultaneously allowing them to seek out health and prosperity on Indian terms. The Ghost Dance, in other words, helped many believers accept conquest while strengthening their resolve to resist assimilation." Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt? A.) the creation of government policies forcing indigenous communities to relocate to reservations B.) the establishment of federal agencies aimed at representing indigenous interests and protecting their communities from federal intervention C.) the legislation protecting indigenous lands under federal law from invasion by foreign countries D.) the formation of an alliance between indigenous nations to resist American efforts to expand onto native lands

A

Under the Dawes Act of 1887, how would Native Americans be eligible for American citizenship? A.) They would have to disavow tribal practices and cultivate a parcel of land in the settler's fashion. B.) They would have to find and cultivate their own land west of the Mississippi River. C.) They would have to register as members of one of the "Five Civilized Tribes:" Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chocktaw, Creek, and Seminole.

A

What did James Marshall discover when he was overseeing the construction of a California sawmill in 1848? A.) Gold! The discovery set off the Gold Rush of 1849. B.) An abundance of steel, which would provide enough material to expand railways westward. C.) An ancient Indian burial site that included a wealth of precious metals.

A

What did the prophet Wovoka promise would come about as a result of the Ghost Dance? A.) The buffalo, hunted to near-extinction, would return; white settlers would be banished from Indian territory; and the spirits of the dead would return to aid the living in combat. B.) The white settlers would all but wipe out the American Indian population, but Indians would be united with their ancestors in the afterlife, where they would build a new world. C.) The buffalo, hunted to near-extinction, would return from the afterlife and trample the majority of the white settlers.

A

"I am looking rather seedy now while holding down my claim And my victuals are not always served the best, And the mice play shyly 'round me as I nestle down to rest In my little old sod shanty in the West. "Yet I rather like the novelty of living in this way Though my bill of fare is always rather tame, But I'm happy as a clam on the land of Uncle Sam In my little old sod shanty on my claim. . . . "My clothes are plastered o'er with dough, I'm looking like a fright And everything is scattered 'round the room, But I wouldn't give the freedom that I have out in the West For the table of the Eastern man's old home. The song lyrics most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late nineteenth century? A.) discovery of gold and silver in California and Nevada B.) construction of the transcontinental railroad C.) mass migration to rural areas in the Midwest D.) creation of cooperative organizations for farmers

B

"The object is to accomplish a thorough and systematic organization among farmers, horticulturists, and those engaged in rural pursuits throughout the United States, that will secure among them intimate social relations and acquaintance with each other, for the advancement and elevation of their pursuits, with an appreciation of their true interests. By such means may be accomplished that which exists throughout the country in all other vocations and among all other classes — combined co-operative association for the individual improvement and common benefit." The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the 1870s and 1880s? A.) the migration of families to western lands following the introduction of the Homestead Act B.) the creation of organizations aimed at connecting farmers at local and regional levels C.) the introduction of federal policy to support the agricultural industry after a financial panic D.) the construction of the transcontinental railroad that connected the East to the West

B

The possibility of great wealth suddenly arose during the Gold Rush. How did this change the racial dynamics of California? A.) Chinese and Latin American immigrants banded together with white settlers to force Native Americans off land where they prospected for gold. B.) Competition over mining claims led to xenophobia and racial violence against immigrants. C.) New opportunity leveled the playing field for people of all races and ethnic backgrounds, encouraging cooperation.

B

What consequences did members of the 7th US Cavalry undergo for participating in the massacre at Wounded Knee? A.) The soldiers involved in the massacre were dishonorably discharged from the US Cavalry and 20 of them were sent to jail. B.) Twenty US Army personnel were awarded the Medal of Honor, and the event was generally regarded as favorable by the American public. C.) While twenty Army personnel were awarded the Medal of Honor, the white American public looked upon the massacre as a disgrace and an affront to their values.

B

What did the Homestead Act guarantee for American citizens? A.) A free house in exchange for working as a sharecropper. B.) A 160-acre plot of land, in exchange for working the land for 5 years. C.) A 160-acre plot of land, in exchange for working in any capacity for the federal government.

