History Final

Slave Patrols

Police forces staffed by both poor and rich white men and established by southern states to enforce racial hierarchy and protect against slaves. Significance: After 1830, southern states and local communities passed increasingly restrictive laws governing the free movement of slaves between plantations and in towns. These were patrol regulations including a prohibition on slaves' visiting the town on Sunday etc. All southern states maintained slave patrols, whose responsibilities included catching runways, breaking up large or suspicious slave gatherings and monitoring the movements of black people. This was one of the ways that southern states maintained slave discipline, preventing insurrection, and defending the southern slave system against outside intervene.

Filibusters

when indivs or groups go unauthorized to foreign countries to try and support. Incite revolutions with the intentions to have that place annexed by their home state! This took place especially following the Mexican-American War, when they tried to replay the events that happened with texas! Filibusters go on private expedition of privacy to some other land and take property of land without the authorization of the government.

Secession

the series of events that began on December 20, 1860, and extended through June 8. This is when eleven states in the Lower and Upper South cut their ties with the Union. The first seven seceding states of the Lower South set up a provisional government at Montgomery, Alabama. After hostilities began at Fort Sumter, border states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) joined the new government, which then moved its capital to Richmond, Virginia. The Union was became divided on geographic lines. 21 northern and border states retained the style and title of the United States, while the 11 slave states became the Confederate States of America. Significance: Direct cause of the civil war

Gettysburg Address

speech that was about returning the country to founding ideals → "all men are created equal"

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848, was the treaty between Mexico and the US that officially ended the Mexican-American war that was signed in Mexico. Here the US paid Mexico 15$Million but was ceded territory by Mexico; including Arizona, Nevada, Utah, etc and the US acquired half of million miles of Mexico. The treaty agrees to grant US citizenship to all mexicans in the territories from Mexico and assume responsibility for Indians in Mexican territory. Significance: we new that gold had been discovered in California before the treaty, unbenounced to Mexico, thus we got all that gold → gold rush→ CA statehood. And, as a result, all the people who were in the areas annexed by the US now became US citizens.

John Brown's Raid

1859, Abolitionist John Brown tried to initiate a slave revolt by taking over a US arsenal in Virgina, ultimately failed to do so. → tried to resolve slavery question w/ bloodshed → Significance: was important because it helped reinforce the notion that all northers wanted to do, acording to those in the south, is incite slave revolts, signaled the emergence of violence over slavery, polarization of stereotypes of North&South

Monroe Doctrine

1823, Shift in American foreign policy. President Monroe declared that the United States and its connected territories are not to be subjected to European colonization. Declared that the US will not interfere with the affairs of European powers, the US will not interfere with any existing colonies, the western hemisphere will be closed to any further colonization, and attempt to do any of the listed items will be considered a hostile act to the US. Significance: Issued as a way to protect newly independent Latin American colonies from being taken back by Spanish rule. US did not want to have a war so close to their country; therefore tried to separate old world from the new. However, the US was not recognized as a world power at the time so it was largely ignored.

Daguerreotype Portraits

1839 The daguerreotyping procedure, created in early 1800s, could produce remarkably faithful images, but it required lengthy exposure times—five minutes to an hour. Many early portraits show men and women in apparent discomfort. Nonetheless, portraiture quickly became the dominant use of the daguerreotype in the United States. By midcentury, 90 percent of daguerreotypes taken nationwide were posed portraits of individuals or families. Significance: Daguerreotype portrait studios became big business, especially in cities. Daguerreotypes allowed middle-class families the opportunity to imitate the traditionally genteel, even aristocratic practice of displaying the portraits of relatives and ancestors. They also allowed Americans to maintain visual contact with friends and family living at a distance.

Seneca Falls

1848, gathering of women and a declaration of sentiments, believed women should be included in the Constitution, drafted Declaration of Sentiments expressing views, that God given rights in the declaration belonged to both men and women. They also refused to be confined in marriage and refused to not get paid for labor. Significance: The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Here, a Declaration of Sentiments was issued and modeled directly after the Declaration of Independence. It proclaimed that all men and women were created equal and launched a feminist movement that encouraged reformers to focus on basic rights: control over wages and property, custody over children, and suffrage. Seneca falls was significant because it leveraged new gender ideals and violated them.

