History Final 140

Maximilien Robespierre, Justification Of the Use of Terror

"Justification for the Use of Terror," a speech by the Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre made in February 1794, as the Reign of Terror was picking up momentum.

Sybil Bristow, "Over the Top"

"Over the Top" is her only known poem Presumably wrote this poem about her brother's experiences in WWI Ten more minutes! - Say yer prayers, Read yer Bibles, pass the rum! Ten more minutes! Strike me dumb, 'Ow they creeps on unawares, Those blooming minutes. Nine. It's queer, I'm sorter stunned. It ain't with fear! Eight. It's like as if a frog Waddled round in your inside, Cold as ice-blocks, straddle wide, Tired o' waiting. Where's the grog? Seven. I'll play yer pitch and toss - Six. - I wins, and tails yer loss. 'Nother minute sprinted by 'Fore I knowed it; only Four (Break 'em into seconds) more 'Twixt us and Eternity. Every word I've ever said Seems a-shouting in my head. Three. Larst night a little star Fairly shook up in the sky, Didn't like the lullaby Rattled by the dogs of War. Funny thing - that star all white Saw old Blighty, too, larst night. Two. I ain't ashamed o' prayers, They're only wishes sent ter God Bits o' plants from bloody sod Trailing up His golden stairs. Ninety seconds - Well, who cares! One - No fife, no blare, no drum - Over the Top - to Kingdom Come!

Lebensraum

"living space") refers to conceptions and policies of a form of settler colonialism connected with agrarianism that existed in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s. One variant of this policy was supported by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

(18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

Ernest Haeckel

(1834-1919) German biologist and philosopher of evolution.

David Livingston, Christianity

(19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873) was a Scottish Congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa.

Carl Gustav Jung

(26 July 1875-6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded analytical psychology. Analytical Psychology. Carl Gustav Jung, the great 20th-century "father of psychotherapy", found straightforward evidence for this in practice. 1. Introversion vs. Extroversion 2. Collective Unconsciousness 3. Religious Emptiness

August Hermann Francke

(born March 22, 1663, Lübeck [Germany]—died June 8, 1727, Halle, Brandenburg) Protestant religious leader, educator, and social reformer who was one of the principal promoters of German Pietism, a movement of spiritual renewal that reacted to the doctrinal preoccupation of contemporary Lutheranism.

Berlin Conference

-(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa. -14 European nations met in 1884-85 to lay down rules for the division of Africa

Boxer Rebellion

-1900 -Chinese peasants raise a huge anti foreigner (and modernization) campaign -marks the end for the now fatally weakened qing dynasty and increases foreign influence

Fascism

-Extreme Nationalism -Strong Military -State-Controlled Economy -Rule by Dictator -Strict Discipline & Obedience -Censorship & Propaganda -Violence & Terror -Blind Loyalty to the Leader

Colonialism

-Forces shaping decline of colonialism -Loss of respect for Western cultural supremacy -Economic boom of post-war period—consumer revolution that defines the modern world—we are what we possess -Nationalism

King Leopold II of Belgium

-King of Belgium from 1865-1909 -He colonized Congo with Henry Morton Stanley. -He sent raw materials to Belgium to make money and he treated the Africans worse with mass murder, malnutrition and mutation. -He made the Africans slaves. -In 1885 at the Berlin Conference he declared that Congo is a free state.

Enlightenment

-intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems -Natural Rights: people are born with certain rights, life, liberty, and property that no government can take from you

Cold War World

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Sting, Russians

A song written by Sting. The song is a commentary and plea that critiques the then-dominant Cold War foreign policy and doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) by the United States and the Soviet Union.

World War II - Europe

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

"Nanking Massacre, 1937"

Also known as the Rape of Nanking or Rape of Nanjing, was an episode during the Second Sino-Japanese War of mass murder and mass rape by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (then spelled Nanking), then capital of the Republic of China. The massacre occurred over six weeks starting December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing. During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants numbering an estimated 40,000 to over 300,000,[7][8] and perpetrated widespread rape and looting.[9][10] Several key perpetrators were tried and found guilty at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal, and were executed. A key perpetrator, Prince Asaka of the Imperial Family, escaped prosecution by having earlier been granted immunity by the Allies.

Reichs Kristallnacht

Also known as the night of the broken glass, was a pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and Austria on 9-10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians.