B

What were Indian reservations mainly meant to accomplish? A.) White Americans gave Native Americans an opportunity to get involved in local government. B.) They kept Native Americans off of lands that white Americans wanted to settle. C.) They kept Native Americans from assimilating into European American culture.

B

"Hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty. Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe." This law undermined which of the following federal actions? A.) the Fifteenth Amendment that guaranteed all citizens the right to vote B.) the federal law that created the reservation system in the American West C.) the Supreme Court decision which guaranteed indigenous sovereignty D.) the legislative measure that banned white settlers from taking native land

C

"The present year witnesses the completion of the most important enterprise of the kind ever executed in any country— a line of railroad from the Missouri River across the Continent, and with connecting lines from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. . . . the influence of these works . . . upon the commerce and welfare of this country must be immense. A vast commerce, yet in its infancy, already exists between the two shores of the Continent." Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? A.) United States victory over the Confederate states in the Civil War B.) federal legislation that gave land to families willing to work western land C.) government loans to support railroad construction in the West D.) trade agreements and partnerships with European and Asian countries

C

"Whose voice was first sounded on this land? The voice of the red people, who had but bows and arrows. . . . What has been done in my country I did not want, did not ask for it; white people going through my country. . . . The white children have surrounded me and have left me nothing but an island. When we first had this land we were strong, now are melting like snow on the hillside, while you are grown like spring grass. . . . When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him." People who shared the author's ideas at the time most typically sought to achieve their goals by doing which of the following? A.) migrating north to Canada for more plots of land B.) filing legal challenges in federal courts against white settlers C.) resisting migration and fighting American forces D.) petitioning the government for American citizenship

C

How did the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn go for the U.S. Army? A.) It had mixed results; although the 7th Cavalry won their battle with the Sioux army, Colonel George Custer was killed. B.) It was a great success; Custer and the 7th Cavalry defeated the Sioux army and officially ended the Indian Wars. C.) It was an utter rout; Colonel George Custer was killed and the 7th cavalry was defeated.

C

How did the Dawes Act challenge Native American authority? A.) It negated the US Indian Reorganization Act, which had allowed Native Americans to form their own tribal governments. B.) It forcibly displaced the Five Civilized Tribes form the southeast United States, and put them on a deadly journey towards the plains. C.) It attempted to destroy tribal governing councils and confiscate tribal land.

C

YearAcreage harvestedProduction (in millions of bushels)Price per ton186716,738211\$2.01$2.01dollar sign, 2, point, 01186921,194288\$0.92$0.92dollar sign, 0, point, 92187122,230272\$1.25$1.25dollar sign, 1, point, 25187324,866322\$1.17$1.17dollar sign, 1, point, 17187528,382314\$1.01$1.01dollar sign, 1, point, 01 *The table most strongly supports which of the following arguments? A.) As agricultural production increased, farmers cultivated less acreage as land became scarce. B.) As the price of food decreased, agricultural production decreased as family farms could not shoulder the costs. C.) As agricultural production increased, the price of food declined across the United States. D.) As the price of food increased, agricultural production increased for farmers in the Great Plains.

C

What does a tornado represent?

Chaos and destruction.

"It is little more than four years ago since I was last in this then almost unknown, but now world-famous, oil region. In the comparatively brief interval that has elapsed everything but the geographic conformation of the country, everything but its mountains and rivers, has been changed. . . . "Take one instance. Corry, four years ago, was a poor farm where the thinly-scratched soil of cold clay land yielded so little that the whole place, buildings and all, might easily have been purchased at 8 or 10 dols. an acre. . . . I was at Corry the other night. It is a fine rough city of about 10,000 inhabitants. The Atlantic and Great Western Railway, which has opened it up, has its great depot there, and has made it the central exchange of petroleum. It has nearly twenty banks, two newspapers, and the city is now building a large opera-house. The quotations made on the oil exchange at Corry, whether of oil, gold, or breadstuffs, influence Wall-street, and have infinitely greater weight on the trade of the country than anything done throughout all of Pennsylvania. The phenomena described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1860s and 1870s? A.) the relocation of indigenous communities from the South B.) the end of federal enforcement of Reconstruction laws C.) the rise in immigration from China, Germany, and Ireland D.) the creation of new commercial centers

D