History Final Exam

Willhelm Marr

"even the most honorable jews is under the inescapable influence of his blood, carrier of a semitic morality, totally opposed to Germanic values...aimed at the destruction and burial of german values and traditions..Before the vote for anyone, first ask about his blood..."

henry Bessemer

(1813-1898) An English engineer who created the Bessemer procces, a process of producing steel, in which impurities are removed by forcing a blast of air through molten iron.

Why did the industrial revolution start in the west?

-natural resources -commercial agricultures -political and social conditions •nation state •impact of revolutions -integrated markets •improvements in public infrastructures

Battle of Sadowa

- During the Austro-Prussian war, where the Prussian army defeated Austria in Bohemia. Bismarck offered Austria generous peace terms- Prussia took no territory from Austria, but Venetia was given to Italy and Austria paid no reparations. So Austria agreed to withdraw from Prussian affairs. And the German confederation was dissolved.

Icarians

- inspirired by an 1840 utopian novel by Etienne Cabet, Voyage en Icarie (travelto Icaria)

Why did the revolution happen in Russia?

-Long term structural factors: a country in need of change -short term immediate factors: the impact of the war

Cyrus W. Field

-Massachusetts merchant and financier -proposed laying a 2,000 mile copper cable along the ocean bottom from newfoundland to Ireland in 1854 -the cables broke twice and were lost

New international Alignments

-1894 alliance france-Russia 1904 entente cordiale: France-UK -1907 triple entente: france-russia-UK

Russia entering WWI

-2nd country involved in the war -mobilized there army immediately after Austria declared war with Serbia Russia had the largest army in the world: standing at 1.4 million soldiers; over 5 million after mobilization -but not enough resources -Russia could not arm all its soldiers, having a supply of 4.6 million rifles

**HEART OF DARKNESS (Joseph Conrad)**

-A critique to imperialism narrated in the experience of an individual that goes through a sort of transformational journey -the journey involves a profound spiritual change that resumes in: -the lost of moral confidence -the questioning of western cultural arrogance -the positioning against a system that allowed the functioning of groups and individuals out of the practice -about a narrated voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State in the so-called heart of Africa

The western front

-A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

The Schlieffen Plan

-A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts -a quick invasion of France to gain victory in the west and being able to fight against Russia, before this power had time to mobilize its gigantic human reserves

Triple Alliance

-Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. -article 4 of the agreement -in case of a conflict each signatory committed to maintain a benevolent neutrality -germany, Austria-hungry, and Italy -secret pact with Russia 1887: Bismarck secretly made a treaty with Russia without informing Austria. Russia and Germany would observe neutrality towards each other if either became involved in war with a third power.

Auguste Compte's Positivism

-Applied the scientific method to understand society and social behavior -society functions according to rules, the role of the researcher is to observe, classify, and formulate theories -three historical stages of human mind: theological: supernatural explanations; Metaphysical: Abstract explanations; Scientific: laws are discovered for new understanding of social performance

Dark side to urbanization:

-City slums -Child labor -Trade Unionism -Working class parties -Socialism/communism -Anarchism 1800-1810 London received 130,000 immigrants, a 40% increase of its population. However only a 15% growth of housing space available in the city Around 1850 there were in London about 250,000 domestic cesspools 1831-1841 Paris received over 120,000 immigrants -A report around 1850 stated that in Paris there was water for no more than two baths per person per year

France in the War

-France lost about 50% of male population between ages 20-32 -of 346 students of the Ecole No male superior recruited returned to school after the war -Total War-Poison Gas -Use of chemical weapons and masks and new innovations of total war that was invented by Napoleon -Technology-airplanes, machine gun got more efficient in WWI

Autocratic government

-Government in which a single ruler or group has unlimited power. -The Tsar

The War in Dispute

-Kerenski became Minister of War in May 1917 -in favor of maintain Russia in the war -the Bolsheviks favored peace negotiations -july offensive led by general Alexei Brusilov failed -soldiers on the eastern front began to refuse to move to the front line -fall 1917 an estimated 2 million men had unofficially left the army -Bolsheviks took advantage of this opposition: solders on the eastern front refuse to move to the front line