Henry Stanley

American journalist hired to find missing Livingstone

Thomas Malthus population principle

An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus' population theories were outlined in his book, "An Essay on the Principle of Population", first published in 1798.

Anti-Semitism

Anti Semitism A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races.

Appeasement diplomacy

Appeasement in a political context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict. The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939.

Opium War (1839-1842)

Britain v. China; caused by Chinese ban on British trade of opium to China; industrialized Britain won. -Weakened Qing Dynasty -corrupted Qing officials -opened China to Western exploitation -contributed to the overthrow of the Qing dynasty

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory.

Commerce, and Civilization

David Livingstone is often misunderstood as being a conscious promoter of European colonization of Africa. On the contrary, he believed that the key to Africa's future was the stimulation of indigenous development and good government. Such 'civilization' could only be achieved by the combination of Christianity with legitimate commerce, to replace the Slave Trade which had been the bane of Africa's development for centuries.

Great Depression

Economic Crisis Low business activity stock market crash 1924 and continued through most of 1930's

Zoltverein

Economic Union created by Russia

Al - Afghani

Egyptian intellectual, who agreed that over time Islam, which had arisen 600 years after Christianity, would eventually produce cultures as modern as those Europe. Al - Afghani was one of the rare Islamic writers who directly contested a European thinker. One of the most influential thinkers in the muslim world in the 19th century, Al - Afghani tried to reconcile modern science with Islam.

Ecomienda

Encomienda—was a formal grant given by the Spanish crown to Spanish colonizers

Afrika Korps/Erwin Rommel

Erwin Rommel: German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II (1891-1944) - Was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of their African colonies, the formation fought on in Africa, under various appellations, from March 1941 until its surrender in May 1943.

Dom Pedro (Brazil)

First ruler of Independent Brazil Pedro I, founder of Brazilian Empire Also known as King Pedro IV of Portugal Son of King John VI of Portugal

Fordism

Fordism is a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Cotton/Coal/Colonies

Foundations of Industrialization

George Whitefield

George Whitefield (1714-1770)—Transatlantic Revivalist -British orator who became biggest "celebrity" of the great awakening and he traveled through the colonies giving sermons.

Taiping Rebellion

Goal: Christianize China & abolish evils -20+ million died in 15 year revolt -weakened Qing Dynasty -increased foreign presence (foreign military) in China -peasants became poorer

Frau Ellen Frey "We Did Love Our Fuhrer, Really!"

In Frauen we hear their voices--most for the first time. Alison Owings interviewed and here records the words of twenty-nine German women who were there: Working for the Resistance. Joining the Nazi Party. Outsmarting the Gestapo. Disliking a Jewish neighbor. Hiding a Jewish friend. Witnessing "Kristallnacht." Witnessing the firebombing of Dresden. Shooting at Allied planes. Welcoming Allied troops. Being a prisoner. And being a guard. The women recall their own and others' enthusiasm, doubt, fear, fury, cowardice, guilt, and anguish.

John McCrae, "In Flanders Field"

In his poem "In Flanders Field", John McCrae clearly portrays his feelings about the death of his fellow soldier friend and how the death transited the struggle in his life with the peace of mind he attained. Written from the point of view of a dead person, "In Flanders field" was the most popular poem of the era. The poem if read properly is the exact description of the scene that a soldier faces while fighting for his own country, the poem also truly and beautifully describes the growth of red poppies on the graves of the soldiers.

Christopher Browning, "One Day in Jozefow"

In the article ONE DAY IN JOZEFOW, Initiation to mass murder, the author, Christopher R. Browning, gives his reader an intriguing perspective into the mindset of men who were actually given a choice of whether or not to kill the Jews. Browning's article provides insight into a specific occasion in Jozefow, Poland, where Jews were murdered at point blank range by ordinary policemen.

Inter-War Europe

In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II, the period beginning with the Armistice with Germany that concluded World War I in 1918 and the following Paris Peace Conference in 1919, and ending in September 1939 with the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.

Liberalism

In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state.

Rubyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden"

In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the "burden" of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClure's Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, copied the poem and sent it to his friend, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, commenting that it was "rather poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view." Not everyone was as favorably impressed as Roosevelt. The racialized notion of the "White Man's burden" became a euphemism for imperialism, and many anti-imperialists couched their opposition in reaction to the phrase.