Sylvester Graham

A leader of the anti-masturbation movement. Sounded the alarm for the great crisis of the secret vice, or the solitary vice. Wrote pamphlets and suggested that masturbation was responsible for lots of things, like poverty, disease and the unraveling of society. Newfangled, modern movement that stigmatized an activity that in the past, was regarded as fundamental to human life (although it could be dangerous in excess). He revealed that certain kinds of food were bad for people and bad for society. Free from stimulants, free from excitement. We see this as laughably old-fashioned, but it was actually quite progressive. In order to promote his ideologies, he attempted to create a food that was perfectly bland and useful solely for sustenance - the graham cracker.

Liberator

Abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp in 1831. Significance: Most influential abolitionist newspaper of the time by one of the most radical abolitionists of the time. It preached of immediate emancipation of slaves which was very controversial even among antislavery northerners. It helped shaped northern morals and shifted the policy from African immigration of slaves to abolition. *NEWSPAPER BY GARRISON AND KNAPP IN 1831 *MOST INFLUENTIAL ABOLITIONIST NEWSPAPER OF THE TIME *HELPED SHIFT POLICY IN THE NORTH FROM AFRICAN IMMIGRATION TO IMMEDIATISM

Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln gives an executive order that makes it so all slaves in the places that were in rebellion were now free, and that once they crossed to Northern territories they would likewise become legally free. Significance: it boosted the efforts and the firepower of the North, now they had a lot more troops to help fight the South

Manifest Destiny

Although Sullivan was credited with popularizing the term Manifest Destiny, it was first coined in 1836 by a woman writing under a pseudonym for a New York magazine. The idea of Manifest Destiny was that a godlike force named Providence, rather than the evangelical notion of an omnipotent, active God, approved of U.S. expansion and the spread of American ideologies such as democracy and freedom across the North American continent and beyond. Manifest Destiny also taught that Anglo-Saxons were the specific race God had in mind to propagate North America, excluding other Europeans and people of color. Significance: The doctrine of Manifest Destiny was used by the U.S. to justify their raid of Mexico as a counter-invasion and was employed by Polk and his allies to rally American support for the war. Using this rhetoric, proponents for the war were able to ignore the question of the role of slavery alnd instead claim that the war was focused on gaining of Oregon territory rather than wresting Texas away from Mexico. Later on, Whig congressman Lincoln would introduce resolutions asking Polk where exactly was the American soil where American blood was shed, which the U.S. had claimed as an excuse for war.

Anthony Burns

Anthony Burns was an African-American slave from Virginia who escaped to Boston, where he became a prominent member of the free black community. Eventually, he was tracked down the the government in a lengthy chase that was meant to show their dedication to the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act. The conflict was intensified when the abolitionists attempted an armed rescue of Burns that resulted in the death of an Irish guard; in 1854, after securing the ruling of a magistrate that ordered Burns to be returned to Virginia, Burns was paraded through the streets of Boston in shackles before being loaded onto a boat. Significance: After Burns's capture, famed poet Walt Whitman wrote the poem "Boston Ballad" which displayed the growing fears among the Northerners that British tyranny had returned in the form of the US government forcing people to support slavery even when it defied the people's morals in free areas such as the mainly pro-abolitionist Boston where Burns was captured. Eventually, even those people who did not care about the moral aspect of slavery began to see it as a political threat toward the freedoms of whites as well, furthering support for abolition. Also, the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act in this case unsettled the assumption that geography and distance would solve the problems of ideological division over slavery by making it illegal in some parts and not in others.

Border States

Border states were Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and missouri. These were all slave states that did not end up seceding from the union. They decided not to secede because they wanted the US's fugitive slave law enforcement and they also did not want to lose the benefits of the union. Significance: The border states were significant because there were many battles held there that changed the outcome of the war. They also created a buffer between the north and the south.

Revolutionary Legacies

Both sides in the Civil War viewed themselves as the heirs to the heritage of the Founding Fathers. The South viewed their situation as fighting a distant central power that did not provide representation, which is what the Founding Fathers did to oppose tyrannical rule by the British. The North made the claim that the war was about unity, and from that perspective, the South was opposing the goals of the Founding Fathers by straying from their vision of the United States as one united nation exercising liberty and majority rule. Thus, the South trumpeted local liberties and republican self government ideals, while the North believed that majority representation had been provided and that the will of the people needed to be respected, which meant that the South was opposing liberty, in a sense. Significance: In any war, the ideological standpoint of each respective side is crucial to the outcome. In part because both sides believed they were following in the legacy of the American Revolution, the war lasted longer than either side imagined it would.

