History Exam Ch. 20-23
Butler v. US
(1936) invalidated the AAA on the grounds that Congress did not have the power to create a tax that would benefit one sector of society and that agriculture was a responsibility of the states, not the federal government
The Kings/Queens of Jazz 1920s
(All black) Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong. Bessie Smith, Josephine Baker (flapper)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.
Scopes Trial
1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools
Glass-Steagall Act
1933 created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured individual bank deposits, ended unstable banking
National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA)
1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. This organization pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition. Was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US
Wagner Act
1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
Zoot suit riots
1940's - Riots that occurred mostly in Los Angeles, CA between white marines and young Mexican Americans. White marines thought that the dress of "zoot suits" of the Mexican Americans was un-patriotic, although about 300,000 Mexican Americans were in the armed forces
Atlantic Charter
1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war
Korematsu v. US
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
1944, job training, edu, unemployment compensation, low-interest loans; helped economy, AKA the GI Bill
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting between Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt in which the leaders discussed plans for the post-war world and Stalin promised to allow free elections in Eastern Europe. The breaking of this promise led in part to the Cold War.
Truman Doctrine
1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
McCarran Internal Security Act
1950 Act passed over President Harry S. Truman's veto which required registration of American Communist party members, denied them passports, and allowed them to be detained as suspected subversives.
Father Coughlin
A Catholic priest who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air. however, before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.
Emma Goldman
A Russian immigrant, and outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labor agitator. She advocated birth control before World War I.
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Emergency Banking Act
A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive. AKA 4 day bank holiday
Teheran Conference
A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the UN after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries
United Service Organization (USO)
A private, nonprofit organization that provides morale and recreational services to members of the U.S. military. To maintain moral during WWII, thousands of young women were recruited by the USO to serve as hostesses in their clubs--women were expected to dress nicely, dance well, and chat hapilly with loney men to encourage "healthy heteosexuality."
Mcnary-Haugen Bill
A proposed law to limit agricultural sales within the United States, and either store them or export them. It was an attempt to prevent an agricultural inflation and to keep prices normal. It was not passed.
Civilian Conservation Core (CCC)
A public work relief program that hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people. Jobs reserved for all races by percentage. FDR's favorite group.
Iron curtain
A term popularized by Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Accused people of being communists and "blacklisted" them. Investigated the government. Richard Nixon was a member.
National Origins Act 1924
Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely
Bruce Barton
Advertising executive who wrote "The Man Nobody Knows", which portrayed Jesus as the "greatest advertiser of his day"
National Defense Research Committee
Agency set up in June 1940 by FDR to coordinate military research, including a top-secret effort to develop an atomic bomb. Developed new technology (radar and sonar) and code breaking mechanisms (ultra and magic)
Trinity Test
America's secret testing of the atomic bomb in New Mexico in 1945
Margaret Sanger
American nurse and author; pioneer in the movement for family planning; organized conferences and established birth control clinics. Wanted other races to have birth control for different reasons.
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
Welfare Capitalism
An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high.
War Production Board (WPB)
An economic planning board made to maximize efficiency production for the war effort. ex. Planes, tanks , guns, etc.
Billy Sunday
Baseball player and revivalist preacher, preached to thousands about sins ranging from Darwinism to alcohol.
Calvin Coolidge
Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.
A. Philip Randolph
Black labor leader, called for a March on Washington in 1941. Founder of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. All black male union wins the strike!
Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA)
Built a series of dams to prevent floods and deforestation along the Tennessee River. (FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Civil rights organization started in 1944. Held sit-ins in restaurants. Focused on the "double-V": victory over Germany and Japan and victory over segregation at home.
Ultra and Magic
Code breaking mechanisms in WWII. Ultra was the British code to decode German. Magic was the American code to decode Japanese.
Jack Benny and George Burns
Comedians on the radio during the Great Depression
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Created in 1933, it was designed to make temporary jobs during the winter crisis of the Great Depression. Ran by Hopkins.
Atomic Energy Commission of 1946
Created in 1946 to oversee the research and production of atomic power.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all.
June 6, 1944
D-Day
Battle of the Bulge
December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
4 day bank holiday
Established by Roosevelt so that the banks can be inspected. Either give them extra money, leave them alone, or break them up into pieces to sell.
Court Packing
FDR wanted to increase Supreme Court size from 9 to 15 members, would choose the new members as like-minded people who would do his work, could control courts, Congress ruled against; backfired on him public was unhappy
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)
Federal agency with authority to regulate trading practices in stocks and bonds.
Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
Federal authorities once again recognized Indians' rights to govern their own affairs. The Dawes act was ended (divided Indian lands and sold off the rest). Initiated by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier.
Office of War Mobilization
Federal office that worked closely with the media to encourage support of the war effort.( Boosts Morale through media - radio, print and film industries.
Stalingrad
Fought during the winter of 1942, it was the first major Soviet victory of World War II and a turning point for the Allies. It claimed more lives than any other single conflict in the War but prevented the Nazis from capturing Russia and was a crucial factor in their eventual defeat.
Pathe and Gaumont
French filmmakers, world's leading producers until 1920s when America took the lead. They quit production to distribute American films in Europe
Black Cabinet
Group of African Americans FDR appointed to key government positions; served as unofficial advisers to the president.
Nan Britton
Harding's mistress. She wasn't well known until she published "The President's Daughter" in 1927, about their child
Alice Paul
Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.
Abraham Lincoln Brigades
Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. It froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Insurance policy on savings. Encouraged people to leave money in the bank. Part of the New Deal's Reform.
Enrico Fermi
Italian nuclear physicist (in the United States after 1939) who worked on artificial radioactivity caused by neutron bombardment and who headed the group that in 1942 produced the first controlled nuclear reaction (1901-1954)
Clarence Darrow
Labor lawyer who defended scopes and questioned William Jennings Bryan about the bible
1938 Munich Conference
Meeting between, Chamberlain (Britian), Mussolini (Italy), Daladier (France) and Hitler (Germany). An agreement was reached that Hitler could annex the Sudetenland provided he promised not to invade anywhere else. "Appeasement"
Albert Fall
Member of Harding's cabinet who accepted over $500k from private businessmen and leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome.
Clara Bow
Movie star, provocative "It" girl, idolized flapper
Rudolph Valentino
Movie star, the original on-screen "latin lover"
Marian Anderson
One of the greatest concert singers of her time. First African-American to perform at the Whitehouse. The DAR (Daughters of the American Revolution) refused her use of Constitution Hall for a concert, so Eleanor Roosevelt set her up to perform at the Lincoln Memorial.
Section 7(a)
Part of the National Industrial Recovery Act that promised workers the right to form unions and collectively bargain, wasn't enforceable.
National Security Act of 1947
Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.
Share our wealth plan
Program that took money from the rich and distributed it to the poor. -Radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long to empower the government to confiscate wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every family.
Rural Electrification Administration
Provided affordable electricity for isolated rural areas. Very successful, by 1950, 90% of farms had been wired for electricity and almost all now posessed radios, stoves, fridges, etc.
Sheppard-Towner Act
Provided federal funds to states for establishing prenatal child health-care programs. After complaints from the National Women's Party and American Medical Association, Congress ended the program in 1929.
Robert and Helen Lynd
Published "Middletown", talks about how voting participation has plummeted, Americans care more about their personal lives.
Walter Lippman
Published "Public Opinion" and "The Phantom Public", he says American voters are ill-informed. Coined the term "Manufacture of consent"
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
Required that all job companies with a government contract not to discriminate against someone for race/religion. Intended to help African Americans.
Tripartite Pact
Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
Dixiecrats
Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.
John Scopes
Teacher found guilty in TN for teaching theory of evolution.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed. Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today
Charles and Mary Beard
The most influential historians of their day that stressed economic factors in the development of tracing modern society and emphasized the clash of economic interests as central to American history.
"Dole"
The popular name for government welfare payments, which FDR and his advisors had strong reservations against. Both the government and Hopkins fear that the free relief would affect the public's character and so tried to get people to work. FDR refused to give handouts to men, but giving to women was fine.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Townsend Plan
This plan would pay $200/mo. to everyone over 60 who had retired, as long as they promised to spend the money that month. This provided financial security for the elderly and job openings for the young.
Scottsboro Case
Two white girls accused 9 black teenagers of raping them on a train. There was overwhelming evidence that the boys hadn't done anything, but they were convicted anyway. Later, the Supreme Court overturned the case and the boys eventually got their freedom.
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Union of all black men, led by Philip Randolph; threatened "Negro March to Washington" for better rights & treatment, Union founded by A.Philip Randolph in 1925 to help African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company.
Dorothea Lange
United States photographer remembered for her portraits of rural workers during the Depression (1895-1965)
Manhattan Project
code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