Kaiser Wilhelm II

-Leader of Germany during WWI -Encouraged german participation on imperialism -Lapsed the secret alliance with Russia -Encouraged Austria to be firm in the Balkans -Promoted a new policy of massive naval construction

**Count Camillo Cavour**

-Prime minister of Sardinia (northern Italy) who vowed to drive out the Austrians and worked towards a united Italy. -a non-revolutionary moderate liberal First minister of the kingdom of Sardinia savoy -Find international support for the creation of Italy: -1858 alliance with France (napoleon III) vs. Austria -To unify all Italian nationalist forces. The most problematic were garibaldi's groups -to attract garibaldi to his cause he provoked a war with Austria to gain victory in the battlefield Provoked two wars against Austria 1858-60 first war with Austria -gained the north: Lombardy, parma, Modena, and Tuscany -In 1861 arranged a meeting between victor and Emmanuelle and garibaldi -gained him for the national cause -added naples and sicily Second war with Austria: 1866 second war with Austria -added venice

changes in russia

-Russian government from an autocracy into a semi-constitutional monarchy -the revolution of 1905 did not established full democracy, but it forced the imperial regime to institute extensive reforms: created the duma (Russian parliament), fundamental laws (1906) which was functioned as a constitution. -1905 was a revolutionary step forward but insufficient many Russians still demanded deeper changes For some the tsarist regime was the problem

William Symington

-Scottish engineer and inventor -1801 built the charlotte Dundas "first practical steamboat" -first invented the paddle wheel and used it the following year to invent the Charlotte dundas -he legalized a new engine utilizing a connecting rod and crank, a system that proved superior for paddle-wheel operation. This engine was used to propel the Charlotte dundas and it was the first steamboat fitted for practical operations -project was abandoned in 1803

Great Western Steamship Company

-The Great Western Steam Ship Company operated the first regular transatlantic steamer service from 1838 until 1846. Related to the Great Western Railway -SS Great Britain launched in 1843 to serve Bristol new York -first screw propeller and largest vessel of its time -The wrought iron steamship was built in 1843 in Bristol, under the supervision of Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Company. The Great Britain set the design standards for today's modern shipping and eminently demonstrated the industry and inventiveness of the Victorian era. Almost single-handedly Brunel shaped the future of mass passenger travel and international communications. - The Great Britain, an iron-hull steamship, was the first large vessel driven by a screw propeller.

Aryans: Indo-Europeans

-The word Aryan in the 19th century was used to refer to a member of the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages, also known as indo-iranian -Scheme of Indo-European migrations from ca. 4000 to 1000 BC -All European languages are the roots from Indo-European

Paris Conference

-This meeting was where treaty of Versailles negotiated -The paris peace conference January 12,1919 to January 20,1920 -leaders of 32 states representing about 75% of the worlds population -negotiations were dominated by the five major powers responsible for defeating the central powers: US,Britain,France, Italy, Japan

**Franco-Prussian War**

-This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany). -The telegram was a report sent to Bismark by the king describing the meeting between the king of Prussia and the French ambassador on July 13 1870 -Bismarck manipulated the language to provoke

Two revolutions: February and October

-Two Russian revolutions before communism -February Revolution: for democracy, expression of suffering of Russians waiting to put an end to the situation, down with the Tsar, bring about a new form of government -October ran by communists that established first communist regime in the world February revolution -workers went on strike and in petrograd.. -food food that was available was very expensive -end of war -down with the established government -this provoked the avocation of the Tsar -on march 1st 1917, the tsar abdicated -Nicholas the 2nd -most powerful monarch

Political forces behind this revolution

-Union of Liberation -coalition of groups from liberals to communists -democratic demands -important role of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (Russian Revolution) members of this party were known as the russian revolutionaries, socialists and communists, followrs of marx and engels and then some followers of other groups for a social democracy, fight for democracy and were not in favor for changing russia into communist

**COMMUNIST MANIFESTO**

-Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments. -an attempt to explain the goals of Communism -Class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat -the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggles. Throughout history we see the oppressor and oppressed in constant opposition to each other. This fight is sometimes hidden and sometimes open. However, each time the fight ends in either a revolutionary reconstruction of society or in the classes common ruin -class struggle always creates a scenario of social injustice: poor and rich, human exploitation.

How was this new Italy?

-a constitutional monarchy: regno de italia/kingdom of Italy -ruled by liberals -italian nationalism remained committed to liberal traditions -no ethnic nationalism, no imperialism -weak economy -secondary power

David Livingstone

-a missionary from Scotland who traveled into central Africa to promote Christianity and got lost -Livingstone was a curious combination of missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist -He spent 30 years in Africa, exploring almost a third of the continent, from its southern tip

**NATIONALISM**

-a political, social, and economic ideology and movement characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland -loyalty and devotion to a nation especially -active ideology in modern world -nationalism has many forms

Evolution of the concept of "nation"

-nationalism is the expression of a human need: The search for identity -nation from Latin "natio" (to be born) -historical evolution -absolutist centralized state

**Bismarck**

-a pragmatic conservative -first chancellor of German empire -fervent nationalist, iron fist leader, combined paternalism with authority Bismarck's achievements and legacies -military victories -social order and stability -one nation: Deutschland uber alles: nationalism -economic prosperity -international prestige of the new nation -politically conservative: pragmatic conservation which is contained overseas imperial expansion, lack of democratic commitment -Germany will become imperialistic after 1890

The Carbonari Rebellion of 1820

-a southern revolution against the Old Regime defeated with the help of Austria -The 1820 revolution began in Sicily and in Naples, against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, who was forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy. ... In 1821, the Kingdom of Sardinia obtained a constitutional monarchy as a result of Carbonari actions, as well as other reforms of liberalism.

**THE VOLKISCH MOVEMENT**

-a variety of groups and individuals in the late 19th and early 20th century Germany who interpreted national identity with a romantic approach emphasizing German uniqueness on the basis of history, language, folklore, values, and race.

**INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION**

-an ongoing revolution that brought about profound historical changes -First users were French observers around 1820 to describe the economic changes taking place in British economy -In their observations, they described a society in which the availability of goods was growing higher than anywhere else -The term industrial revolution was nonetheless first popularized by the English economic historian and oxford professor Arnold Toynbee (1852-83) to describe England's economic development from 1760-1840 -The collection of his lectures published posthumously as the industrial revolution in 1884 was one of the first economic histories of Britain's industrial development in the 18th and 19th centuries -"A rapid change in the methods of producing goods other than crops that involved a transition from making things by hand with the help of simple tools to their production by increasingly complicated machines" -original emphasis on production/supply -in recent years historians are paying more attention to the role of demand: consumption

Threat of military coup

-august 1917 General Kornilov, Commander in Chief of the Russian Army attempted a coup to restore order and establish a military dictatorship -it was stopped by the Bolsheviks -Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained support toward their revolutionary cause -The Bolsheviks started to prepare the revolution STEPS TAKEN: complete the revolution were taking control of soviets: two big people were Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky Gain control of the soviets: they were organizing factories, schools, neighborhoods, call for a congress of the soviets, soviets will vote in favor of a revolution, in favor of taking power -Preparation for the revolution: use newspapers to spread revolutionary ideas and symbols, organize a very specific plan with maps/actions to achieve the revolution -Bolsheviks use weapons against the soviets -Preparations for the storming of the Winter Palace: royal palace of the Tsar -October 24-25 The Storm of the Winter Palace

Bismarck system of alliances

-bismarck established a complex but safe system of alliances to maintain balance and peace -defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary -this was to prevent or limit war. The two powers promised each other support in case of attack by Russia -goals of the alliance -keep france isolated and avoid a possible confrontation -keep Britain appeased -stop german participation in world expansionism -maintain a restrictive navy -avoid the possibility of a Russian-austrian territorial

Richard Arkwright

-changed the spinning jenny and made it go by water: in 1771 the spinning frame or water frame -powered by water instead of by hand -made it possible to move the machinery with less amount of people

King Leopold II of Belguim

-claimed that his primary motive was to abolish slave trade and promote Christianity but he licensed company's that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants -known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture and the cruelty perpetrated there under his rule.

Economic Changes in the Industrial Revolution

-concentration of the means of production in the factory: the factory system -new manufactures quickly produced at affordable prices -growth of the markets, national and international

Keys of Lenin success

-discipline and organization: red army -Repression: Cheka: soviet state security organizations AND -first concentration campus: GULAG - -first concentration camp and the creation of the Nazi's: Bolsheviks created this -Antiwar policies: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) -Program of Reforms: education, welfare, industrialization

Alexander Lyman Holley

-during the civil war, an American, alexander lyman holley (1832-1882) redesigned the Bessemer processes

Teutons

-early Germanic tribes who wandered Europe in late classical times and the early dark ages -mass suicide of teuton women in the face of roman slavery

How was this new Germany?

-federal structure/empire -different regions -industrialization is going to take place

Social Changes in the Industrial Revolution

-growth of the cities: toward an urban world -human migration: migration from rural to urban -new urban working class -wealthy class of factory owners -new urban middle classes, what Europeans called the bourgeoisie -consumer culture/consumer societies

Spinning Mule

-in 1779 samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule or mule jenny, so called because it is a hybrid of arkwrights water frame and Hargreaves spinning jenny -faster and more efficient -the mule was the most common spinning machine from 1790 until about 1900 and was still used for fine yarns until the early 1980s

Adolf Stoecker

-in 1878, founded the Christian social workers party to rival the social democratic party of Germany -declared the fight against the Jews

Samuel Morse

-invented the telegraph -1844 first telegraph Washington- Baltimore -Telegraph connected cities

Transportation

-invention of the railroad -connected areas of countries and continents -surrey iron railroad-today south London suburbs

Transcendence of the Russian Revolution

-no doubt one of the most important events of the 20th century -fascism was created as an anti-Bolshevik ideology - national socialism provoked WWII -decolonization a product of soviet strength -Cold war •Russian revolution became a model that was followed by many communist parties around the world •The soviet model 1970-1985

U.S. in the 1960s consumptions

-people in Europe admired the cars in America - cars in Europe were much smaller -refrigerators - in Europe the refrigerators were not electric - every morning a large block of ice brought to homes every morning to put inn refrigerator but it would melt -television - Europe had black and white televisions and had only 2 channels that always played American sh

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

-philosopher that developed German Idealism and is considered one of the fathers of German nationalism -emphasized language main component of identity -those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds

Lenin's conception of the party and the revolution

-radical revolution, only could succeed by the means of violent action -revolutionary business requires strict discipline, organization and dedication -revolutionary professionals (the a vanguard of the revolution) -the goal will be the installation of a "dictatorship of the proletariat)"

Theodor Fritsch

-ran an antisemetic publishing house -antisemetic catechism in 1893 -the handbook of the jewish - was a German publisher and journalist. His antisemitic writings did much to influence popular German opinion against Jews in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Intellectual and political features of the volkish movement

-sentimental patriotism: emphasized german distinctiveness -rejected cultural pollution from external influences: preached a "Back to the land" anti urban conservative environmentalism -proposed a self sufficient life style lived with a mystical relation to the land -used character and race as a factor of differentiation: conceived the germans as a simple good and reliable people of superior moral quality -moral others: the French etc. -conceived the germans as biologically superior: the racial other: the jews -anti semetic politically conservative -Anti-liberals: against parliamentarian democracy -Anti-communists, anti-immigration, anti-capitalism Spread idealistic approaches to de German past -Creators of historical myths -Teutonic Germany -The Aryan theory

July Days

-street demonstration, Petrograd, 18 june 191, -PEACE AND BREAD, all power to the soviets of workers, soldiers, and peasants -This was a strike that happened in Russia -The provisional government inactive and repressive -Petrograd, 4 July 1917: Troops of the provisional government have opened fire with machine guns

Spinning Jenny

-the machine used several spindles. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin multiple threads at once -required hand labor (creates a factory) -1764 James Hargreaves

Henry Stanley

-the man that found David Livingstone after he had been presumably lost in Africa and later took up his work -Reporter for the New York Herald -In 1877 stanley was approached by the ambitious Belgian king Leopold II who sponsored his expeditions in the Congo river

Treaty of Versailles

-the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans -germany lost territory, most painful was losing the territory in the east

Major impacts of European nationalism in the 19th century

-the unification of Italy and Germany 1814-1870 -the beginning of imperial disintegration of the Austrian and ottoman empires -the beginning of the end of the balance of powers established by the congress of Vienna in 1815

Technology changes in the Industrial Revolution

-the use of new basic materials, chiefly, cotton, iron, and steel -the use of new energy sources, such as coal, electricity, and oil -the invention of new machines that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy -new developments in transportation and communications -the increasing application of science of production

the white man's burden

-written by Rudyard Kipling -a poem about the Philippine-American War, in which he invites the United States to assume colonial control of that country. -addresses and encourage the American colonization of the Philippine Islands

Jules Verne

-wrote the book around the world in 80 days -the book is about, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a £20,000 wager set by his friends at the Reform Club -prolific French author whose writings laid much of the foundation of modern science fiction

Steamboat

1819 the savannah-first ship to employ steam in crossing an ocean. Savannah-liverpool with one stop 27 days and 11 hours

Cotton Mill

A cotton mill is a building housing spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system. ... Child labour was used in the mills, and the factory system led to organised labour

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Provisional Government

A temporary government created by the Duma after the abdication of the czar; it made the decision to remain in World War One, costing it the support of the soviets and the people. -transform country into a republic -Alexander Kerenski- provisional government A moderate socialist -russian social democratic workers party

Austro-Prussian War

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia. -the largest battle fought in Europe until that time (involving 427,000 combatants), important victory for Bismark

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) The steamboat:The Steamboat -linked to the development of the paddle wheel -that's what moves the steamboat -paddle wheel steamboat 200 navigating the Mississippi c1830

Nicholas II of Russia

Czar of Russia during WWI, he stepped down due to unrest, was arrested by the Communists, and later executed along with his family

Franz Joseph I

Emperor of Austria-Hungary from 1848 to 1916; during his long reign he took small steps to address the democratic and nationalist aspirations of his people

The Bolsheviks: Lenin

April 3 (april 16)- lenin returns from exile and arrives in Petrograd via a sealed train (Vladimir Illiich Ullyanov "lenin") leader of the Bolsheviks

Long term structural factors with Russia in the Russian Revolution

Backwardness: -agrarian country, traditional agriculture -uneven distribution of wealth: 2/3 in the hands of a wealthy elite (5% of total Russian social body), large army of poor peasants and workers -70% illiteracy rate didn't know how to write or read -serfdom abolished in 1861 -empire 3 times the territory of the US -200 nationalities, 146 languages At the same time the great Russia region (western Russia) entered into a process of modernization

Nellie Bly

Bly's celebrity reached an international level with her mission to travel around the world in 80 days, just as the character Phileas Fogg did in Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days. Bly accomplished her goal with days to spare, and, as with her experience in the asylum, her report became a book, Around the World in Seventy-Two Days (1890). -working for a New York newspaper -her name was originally Elizabeth Jane Cochran

Four Powers

Britain, France, Austrian Empire, Russia

Isambard Brunel

British civil and mechanical engineer of great originality who designed the first transatlantic steamer.

Exhausting War

By 1917, 1.8 million solders and 1.5 million civilians were killed. Up to 5 million Russians were wounded. Nearly 4 million Russian soldiers were held as POWs (Britain, france and Germany had 1.3 million POWs combined) -Economic Cost: high war debts, inflation, gold reserves (then backing the currency) were nearly empty, Russia was on the verge of complete collapse Discontent Call for democratic change Call for social revolution The war was the spark that ignited the Russian revolution of 1917

**Wilhelm I**

He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck.

**Victor Emmanuel II**

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy The Italians gave him the label of Father of the Fatherland

Lenin vs. Alexander Kerenski

Kerenski's agenda with provisional government Lenin argued that Russia was ready for a communist revolution -encouraged rebellion: agrarian reform: peasant to seize land from landowners, workers to strike, all power to the soviets, arms to revolutionaries

Italy

Italy under napoleon: he unified Italy and many Italians were in good terms with napoleon because of this Unification supporters and opponents: -Supporters: broad social spectrum: from economic elites to middle classes -Opponents: old elites in anti-liberal independent states who feared change: king of Naples, the pope, Austria First attempt: 1814-1848 -Led by liberals and repbulicans -wanted a revolution and wanted to establish a republic

Bloody Sunday

January 1905: massacre of peaceful demonstrators in the square before the winter palace, St. Petersburg -this was a revolution for democracy -troops of the Tsar shot and killed many people

WWI

July Ultimatum to Serbia by Austria-Hungary July 28 Austria declares the war to Serbia Russian Mobilization July 31st Germany mobilizes and declares war on Russia -August 3 Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium to outflank the French army -August 4 the UK declares war on Germany -Adolf Hitler attends a rally in Munich Odeonsplatz to celebrate the declaration of war in 1914

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin.

President Wilson

Leader of the U.S. during World War I who touted that he kept America out of the war

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Gavrilo Princip

member of the black hand; shot Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife June 28, 1914- set off WWI -450 serbs were executed by Austro-Hungarian: wanted to punish the Serbians for the assassination

**Friedrich Nietzsche**

Main points of Nietzsche's philosophy -All evils of the West resulted from an excess of rational thinking. -formulated a radical alternative to the values that shaped western civilization -the west by emphasizing science and reason has created a monster: bourgeois society -all elements of this society were wrong: integrated by mediocre individuals obsessed with materialism, democracy: A farce (creation of the elite that convince people who don't think), socialism: also responds to materialistic aspirations -the cause: excess of rationalism. Rationalism negates instinct -instinct is a natural aptitude, impulse, and capacity that operates without reason. -instinct ignites creation -creation is essential to human life -religion part of the problem: oppressive rules, pessimistic message. Rejecting many ideas of westernization -Alternatives: -Reject Christianity: GOD IS DEAD: thus spoke Zarathustra: a book for all and none -Reject bourgeois values: democracy and beyond -Reject socialism for similar reasons -claim for the creation of a new man through a process of spiritual transformation -superman/overman will transform the world Nietzsche spent the last 11 years of his life in total mental darkness, first in a Basel asylum, then in Naumburg under his mother's care and, after her death in 1897, in Weimar in his sisters care. He died in 1900. Informed opinion favours a diagnosis of atypical general paralysis caused by dormant tertiary syphilis.

Measures that invaded Germany's sovereignty

Measures that invaded Germany's sovereignty -demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland -occupation and special status for the tsar under French control -a ban on the union of Germany and Austria -limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison gas supplies, no aircraft, and no airships -the limitation of the German navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines -German reparations of a 6.6 billion

**Guiseppe Garibaldi**

Military leader whose Red Shirt army liberated most of southern Italy, before conquering the northern section. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy.

**Guiseppe Mazzini**

Nationalistic leader in Italy, who started a group called Young Italy in 1831. Young Italy was a nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy.

Main Outcomes of WWI

Russian Revolution October 1917- most important, first communist revolution End of four empires -german -russian -austrian -turkish/ottoman -new republics middle east -sykes-picot agreement officially known as the Asian minor agreement-may 1916 New international powers-united states and japan US entered the war on april 1917 -The Zimmerman telegram scandal: a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico. German Revolution (November 1918) overthrew the Kaiser and started the Weimar republic Weimar republic came in a poisoned context-result of a revolution ran by the socialists -very unstable -first true democracy -but it was not going to work

The Romanovs

Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.

James Watt

Scottish inventor; he developed crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient, fast, and better able to power machinery. -1764, industrial use 1776

Battle of sedan

September 2, 1870. France defeated. Napoleon surrendered and taken prisoner. On September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed. -The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870. It resulted in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and large numbers of his troops and for all intents and purposes decided the war in favour of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government. -Napoleon III surrenders his sword to the Germans after the defeat of French troops in the battle of sedan -Alsace and Loraine taken bu new Germany and reason for French to be angry on the new Germany and the claim for the return of them was present in french politics from now 1870 to the beginning of world war 1 and one of the reasons the french will be in the position of confrontation with the germans

How new was this new imperialism?

•Imperialism as old as human history: conquest •European colonialism after 1492: Annexations •New imperialism after 1870 more complex •Diverse: three forms of domination •Annexations •Protectorates: an autonomous state receives diplomatic or military protection from a stronger state •Spheres of influence: the claim of a state to exercise exclusive or predominant control over a foreign territory. Established through international negotiations: congress of berlin (1880) and Berlin Conference (1884)

Charles Darwin

The Beagle: The book is a vivid travel memoir as well as a detailed scientific field journal covering biology, geology, and anthropology that demonstrates Darwin's keen powers of observation, written at a time when Western Europeans were exploring and charting the whole world.

**Utilitarianism**

Utilitarianism: social happiness can be measured -Utilitarian policies -Defines "utility" as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action -An action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness -the best action is the one that maximize utility, that is the one that brings happiness to the larger amount of people

Battle of the Marne

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918

Steel

a mixture of iron and mainly carbon -henry Bessemer -the Bessemer converter 1850 -acceleration the industrial revolution -between 1875 and 1920 american steel production grew from 380,000 tons to 60 million tons annually, making the US the world leader -American steel industry -- Andrew Carnegie etc. The Bessemer Process: The Bessemer converter is a cylindrical steel pot approximately 6 m (20 feet) high, originally lined with a siliceous refractory. Air is blown in through openings (tuyeres) near the bottom, creating oxides of silicon and manganese, which become part of the slag, and of carbon, which are carried out in the stream of air. Within a few minutes an ingot of steel can be produced, ready for the forge or rolling mill.

Social Darwinism

a set of beliefs, popular in the late Victorian era in England, America, and elsewhere, which stated that the strongest or fittest will dominate and flourish in society -Herbert Spencer -Spencer way of thinking: Elitist sorts of views long before Darwin published his theory -Spencer quickly incorporated Darwinian ideas to his own ethical theories -the concept of adaption allowed him to claim that the rich and powerful were better adapted to the social and economic climate of the time -the concept of natural selection allowed him to argue that it was natural, normal, and proper for the strong to thrive at the expense of the weak -British philosopher and sociologist, Herbert Spencer was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Victorian era. He was one of the principal proponents of evolutionary theory in the mid nineteenth century, and his reputation at the time rivaled that of Charles Darwin. Spencer was initially best known for developing and applying evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology and the study of society -- what he called his "synthetic philosophy"

NEW REGIME

a soviet republic controlled by the Bolshevik party

Independence of Greece

admirers of Greece [Britain, France, and Russia] supported the revolts, 1820s: forced Ottomans to grant independence; 1830s: Greece is independent; pressured to accept German king by allies-shows that they do not support the nationalism that brought on the revolution

Henri de saint-simon

attempted to apply the social principles of Christianity to modern industrial life

Process of industrialization after the 1870's

by 1914: 2.4 million industrial workers in the St Petersburg area -Fast urbanization areas of western Russia -fast economic growth -political ideologies were spreading

Johann Gottfriend von Herder

conceived national identity as the soul of a people, that soul- the Volk-was unique and was formed by language, customs, religion, folklore, and race. The national soul (voksgeist) develops in history and modeled by the environmental conditions

Civic Nationalism

conceives the nation as an association of independent citizens with equal rights, duties, and allegiances to a given state. Civic nationalism rejects the idea that the nation is based on common ethnic ancestry, the nation is a political entity, whose core is political participation instead of ethnicity

Robert Owen

created New Harmony based on secular principle. New Harmony was a utopian community in Indiana. It lasted from 1825 to 1827. A lack of authority caused it to break up. It was supposed to be a model factory town and a scheme for a model community -factory owner, new Lanark cotton mills, utopian socialist -Robert Owen took over the management of David Dale's cotton mills at New Lanark and put into practice the ideas that he had developed earlier in his life and his workers at New Lanark were made to adopt new living, working, sanitary, educational and other standards -Owens thought the living at New Lanark was unsanitary

England's Industrial Revolution

england's industrial take off in three sections -production of textiles: first in this -mining -transportation two main factors: rise of demand and improvement of technology in the textile industry calicoes-cotton clothes made in India, so called because first imported from Calicut: so called because first imported from Calicut, in the east indies -Calico printing in cotton mill: printing of fabrics, most beautiful thing about the calicos are the designs

Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin/Zeppelin Airship company

first notable builder of rigid directed airships, for which his surname is still a popular generic term.

Modern Nationalism

influences of liberalism, conservatism, and romanticism: right to self determination (right that individuals have to make choices), value of tradition, search for uniqueness

George Stephenson

invented the rocket and steam locomotive

Anton Von Werner

painting shows that attention goes towards Bismarck rather than the emperor; Bismarck grasps his Prussian military helmet; military victories had ensured Prussian predominance over a united Germany; to Bismarck's left stands Count Helmuth von Moltke

Richard Trevithick

steam circus "catch me if you can" c1808 -bull ring, circus ring that people pay a fee and then you get in

Romantic nationalism

the form of nationalism in which the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs. This includes, depending on the particular manner of practice, the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation in its primal sense of those who were born within its culture

The Balkans

the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia Balkan wars- change humiliations to Russia by Austria with the bacing of its main ally Germany -first in 1908 Second Balkan War 1912 -Alliance against Turkey -Serbia took land from Albania -germany backed Austria against Serbia -new humiliation -two successive military conflicts that deprived the Ottoman Empire of almost all its remaining territory in Europe. The First Balkan War was fought between the members of the Balkan League—Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro—and the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League was formed under Russian auspices in the spring of 1912 to take Macedonia away from Turkey, which was already involved in a war with Italy The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia.

Ethnic Nationalism

understands the nation as a community of people sharing the same ethnicity. An ethnic group is a human collective integrated by individuals identity with each other, through a common heritage that is real or imagined. That heritage determines the nation and its main elements are language, folklore, religion, customs, values, and race

The phalange

was to be a cooperative agricultural community bearing responsibility for the social welfare of the individual, characterized by continual shifting of roles among its members All about early socialists North American phalanx: utopian community (colts neck, Monmouth county, NJ) Last from 1841-1856

Why did the Europeans decide to build new empires?

•In the 1920's economists such as John Hobson and politicians such as the communist Vladimir Lenin argued that the West built empires to expand their economies: Demand of raw materials and demand of consumer products •Insufficiencies of this approach: Research shows that some empires generated national deficits, does not explain the participation of non-industrial countries such as Russia, Portugal, or Italy •Reasons for imperialism were diverse and complex: no doubt there were strong economic reasons but have to take into account other motives such as: national prestige (diplomatic competition) and western feelings of superiority (scientific curiosity, religion)