End of Colonialism

India was under the British Rule before 15th. August,1947. The country attained independance through a prolonged freedom movement launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma(great soul).

Halle Pietism

Influenced by the enthusiasm triggered by Philipp Jakob Spener's initial Pietist impulses, Francke founded Pietist groups at the University of Halle, where he taught theology and Oriental languages (1695-1727). His conventicle was criticized by traditional Lutherans for its biblical revivalism and social activism, particularly the founding (1695) at Halle of the Franckesche Stiftungen (Francke Foundations), which included a school for the poor, orphanage, medical dispensary, and publishing house. Dismissed by the established church, Francke later received the favour of King Frederick William I of Prussia, who, influenced by a visit to the institutes (1713), initiated legislation for similar educational centres in his realm.

Dien Bien Phu

Is a city in the North-West region of Vietnam

John Atkinson Hobson, Imperialism

John Atkinson Hobson (commonly known as John A. Hobson or J. A. Hobson; 6 July 1858 - 1 April 1940), was an English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. Impact of imperialism on indigenous population 1. Exploitation of peoples and resources 2. Slave labor and end of slavery 3. New labor migrations Environment Impact Spread of Nationalism

Containment Theory

John Foster Dulles (1949), aimed to stop spread of communism around world rather than destroy communism in nations that already had communist governments.

Berlin Blockade

July 1948- May 1949 The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of France, Great Britain and the United States to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany.

Marxism

Karl Marx :A political-economic theory based on the writings of Karl Marx (1818-1883) that offers a critique of capitalism. It presents a vision of social change & society liberated from capitalist exploitation through a communist revolution.

Ho Chi Minh

Known for its role played in Vietnam War also known as Saigon

Latin American Revolutions

Latin American wars of independence, the 18th- and 19th-century revolutionary wars against European colonial rule that led to the independence of the Latin American states. Any of the other revolutions and rebellions that have taken place in Latin America during and since European colonial rule, in the 20th century.

Frankl, Man's Search for Meaning

Man's Search for Meaning is a 1946 book by Viktor Frankl chronicling his experiences as an Auschwitz concentration camp inmate during World War II, and describing his psychotherapeutic method, which involved identifying a purpose in life to feel positively about, and then immersively imagining that outcome.

Rise of NSDAP

National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP): was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that practised Nazism. Its predecessor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920.

Jean - Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought.

Potosi/silver/China

Potosí's historical importance, since it was the major supply of silver for Spain during the period of the New World Spanish Empire.

Ram Mohan Ray

Raja Ram Mohan Roy, also known as Rammohan Roy or Rammohun Roy, (22 May 1772 - 27 September, 1833) was the founder of the Brahmo Sabha movement in 1828, which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Bengali socio-religious reform movement against Brahminsm.

"Beautiful Age"

Remembering the "Beautiful Age" -Deference to Aristocrats -Monarchy and political power -Middle-class social life

George Washington Williams "An open letter to his serene majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians"

Shortly before his death he travelled to King Leopold II's Congo Free State. Shocked by what he saw, he wrote an open letter to Leopold in 1890 about the suffering of the region's inhabitants at the hands of Leopold's agents, which spurred the first public outcry against the regime running the Congo. They had caused the loss of millions of lives

Awakenings (First Great Awakening)

Spiritual revival that begins in 1700s Emphasized human decisions in religion and morality.

"Scramble for Africa"

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, on the eastern boundary of Europe.

The Charter Oath of Five Articles (1868)

The Charter Oath more literally, the Oath in Five Articles was promulgated at the enthronement of Emperor Meiji of Japan on 7 April 1868.

Karl Marx, "Communist Manifesto"

The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels' theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles". It also briefly features their ideas for how the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism.

Impact on French Revolution

The Latin American countries were inspired by the complete overthrow of the monarchy. The lower classes felt that they had the power to take over and rule themselves.

Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Restoration also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was the operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia, in response to international tension, had started to mobilise her forces near the German border. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914.

Conquest of the Americas

The Spanish Conquest of America. In the 15th century Christopher Columbus began the conquest of America and was the first coming to the Americas in 1492.

Constitution of 1812

The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was established on 19 March 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, the Cortes Generales ("General Courts"), in refuge in Cádiz during the Peninsular War.