Class Formation

Class formations were a groups of people occupying shared distinctive position in the same economy, groups of people who share an awareness of that distinctive position, groups of people of articulate that shared awareness.

Cotton

Cotton became a major commodity and export in the 19th century. Cotton drove the southwestern movement of enslaved Africans, and it was the backbone of the regional economy in American South. Cotton tied the slaveholding states to the larger national economy and created new forms of national economic interdependence. *MAJOR GOOD AND EXPORT IN 19TH CEN *BACKBONE OF SOUTHERN ECONOMY *TIED SLAVE STATES TO NATINAL ECONOMY, KEEPING THE COUNTRY TOGETHER

Draft Riots

Deadliest urban insurrection in NYC. The City was taken over by violent protests against the draft. The draft seemed to target the poor, as people could get substitutes if they paid $300. Eventually put down by marshall law and by Army intervention. Significance: Drafts were violent and signaled the divide and anger of the public. Were more than a class struggle, but an attack on a particular ethnic group. Rioters began attacking homes of Republicans and killing black people on the streets. Deeply rooted in violent apathy to African Americans. Showed that the Civil War was a war on slavery and race, and not state's rights or tariffs.

Lincoln- Douglas Debates

Debates in the 1858 Illinois senate race in which Lincoln and Douglas were vying for the support of the state legislature. One of the major issues debated was whether slavery should be allowed in new territories: Douglas supported popular sovereignty (letting the states decide) in the form of his Kansas-Nebraska act and Lincoln supported the Wilmot Proviso (no new slave states). Significance: Though Douglas was elected to the seat after the Democrats won the state legislature, the debates raised the national profile of Lincoln and caused him to be nominated as the Republican Party's presidential candidate in 1860

Cult of Domesticity

Domesticity was the 19th century idea that men and women should occupy separate spheres of activity, and that the household/domestic life was the woman's sphere. This was a shift from previous tradition where men, women, and children worked under a male head-of-household. Later marriages, fewer children, and the nuclear middle-class family model encouraged middle-class men and women to distinctly separate work from home. Women were seen as more nurturing and delicate, meaning that they belonged in the household where they were less likely to be corrupted and could raise moral children. Significance: It is important to note that the creation of the household as the woman's sphere did not give women any power over their husbands—they were still subject to the economic and political roles dictated by men. It simply recognized the home as their space. These ideas spread and contributed to the birth of the first feminist movement—women's rights activists argued that since women were seen as less likely to be corrupt, they should be allowed in places that they had previously been excluded from. They used these ideas of moral purity in their favor.

Compromise of 1850

Five laws passed in 1850 to deal with slavery. California added as a free state. Texas surrendered claims to New Mexico. Slave trade banned in DC. More stringent Fugitive Slave act enacted. Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory could decide by popular soverignty to decide whether or not to adopt slavery. Significance: Compromise by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas helped prevent tensions from erupting between north and south. It reduced sectional conflicts but controversy arose over the stricter Fugitive Slave Act. This was the abandonment of the Missouri Compromise's 36°30' line.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1816, the American Colonization Society briefly united opponents of slavery and anxious slaveholders around a plan to relocate slaves to Africa. It was the leading anti slavery organization in the United States before the 1830s. The American Colonization Society was viewed by opponents of slavery as the best way to emancipate them, and slaveholders saw it as a way to deport free blacks who might encourage slave rebellions. Significance: Christianity was brought to Africa in these colonization movements, and Liberia was founded in 1822. However, by the 1830s, opponents of slavery saw colonization as racists and unlikely to end slavery, and slaveholders saw this as a larger plan of emancipation and a threat to their economy *1816 *UNIFIED ANTI SLAVE AND PRO SLAVE PEOPLE AROUND THE PLAN TO RELOCATE SLAVES TO AFRICA *LEADING ANTI SLAVERY ORGANIZATION BEFORE THE 1830S *ANTISLAVERY PEOPLE THOUGHT IT WAS THE BEST WAY TO EMANCIPATE SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERS THOUGHT IT WAS A GOOD WAY TO DEPORT REBELLIOUS SLAVES *QUICKLY THEY CHANGED THEIR OPINIONS AND ANTISLAVE SAW THE MEMBERS OF THE COLONIZATION AS RACISTS AND SLAVEHOLDERS SAW IT AS A LARGER PLAN FOR EMANCIPATION

David Walker

Free black abolitionist that claimed that colonization was racist. In 1829 he published the pamphlet "Colored Citizens of the World" which was one of the first condemnations of slavery published. This was abolitionist propaganda. He was a preacher and tailor so he sewed his ideas into his clothing. His ideas were sent South which caused people to check clothes before they were taken off ships and prevent the spread of literacy amongst slaves. He exposed the ideas of the Declaration of Independence and Christianity to support abolition. He was a part of the immediatism movement. He rallying free people of color but also awakened the conscious of white people in regards to the morality of slavery. After his works, the Nat Turner revolt took place. The South links the two and blamed northern abolition movements for the revolt. This all fosters more tension between the North and the South. Significance: Brought the attention of the abuses of slavery and the racial inequality. Using political and religious tenets to support his argument, many still found his views to be extreme. Abolitionists that he was too far extreme and slaveholders were fearful of the effect his ideas could have. *FREE BLACK ABOLITIONIST *EXPOSED IDEAS OF DOI AND CHRISTIANITY THROUGH PAMPHLETS AND CLOTHING TO HELP SUPPORT IMMEDAITISM MOVEMENT *WORK HELPED MOTIVATE THE NAT TURNER RIOTS

Immediatism

Immediatism is the radical ideology of abolitionists who favored the immediate and uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. *FREE SLAVES NOW

Cheap Postage

In 1845, Congress enacted a new postage reform law that stated letters price would be based on weight instead of distance. Postage rates per half-ounce letter were set at five cents for short distances and 10 cents for longer distances. The Postal Act of 1851 revised the law and set a universal rate of 5 cents per half-ounce letter that could be sent all over the United States. If the sender of the letter pre-paid the postage, it would cost only 3 cents. Significance: The government avoided the telegraph industry and directed investments to the Post Office instead. Before Cheap Postage starting in 1845, the Post Office was a place for merchants to receive trade news and publishers to post news. Mailing a letter throughout the United States was only for special occasions as its cost was made up on a per sheet and distance basis. Based on Great Britain's post office, American congressman argued cheaper postage rates would be offset by the increased use of letters. While Cheap Postage received bipartisan support, the Whigs especially supported the idea as it would fuel literacy improvements and Westward communication. Westward expansion events like the California Gold Rush and Mexico-American War spurred the use of the Post Office as a largely popular form of communication for family members wanting to connect with their loved ones across the country.

Kansas-Nebraska

In 1854, Stephen Douglas proposed this bill championing popular sovereignty to settle the question of how slavery would be handled in Kansas-Nebraska territory where a large railroad population resided because he wanted Chicago to be the center of the new railroad; this bill was a big deal because unlike Utah and Mexico, where the question of slavery had been covered by the Missouri Compromise, Kansas territory came from the Louisiana Purchase where slavery had been banned. Significance: Northerners were concerned because this bill repealed the Missouri Compromise, introducing slavery where it had previously been illegal; also, the timing was significant because at the same time, Anthony Burns was being captured in Boston; when the government scrapped the Missouri Compromise and allowed slavery in Kansas, it seemed to support the Slave Power Theory that the government was being manipulated by Southerners, who chose to further slavery, creating more disunity; also, as a result of this, the Whig Party was broken.

Domestic Slave Trade

In January 1808, it became illegal to import slaves into the United States. However, due to the rising demand for slaves as a result of cotton cultivation, the domestic slave trade intensified between 1790 to 1860. Some 1 million slaves were relocated to interior Southern states/Black Belt region, where death rates were higher, and were moved around like commerce. To slaveholders in the exporting states, the domestic slave trade was a major source of income. Many slaves were uprooted from their homes and permanently separated from their loved ones. Possible because the U.S. had a naturally-reproducing slave population.; entrenchment of southern slavery (in economy and politics) and boom of cotton industry furthered the divide between north and south, leading to greater conflict over slavery. Slaveholders also supported the domestic slave trade because decreasing importation made their slaves more valuable. *1808=ILLEGAL TO IMPORT SLAVES *DEMAND FOR SLAVES BC OF COTTON PRODUCTION *SLAVE TRADE INTENSIFIED 1790-1860 *SLAVEHOLDERS SUPPORTED THE DOMESTIC SLAVETRADE BC DECREASING IMPORTATION MADE THEIR SLAVES MORE VALUABLE *NATURALLY REPRODUCING SLAVE POP IN US HELPED THE TRADE INCREASE

Election of 1844

In the election of 1844, it initially appeared as though the issue of annexing Texas wouldn't be a major campaign issue; however, it later proved to be a deciding factor as those who opposed slavery and annexation made a difference. The Whigs supported Clay, who privately opposed annexation. The Democrats nominated the dark horse candidate Polk, a slaveholder from Tennessee who was committed to annexing Texas.( Democrats also called for re-occupation of Oregon, where slavery was unlikely to flourish.) Polk won the democratic nomination and was fully committed to westward expansion (about moving westward, not annexing Texas). President Tyler dropped out of the election and endorsed Polk so as to not split the expansionist vote. The 3rd political party, the Liberty Party, did not include radicals. They cast their vote for a guy who did not stand a chance, James Bernie who got 2.3% of the vote. Significance: Before leaving office, Tyler asked Congress to admit Texas to the union and Democrats won approval by treating it as an application for statehood (which required fewer votes). Jamie Bernie from the Liberty Party tilted the election to Polk because anti slavery people to stand and wound up helping polk to win the election.

Know-Nothing Party

In the immediate wake of the collapse of the Whigs, the American Party, also known as the Know-Nothing Party, appeared to be poised for national prominence. The Know-Nothing originated in a cluster of nativist secret societies, which coalesced in 1850 as the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. Members of the order were committed to protecting the United States and the vision of its founders from what they saw as the menace of Catholic immigration.

Industrialization

Industrialization was the development of the production system in the United States from 1825-1850. It was the process of increasing the output of production and decreasing the cost of production. It was facilitated by subdivision and deskilling of labor, increased managerial control, precise time reckoning, the creation of a wage system, and separation of the home and the workplace. Significance: Industrialization led to the breakdown of the craft system and creation of the new middle class family.

Blackface Minstrelsy

It was a popular and homegrown form of theatrical entertainment. This was where white people would dress up as black people in the form of entertainment. This form of entertainment reached its form of popularity in the late 1840s. Blackface Minstrelsy was primarily northern phenomenon, grew up in places where white people saw black people. Significance: in 1848, blackface shows were an American national art of the time. The process of Blackface entertainment allowed white audiences to create a unifying identity of "whiteness" that didn't previously exist as such (Irish, Catholic, etc identities had primacy), and was able to delve into taboo subjects of eroticism with impunity.

Fort Sumter

Jefferson Davis understood that a federal invasion of the South would unite the region. When Lincoln, in his attempt to remain both firm and conciliatory in the face of a seceding South, announced his intention to dispatch unarmed ships carrying only food supplies to Fort Sumter (a fort 4 miles from the heart of Charleston), Davis ordered General Beauregard to take the fort before the ships arrived. On April 12 1861, Beauregard's troops fired on Fort Sumter, ultimately leading to the federal garrison surrendering to the Confederacy. Alternative Significance: The attack on Fort Sumter is significant because In the North, it provoked an outpouring of righteous indignation and patriotic fervor. It instilled a sense that in this conflict, every man must take sides. A Democratic leader in Chicago stated that there are only "patriots" or "traitors". In the South, it appealed to a widespread view of the South as a single and distinct culture threatened by strangers. As a result of the Fort Sumter attack, a new national map emerged. The Confederacy contained 11 southern states, which held just under 30% of the population. In the 3 border states of Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, the population remained more divided. The vast majority of Americans lived farther north, and clung to a vision of a single unified nation.

Lecompton/ Lawrence

Lecompton, Kansas was the proslavery city recognized by slave states and the federal governemnt. Lawrence, Kansas was the antislavery city recognized by the north. highlight the violence in slavery debate and provided each side of the debate a pretty awful image of what each side was like after bloody Kansas occured. Significance: These two cities represented the divide between the antislavery and the proslavery causes at the time. John Brown, an antislavery radical in Lawrence raided Lecompton and killed over 200 people, causing the name bloody Kansas. These two cities were very controversial and headquarters for the two causes in kansas.

Caning of Charles Summer

Massachusetts congressman Sumner made a speech denouncing slavery and pro slavery people. Engaged in the kind of rhetoric to persuade northerners that there was something undemocratic / unbecoming of american democracy about slavery. Congressmen mainly made speeches not for the immediate audience but for their constituents. Congressman Preston Brooks (southerner) beat Sumner with a cain. Sumner suffered serious head injuries. Significance: This event represented the violent tensions between northern and southern politicians and further dramatized cultural differences between northerners and southerners

California Gold Rush

Mexico was ceding land to the United States that had an outrageous amount of gold which led to a massive influx of migrants from many places around the world, ie. Mexico, Japan, Chile, Australia. 45,000 Chinese immigrants came to California between 1849-54. Gold was first discovered in the Sierra foothills. The gold rush affected the mining areas- northern and southern, cities became metropolitan. Highway 49 was known as the heart of Gold country. Towns had the largest mining camps. These towns were places where migrants and supplies entered and exited. Significance: Dramatically changed the nature of California cities, making them huge metropolitan cities. White English speaking californians dominated the Gold Rush and used their political platforms to enforce taxes on foreign people who immigrated to California searching for gold. Within 2 years of the Rush, California gained statehood (as of 1850, there is now a state on the western end of the United States).

Scott v. Sandford

Scott vs. Sandford was a court case in 1846 where Dred Scott sued for his freedom on the ground that he lived in a free state (Illinois) and a free territory (Wisconsin) a decade earlier. The case went back and forth between multiple juries and courts eventually reaching the Supreme court where another issue was brought up: do black people have the right to sue in court? The chief justice of the supreme court ruled that black people do not have the right to sue because they are inferior to white people and that the Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional. Significance: Taney's opinion sparked conflict between Northern Democrats and Republicans because republicans were now pro-slavery in the presidency and supreme court. Widening gap in parties.

Nat Turner

Slave revolts in the US were fewer and tended to be unsuccessful. In Virginia, no white person had ever been killed by a slave revolt until Turner's rebellion. Summer of 1831. Lay preacher, self-proclaimed prophet. In his dream, inspired by the heavens, called upon by God to lead a slave insurrection. Organized a band of followers, went through neighboring town of Virginia. Massacred white Americans. Significance: Triggered a big shift in southern slaveholder opinion. Slaveholders were generally torn between two ideas: one was that their slaves were happy and contented, which is why they did not rebel. After Turner, every white person with an interest in slavery was drawn toward the idea that one could not rely on the content of the enslaved to protect against insurrection. There had to be massive repression and security. People thought that Turner learned from the ideologies of the North. Demonstrates how irresponsible these radicals are. *

Northern Reform Culture

The 1820s and 1830s saw a great rise in popular politics. As white males achieved universal suffrage, woman, blacks, and Native American, however, remained excluded from political processes and were often neglected by politicians. In protest, these marginalized groups and their sympathizers organized reform movements to heighten public awareness and to influence social and political policy. All of these create social reforms in the north. Many reformers believed that they were doing God's work, and the Second Great Awakening did much to encourage them in their missions. Significance: This is the beginning for abolitionism, women's rights movement, public school reform, temperance, prison reform, and the most extreme, utopian communities. Northern reform culture was not a political party or platform, but rather a cluster of practices and beliefs. They were most popular among Northern protestant women.

Associated Press

The Associated Press was the first private news wire. It was made in New York City in 1846. It was created mostly as a result of the high cost of the telegraph—ordinary citizens could not use the telegraph for daily communication. The wire service created a new standard of speed regarding news delivery and turned newspaper offices into gathering spots to receive official information.

Republican Party

The Republican Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States (the other one is the Democratic Party). It was founded in 1854, and it is also named as " Grand Old Party" (GOP). It derived from the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Republican party. The Republican Party's current ideology includes social conservatism, economic liberalism and federalism, which contrasts with the Democratic Party's more progressive ideology. For instance, The Republican Party stands for free market capitalism, free enterprise, strong national defense, deregulation and restriction on labor unions. After the 2000 election, the color red became associated with Republicans. Significance: Republicans tend to take a more conservative stand on issues. They believe that the federal government should not play a big role in people's lives. And most Republicans favor lower taxes and less government spending on social programs.

Slave Power Thesis

The Slave Power Thesis was a theory that gained popularity about the South having a disproportionate amount of power that allowed them to control American political institutions and subvert it for their own purpose, making America less democratic; seemingly evidenced when the US extracted a concession of southern land, annexed Texas, and later went to War with Mexico because the Southerners pushed for it. Significance: The significance of the Slave Power Thesis was that it was used by abolitionists to convince people not concerned about the humanitarian aspect of slavery or racial equality to join their side by making them concerned that their own personal freedoms were at risk because of the South's power, and that the end of slavery would help bring about the restoration of power balance.

Temperance Movement

The Temperance movement is a social ambitious movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages in 1820s. Temperance movements typically criticize alcohol intoxication, promote complete abstinence (teetotalism), or use its political influence to press the government to enact alcohol laws to regulate the availability of alcohol or even its complete prohibition. The temperance movement rebranded water as a healthy beverage since it was previously regarded as unhealthy. Temperance implies that advocates are trying to get more people to be more modest. Temperance meant singing the letter to pledge to stop drinking. Significance: Temperance movement is one of the social reform in the north. Because it happened at the same time with other social reform such like women's rights and abolitionism, it helped reinforce the other social reforms. Temperance movement were not only trying to limit alcohol consumption, but also convincing people to live a virtuous life. The major ideological themes behind temperance were: bodily control, individual conscience, literacy, and nonviolence.

Black Belt

The black belt was the area that was expanded into during the antebellum period which was perfect for growing cotton. The war of 1812 and the Indian Removal act cleared the way for the expansion into this land because prior to the expansion, the land belonged to the cherokees/creeks. This expansion was motivated by the rising demand for cotton. This area was called the black belt because the soil was black (fertile for growing cotton) and because the area was demographically black. Significance: This area is significant because it illustrates the importance of cotton. From 1800 to 1860, 1 million people moved from tobacco growing areas to cotton growing areas, primarily southwest to the black belt. Also, farmers were bringing slaves with them, so it made it clear that slaves were property that could be bought and sold. Cotton was driving the demand to this area and was bringing the south and the whole country together. *AREA IN CENTRAL ALABAMA THAT WAS CLEARED OUT OF INDIANS FOLLOWING WAR OF 1812 AND INDIAN REMOVAL ACT ' *EXPANSION INTO THE LAND WAS MOTIVATED BY DEMAND FOR COTTON *SHOWED HOW IMPORTANT COTTON WAS AND HOW ONCE AGAIN WAS BRINGING COUNTRY BACK TOGETHER *CALLED BLACK BELT BC FERTILE SOIL AND DEMOGRAPHICALLY BLACK REGION

Middle Class Family

The new middle-class family structure is defined by the following qualities: economic homogeneity, nuclear family structure, later marriage, fewer children, matrifocal domesticity, and nurturing of character and morals. Significance: The middle-class family is one that formed as a result of both the cult of domesticity and industrialization. With women in the domestic sphere, they were able to spend time to nurture their children and raise them to be moral individuals, rather than encouraging them to enter the workforce for economic function. Likewise, men were able to carve out their own masculine space in the office.

Telegraphy

The practice of constructing communications systems for the transmission of information. In the United States, telegraphy was shown through the transmission of electromagnetic waves along electric lines. These waves sent messages in Morse code, named after Samuel Morse, who helped to set up the first single-wire telegraph system in the United States, between Baltimore and Washington D.C in 1844. This led to a communication revolution and a private company set up a telegraph network which connected many states. Significance: This led to more efficient transfer of information, mainly news reports, between states and would eventually lead to creation of the Associated Press in 1846, which is still active today in news reporting.

Proslavery Ideology

The pro-slavery ideology in the South peaked between the late 1830s through the early 1860s. By 1860, the slave states had approximately four million slaves comprising a third of the South's population. Much of the American South believed that slavery was vital to the continuation of its livelihood and lifestyle and therefore defended the institution of slavery. As the abolition movement picked up, southerners became organized in their support of slavery in what became known as the pro-slavery movement. Significance: When a society forms around any institution, like the South did around slavery, it will find ways to forge strong arguments and evidence. The Southerners stood firmly with their arguments as the tensions in the country drew us ever closer to the Civil War.

Galera and Chicago Union

This was a new railroad that connected the North and West. It was between Galena, a small mining town, and Chicago. This made Chicago a center in the West through railroads with a huge increase in population. This geographically connected the North and west, not connecting the South. The South is stagnant and not connected; this is a divide. Geographic unity partially achieved, geographic disunity between N/W and S, and more ideological unity between the North and West. The railroads like Galena and Chicago Union allowed for the spread of information and ideas between these two regions, further connecting them. Significance: While the creation of the new railroad brought the North and West closer together, geographic connection among those parts of the country meant disconnection to the other parts, leading to disunity as the South remained stagnant; also, even though ideas were spread more easily, the differences in ideology between people were made more apparent, drawing them apart.

Contraband

This was only the first stage in the Union's evolving view of the enslaved AA population. Professor Henkin posed the question, "Was this really a war to end slavery?" and although it's clearly a war about slavery, both sides avoided the topic. Lincoln avoided emphasizing slavery in order to, first, unite various Northern views, and, second, keep border states out of the conflict, while the South avoided slavery because they needed to keep Britain interested in involvement. Two changes led to developments in this area. First, the North faced major defeats, and second, enslaved African Americans joined the invading army. After contraband, the Union developed a confiscation view, where they felt justified in removing slaves from the South who contributed to the Southern war effort, either directly or through economic means. In the third stage, mobilization, the Union began enlisting the slaves and arming them. Finally, after the bloody battle at Antietam in 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in the fourth stage, emancipation, unquestionably making it a war to end slavery.

Missouri Compromise

Two part compromise between pro slavery south and anti slavery north orchestrated by Congress in 1820. Missouri would be admitted into the Union as a slave state and Maine would be admitted as a free state. It also created an imaginary boundary across the Louisiana Territory; south of the boundary, territories could be admitted as slave states and north of the boundary, territories could be added as free states. It followed the border of the 36°30' line. Significance: The Missouri Compromise helped diffuse the tension between anti slavery north and pro slavery south. By keeping the balance between northern free states and southern slave states equal, it prevented any one side from gaining too much power in Congress. It helped keep a fragile peace between the north and the south until the start of the civil war. *TWO PART COMPROMISE BETWEEN SOUTH AND NORTH *MISSOURI= SLAVE STATE AND MAINE= FREE STATE *EVERYTHING BELOW LA LINE WOULD BE SLAVE, EVERYTHING ABOVE WOULD BE FREE *HELPED DIFFUSE TENSION BY KEEPING BALANCE EQUAL

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Act and focused more on depicting corporal punishment, the separation of families, and sensationalized acts of cruelty, while the Ohio River symbolized that national divide separating North and South and life and death. Significance: This book transcended North and South and symbolized the escalating political and moral divide over slavery by putting into effect conversations that either supported or opposed it; in some places,it served to connect people with the same abolitionist views, while in the South, the book inspired a series of blackface plays and counter novels such as Aunt Phillis's Cabin that tried to show a more positive, sanitized view of chattel slavery in the American South.

Wilmot Proviso

Wilmot Proviso proposed an American law to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War. In 1846, David Wilmot (a Pennsylvania representative) proposed that slavery should be prohibited in any territories that might be acquired through the war with Mexico. Wilmot, who was not an abolitionist, proposed this in order to preserve the west as a place where white men would be free to till the soil. The Wilmot Proviso passed in the House, but stalled in the Senate until 1846 when Texas provided the two-vote margin to pass the bill. It never became law, but was endorsed in ten states and supported by northern Democrats. Significance: The Wilmot Proviso was originally not about slavery but instead about Manifest destiny. Since it did not pass in the Senate, that proved that the war was tied to slavery and the Northerners were worried.

Zip Coon

a Blackface minstrel character. He was portrayed as a large african american male who was in love with his clothes. A continuation of stereotyped black male, featuring sexual and material excesses, meant to evoke matters of discomfort for a prejudiced white audience, then ease them through ridicule.

Stephen Foster

born in 1826 in pittsburg, was an accomplished songwriter in New York, particulary those songs for black-face skits Significance: these songs were about mocking the bodies of blacks and their goals for equality, basically racist ridicule! There was the tongue-in-cheek sayings that maybe blackface was to show distinct soul of american Negro.

Astor Place Riot

in May 1849, two rival actors (William Macready - English, and Edward Forrest - American) were starring simultaneously in competing productions of Macbeth. Forrest's supporters disrupted Macready's performance at the Astor Place Opera House and drove him off stage. Macready planned to leave America after this performance, but was convinced to stay for a repeated performance by some prominent American citizens at that time. He was promised that his next show will have restored order. Even though precautions were taken (only "friendly" people could get tickets, police patrolled the audience and militia force stood by), a riot was organized by Forrest supporters. The riot organizers drew crowds using posters, and even though the show started out smoothly the protest quickly turned very violent. Arrests were made, and militiamen came to the scene, firing into the crowd. They killed 22 people and injured over 50. Significance: the riot raised issues with politics, class relations and national identity. To Forrest supporters, Macready and the Astor Place represented aristocratic privileges and foreign influence on American popular culture. Other than raising this issues to the daily order, the riot also marked a change in the way people behaved in the theater. Before is was acceptable to make noise and hiss at actors, but the courts ruled against the rioters' claims for free speech, saying that when buying a theater ticket it only gives a "right for a chair" and that anything else is dictated by the theater's rules.

Election of 1860

republican party recruits Abe Lincoln to run for president because he is untainted by nativism, Democrats were split on nominating Douglass bc popular sovereignty