Thomas Babington Maculay, "On Indian Education"

The historian, essayist, and parliamentarian Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859) served as a member of the supreme council of the East India Company from 1834 to 1838, where he oversaw major educational and legal reforms. The "Minute" was written as a rebuttal to those council members who believed that Indian students should continue to be educated in Sanskrit and Arabic as well as English; Macaulay's party carried the argument.

Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, quickly spread throughout the world.

China - Qing Dynasty (1644-1912)

The last dynasty of China: (up to 1912) also called the Manchu Dynasty. (Foreigners ruling China.) Characteristics: highly corrupt, inefficient; experienced wars & rebellions (1839 on). Nationalist Revolution overthrew the dynasty.

Markandaya, Nectar in a Sieve

The novel is set in India during a period of intense urban development and is the chronicle of the marriage between Rukmani, youngest daughter of a village headman, and Nathan, a tenant farmer. The story is told in the first person by Rukmani, beginning from her arranged marriage to Nathan at the age of 12 to his death many years later.

Holocaust

The systematic extermination of millions of European Jews, as well as Roma, Slavs, intellectuals, homosexuals, and political dissidents, by the Nazis and their allies during World War II.

World War I Trench Warfare

Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I.

Vyacheslav Molotov, Reaction to the German Invasion of 1941

Vyacheslav Molotov (1889-1986) was Foreign Minister of Soviet Russia when the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact was signed, August 23rd, 1939. News of the Pact stunned the world and effectively paved the way for the beginning of World War II with Hitler assured the Germans would not face Russian military opposition in response to Nazi aggression in Europe. Just two weeks after the Pact was signed, Hitler's armies invaded Poland. Then, in accordance with a secret protocol in the Pact, the Russians themselves invaded Poland from the east and the country was divided up between the Nazis and Soviets. In 1940, Hitler's troops successfully invaded most of Western Europe, achieving a stunning victory over France. However, Hitler believed that Nazi Germany's future depended entirely on acquiring vast expanses of fertile land in the east, namely Russia. He therefore turned his attention to Soviet Russia and launched a "war of annihilation" against the Russians beginning on June 22nd, 1941. Below is the initial Russian reaction, broadcast via radio to the people by Molotov himself.

Sigmund Freud

Was an Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.. 1. Unconscious 2. Neuroses of childhood 3. Dreams 4. Id/Ego 5. Superego

Mahatma Gandhi

Was the preeminent leader of the Indian Independence movement in British Ruled India.

Abbe Sieyes, "What is the Third Estate?"

What Is the Third Estate? is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

England

Where Industrialism began

Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain Speech"

Winston Churchill gave this speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, after receiving an honorary degree. With typical oratorical skills, Church introduced the phrase "Iron Curtain" to describe the division between Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. As such the speech marks the onset of the Cold War.

Theodor Herzl: Zionism

a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

Modern Consciousness

a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance

Benito Mussolini

came to power in Italy in 1922 promised order and strong state achieved power by legal means transformed Italy into single-party dictatorship

John Locke

had a positive view of humans, all people have natural rights and it's the job of government to protect these, government's power comes from people

Zyklon B

hydrogen cyanide adsorbed on or released from a carrier in the form of small tablets, used as an insecticidal fumigant and by the Nazis for killing concentration-camp prisoners.

Volksgemeinschaft

is a German expression meaning "people's community".

Battle of Britain

is the name given to the Second World War defence of the United Kingdom by the Royal Air Force (RAF) against an onslaught by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) which began at the end of June 1940.

Post Colonialism

is the study of the legacy of the era of European, and sometimes American, direct global domination, which ended roughly in the mid-20th century, and the residual political, socio-economic, and psychological effects of that colonial history.

Militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Social Darwinism

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Cold war and culture

through music, movies, books, television and other media, as well as sports and social beliefs and behavior. One major element of the Cold War was the threat of a nuclear war; another was espionage. Many works use the Cold War as a backdrop, or directly take part in fictional conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. The period 1953-62 saw Cold War themes first enter the mainstream culture as a public preoccupation.

Fritz Harbor

was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber-Bosch process, the method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

June 22, 1941/Operation Barbarossa

was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, which began on 22 June 1941. The operation was driven by Adolf Hitler's ideological desire to conquer Soviet territory as outlined in his 1925 manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle").