History Focus Questions/Review CH 16-27

What were the goals and accomplishments of the New Deal?

"3 Rs": 1. relief for the unemployed and poor 2. recovery of the economy back to normal levels 3. reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression - It put people back to work, saved capitalism, restored faith in the American economic system, while at the same time it revived a sense of hope in the American people. -prevent future great depression

Gilded Age

(1860-1896) era of dramatic industrial and urban growth characterized by widespread political corruption and loose government oversight over corporations.

What was the Compromise of 1877, and why was it a factor in the end of Radical Reconstruction in the South?

- Secret unwritten deal: The Republicans promised that if Hayes were named president, he would remove the last federal troops from the South. Resulted in troops pulling out of south, causing republican governments to collapse and end the era.

What three developments spurred the "Second Industrial Revolution?"

1. National Transportation and communication network 2. Electric power 3. Scientific Research

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

"Exodusters" were: A. Chinese immigrants in California B. German immigrants in the West C. black southerners who moved west D. religious zealots on the northern plains

C. Black southerners who moved west

The Neutrality Act of 1935: A. was directed against the Japanese aggression in China B. permitted to the U.S. to sell arms and munitions to warring nations to ensure the U.S. did not have to get involved C. forbade the sale of arms and munitions to warring nations D. stopped German and Italian aid to the Spanish Civil War

C. forbade the sale of arms and munitions to warring nations

At the triangle shirtwaist company in 1911: A. a strike resulted in the intervention of federal troops B. the labor force was found to be made up of entirely children C. workers died as result of a fire D. the first meeting of Industrial Workers of the World was held

C. workers died as result of the fire

What were the causes and major events of the Spanish-American War?

Causes: Cubans revolted against Spanish rule and Americans support their demand for independence. Major events: Yellow journalism, the de Lome letter, and the sinking of the U.S. battleship in Maine

Franklin Roosevelt said that "the only thing we have to fear, is": A. "analysis paralysis" B. "greed" C. "the Great Depression" D. "fear itself"

D. "Fear itself"

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

"Axis" alliance

Germany, Italy, Japan

Muckrakers

Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

"neutrality laws"

Series of laws passed by Congress aimed at avoiding entering a Second World War; these included the Neutrality Act of 1935, which banned loans to warring nations.

Why did America want to build the Panama Canal?

The canal would cut the distance needed from the West to the East. American and British leaders and businessmen wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

What factors motivated America's new imperialism after the Civil War?

The idea of manifest destiny to expand territory abroad and the industrialist's desire for new markets for their goods.

"the Jungle"

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Radical Republicans

favored drastic transformation of southern society wanted to grant freed slaves full citizenship rights- wanted to replace elite farmers with small farmers.

Johnson's restoration plan

plan to require southern states to ratify the 13th Amendment, disqualify wealthy ex-Confederates from voting, and appoint a Unionist governor.

People's Party (Populists)

political party largely made up of farmers from the South and West that struggled to gain political influence from the East. - advocated a variety of reforms, including free coinage of silver, a progressive income tax, postal savings banks, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.

De Lome Letter

private correspondence written in 1898 by the Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Depuy de Lôme, that described President McKinley as "weak"; the letter was stolen by Cuban revolutionaries and published in the New York Journal, deepening American resentment of Spain and moving the two countries closer to war in Cuba.

What was the crop-lien system that emerged in the South and how did it shape the region after the Civil War?

- large landowners rented land to cash- poor tenant farmers or sharecroppers in return for a "share" of the cotton they grew each year - kept millions in long-term debt and limited where they could live and how they could make a living.

Richard Sears & Alvah Roebuck

2 entrepreneurs who started the largest mail-order companies; organized Sears, Roebuck, & Co.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

In what ways did a "New South" emerge economically in the late 19th Century?

Many southerners embrace the vision of the new south noted by Henry Woodfin Grady and others held for industrial sector and more vocational training. The cotton textile grew to surpass that of New England.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War for American foreign policy?

The US annexed the Philippines and set up government in Puerto Rico. Open door policy became available in China

16th Amendment

income tax

sharecroppers

people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop.

Chinese exclusion act

(1882)Federal law that barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to America.

What were the differences between carpetbaggers and scalawags?

- "carpetbaggers": Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. Goal was to grab political power/buy plantations. - Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers. Worked w/ republicans to rebuild southern economy.

How did Progressive labor legislation affect women and children?

- Better working conditions --Stopping child labor - Reduced work hours

What were the different approaches to Reconstruction under Lincoln, the Radical Republicans, and Johnson?

- Lincoln & Johnson supported the Ten Percent Plan, allowing each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10 percent of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the 13th amendment. -Radical Republicans believed the south should be punished for starting the war and wanted to change all southern society. Ex-slaves would get full citizenship.

How and why did white southerners take away African Americans' right to vote and adopt "Jim Crow" segregation laws at the end of the 19th Century?

- Mississippi Plan- state gov passed measures including poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literary tests, and residency tests, making voting impossible for blacks and even poor whites - legalized segregation ruled constitutional by supreme court in 1896 Plessy v Ferguson decision -disfranchised majority of black voters

How did the New Deal transform the role of the federal government in American life?

- established the idea that the federal government should provide at least a minimal quality of life for all Americans, and it provided people with some security against a future crisis, reaffirming for millions a faith in American capitalism. -Many of the programs making up the Second New Deal, such as the Works Progress Administration, Social Security, and the Wagner Act, aimed to achieve greater social justice by establishing new regulatory agencies and laying the foundation of a federal social welfare system.

How did urban growth and the increasingly role of science influence leisure activities, cultural life, and social policy in the Gilded Age?

- growth of large cities led to popularity of vaudeville and wild west shows to the emergence of spectator sports... saloons were social and political clubs for men- Origin of species led people to apply it to social Darwinism and that economic and social success was survival of the fittest and that government should promote equality or protect the less successful- reform Darwinism: collective efforts and social reform should guide human progress.

What fueled the growth of the post-Civil War economy?

- large-scale industrial development and a burgeoning agriculture sector. -Rockefeller eventually controlled nearly every facet of the oil industry, consolidating that control through trusts and holding companies.

What was the purpose and impact of the "Great White Fleet" on Roosevelt's foreign policy?

-Big stick policy -without consulting Congress or his cabinet, he sent the entire U.S. feet of warships to show Americas power to every foreign nation.

What was the significance of Reconstruction for the nation's future?

-Caused the passing of 13th,14th, and 15th amendments and created essential constitutional foundation for future advances for civil rights.

What were the experiences of miners, farmers, ranchers, and women in the West in the late 19th Century?

-Exposure to new opportunity - drawn to new resources at Comstock Lode. -Only large farms could keep good profits due to declining prices and the need for expensive machinery.

What was the Triangle Shirtwaist Company disaster, and how did it affect later workplace environments?

-Fire where exits were overloaded/ people couldn't get out due to lack of safety features. -New laws and regulations allowed workplace conditions to improve: no locked doors, more exits, and improves safety overall.

What were the major new social and cultural trends and movements that became prominent during the 1920s?

-Flappers: young women eager to define their own identity by challenging prewar restrictions with their short hemlines, drinking, smoking, and open discussions of sex. -Harlem renaissance movement(gave voice to African American literature and music) -Jazz age -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

-Issue added to Monroe Doctrine. -conceived as a means to protect U.S. interests and preserve stability in Latin America by preventing European countries from interfering there.

What was Executive Order 9066?

-It was the executive order issued by president Roosevelt authorizing the relocation and internment of Japanese-Americans. -gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona.

How and why did Reconstruction policies change over time?

-President Lincoln was assassinated, giving Johnson power. - Johnsons plan -Radicals rebelled -Black codes - 14th & 15th amendment were passed -Military reconstruction Act -Johnson impeached

What were the effects of urban growth during the Gilded Age? What problems did it create?

-Rapid immigration, along with the explosion of Americans moving from farms to the cities, caused an urban boom. -The growth of cities gave rise to powerful political machines, stimulated the economy, and gave birth to an American middle class -crowded tenements bred disease and crime and created opportunity for urban party bosses to accrue power, by contributing to the poor various forms of assistance.

How were the Japanese defeated in the war in the Pacific?

-The Japanese advance across the Pacific was halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway. -Fierce Japanese resistance at Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japan's refusal to surrender after the firebombing of Tokyo led the new president, Harry S. Truman, to order the use of atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

What were the major criticisms of the New Deal?

-The Supreme Court ruled that many of the First New Deal programs were unconstitutional violations of private property and states' rights -Conservatives criticized the New Deal for expanding the scope and reach of the federal government so much that it was steering the nation toward socialism. -African Americans criticized the widespread racial discrimination in New Deal policies and agencies. -some thought the policies didn't go far enough.

How and why did the Cold War develop between the United States and the Soviet Union develop after WWII?

-The United States and the Soviet Union maintained an alliance during the war, but once the war was over, the Soviet Union broke promises made at the Yalta Conference. Relations between the two nations quickly deteriorated as the Soviets installed puppet governments in Eastern Europe, which the former prime minister of Great Britain called an iron curtain dividing Europe, leading President Truman to distrust Soviet leaders. -Truman pursued a confrontational foreign policy that focused on stopping the spread of communism, a policy that only aggravated tensions. - America's commitment to free-enterprise capitalism, political self-determination, and religious freedom conficted with the Soviet Union's preference for controlling its neighbors, ideological conformity, and prohibiting religious practices.

How did the Wilson administration mobilize the home front?

-The Wilson Administration drafted millions of young men and created new agencies, such as the War Industries Board and the Food Administration, to coordinate industrial and agricultural production. -white workers left their factory jobs to join the army, hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated from the rural South to the urban North, known as the Great Migration. -One million women worked in the defense industry. - The federal government severely curtailed civil liberties during the war. -The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 criminalized public opposition to the war.

What factors contributed to the decline of the Great Plains' image as "the Great American Desert?"

-The completion of the transcontinental railroads -The diminishing threat of Indian violence -A seemingly limitless supply of natural resources

What were the specific goals of progressive reformers? In what ways did they pursue these public goals?

-The specific goals of progressive reformers were focusing on stopping corruption in politics, and legislative oversight to control and eliminate trusts and other forms of monopolies. -They advanced reforms such as the direct primary; the initiative, referendum, and recall at the state level; and the direct election of U.S. senators through the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment

Who were the "new immigrants" of the late 19th Century? How were they viewed by American society?

-They lived in Urban areas and most had low-paying jobs . -new immigrants were mostly from east and south Europe - their language, culture, and religion was different from Native Americans - beginning of 1880's, nativists advocated restrictive immigration laws and won passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Who were the various groups of migrants to the West after the Civil War? Why did they move there?

-White protestant Americans, immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia, Mexicans, African Americans, and Chinese. -They wanted more affordable land and more expensive resources.

How did the division between Roosevelt and Taft give Wilson the presidency?

-Wilson, Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs. Each candidate believed in the basic assumptions of progressive politics, but each had a different view on how progressive ideals should be implemented through policy. In the end, Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican party votes and Wilson emerged as the winner. -Wilson took advantage of the split, winning 40 states and a large majority of the electoral vote with just 41.8% of the popular vote.

How did World War II affect the United States?

-With the declaration of war, millions of men and women began enlisting in the armed services. -America produced more than half the goods being produced at that time.(industry productivity increased 96%) -Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1942 (Victory Tax), which required most workers to begin paying taxes to pay for the war. -consumer goods prices went up due to the U.S. having to also supply goods to other nations. -Women got more job opportunities.

How did the nature of politics during the Gilded Age contribute to political corruption and stalemate?

-huge corporations used their money to buy political influence - 2 major parties, whose local bosses and machines won votes by distributing patronage jobs and contracts to members as well as charitable relief - party loyalties reflected regional, ethnic, and religious differences

How did President Roosevelt and Congress respond to the outbreak of wars in Europe and Asia between 1933 and 1941?

-isolationism - The US issued neutrality laws to stay out of the war. -Prevented selling of guns to foreign countries -Revised the neutrality act, allowing Britain and France to send ships to the U.S. and transport military supplies back home. -President Roosevelt accelerated military aid to Great Britain through the Lend-Lease Act (1941). -Atlantic Charter

How did the West change by 1900?

-mechanized commercial agriculture changed the dynamics of farming. -Homesteaders had to abandon farms and become laborers. -poor farmers in the west joined with tenant farmers in south to support the people's party: -sought to wrest control of the political and economic system from the powerful east and return it to the "plan" folk

Why did the money supply become a major political issue, especially for farmers, during the Gilded Age?

-money supply hadn't increased as the economy had grown - farmers believed that the coinage of silver instead of gold would cause inflation (decrease their debt but increase crop value) - unhappy w the parties, they formed the people's party - 1896- McKinley won the election bc he was more organized and better financed, and appealed to a growing number of city dwellers and industrial workers.

What caused the outbreak of the Great War, and why was the United States drawn into it?

-the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne by a Serbian nationalist triggered a chain reaction involving the Triple Alliance and the Central Powers. - the publication of the Zimmermann telegram led the US to enter the Great War.

What were three major challenges faced by FDR when he arrived in Washington?

1) Revive the economy 2) Relieve widespread human misery 3) Rescue the farm sector and families

What was meant by the term "Robber Barons" and "Captains of Industry?"

1. Robber Barons- Powerful nineteenth-century industrialists who were viewed as having used questionable practices to amass their wealth. 2. Captains of industry-business leaders whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way.

What were the major causes of the Great Depression

1. The stock market crash of 1929 (people couldn't repay their loans or sell stock) 2. Banking Crisis (People used credit to spend money they/bank did not have) 3. overproduction (the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand) 4. Underconsumption (farmers overproduced goods and not enough people were buying)

Lincolns plan

1863; proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction; stating each confed state could recreate a union if got 10% of votes.

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

What were the consequences of the war at home and abroad?(cold war)

4 European empires were dismantled, replaced by smaller nation-states. The reparations imposed on Germany and the "war guilt" clause laid the foundations for German bitterness. The presence of a Communist regime in the old Russian Empire had major consequences in America.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Imperealism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Iron curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

congressional reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

What happened at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890?

A. Geronima was captured for the last time B. The final treaty between Native Americans and the U.S. government was signed C. the U.S. military suffered defeat at the hands of Indians for the last time D. More than two hundred Sioux Ghost Dancers were slaughtered

The first states to adopt woman's suffrage were: A. in the mountain west B. in the Northeast C. in the south D. in New England

A. in the mountain west

The main purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps was to: A. provide work relief B. train young woman to earn money for higher education C. promote conservation and recycling programs D. build schools and promote the conservation of educational institutions.

A. provide work relief

What is the purpose of the 38th parallel division of the Koreas?

After WWII Korea was divided at the 38th parallel for purposes of military occupation. This line then solidified into a political frontier between American-supported Republic of Korea and the Soviet backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea. North Korean troops swept across the 38th parallel to attack South Korea.

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire. -believed that the general public benefited from big business even if these companies employed harsh business practices.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Radical Republicans Supported: A. full equality for ex-slaves B. Congressional control of reconstruction C. removal of southern planters from power D. All of the above

D. all of the above

How did the modernist movements influence American culture in the early 20th Century?

Disillusioned artists and writers created cynical art and novels to reflect the death of idealism. -To be "modern" meant to break free of tradition, violate restrictions, shock the public, and make one's works difcult to explain or interpret. -Einstein's discoveries revolutionized the way scientists perceived the universe -After the Armory Show, many people discovered a new faith in the disturbing powers of art

J. Pierpont Morgan

He was a banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation.

Why was Theodore Roosevelt placed on the Republican ticket in 1900, and how did Roosevelt become president in 1901?

He was a military hero in the war and was well known by many. In 1900, Republicans nominated Roosevelt for VP. He became president after McKinley was assassinated.

How did the Hoover administration respond to the Great Depression?

Hoover hoped that the "natural generosity" of the American people and charitable organizations would be sufficient, and he believed that volunteers would relieve the stress. -signed only the Emergency Relief Act (1932), which authorized the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to make loans to states for infrastructure projects

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented and patented the telephone and formed the Bell Telephone Company.

Thomas Edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations.

Yalta Conference

Meeting of the "Big Three" Allied leaders, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, to discuss how to divide control of postwar Germany and eastern Europe.

Comstock Lode

Nevada gold and silver mine in Eastern Nevada discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859.

captains of industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. - set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations.

How did Truman and MacArthur approach the Korean conflict?

President Truman ordered U.S. air and naval forces to attack targets north of the 38th parallel. He also authorized General MacArthur to send American ground troops from Japan to support the rapidly collapsing South Korean Army.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale)

John D. Rockefeller

Started Standard Oil Trust. - controlled most of the oil refinery business - The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which prompted the immediate American entry into the war.

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops and sold them to local merchants or land owners to pay back their loans.

What is the importance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution?

They all extended civil and legal protections to former slaves.

How did the KKK promote "white terror" in the South during Reconstruction?

They used terror, intimidation, and violence to disrupt black Republican meetings, target black and white Republican leaders for beatings or killings, and prevent blacks from exercising their political rights.

How and why did America expand its influence in the Pacific before the Spanish-American War (War of 1898)?

To exploit vast Asian markets, American planters developed a thriving sugar industry which increased commercial connections to the U.S.

What was the impact of American efforts to contain the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism

Truman announced his Truman Doctrine. Congress passed the Marshall Plan to provide economic aid to Europe. The United States and Great Britain began the Berlin airlift to support West Berlin. The United States joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

How did Wilson promote his plans for a peaceful world order as outlined in his Fourteen Points?

Wilson insisted that the United States wanted no selfish gains from the war, only a new, democratic Europe to emerge from the old empires. His famous Fourteen Points speech outlined his ideas for the establishment of continent-wide democratic nation-states and a league of nations.

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

robber barons

an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

black codes

laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to combat the codes, congress passed the civil rights act of 1866 and the fourteenth amendment and set up military governments in southern states that refused to ratify the amendment.

To what extent did the policies of the Republican party dominate the federal government during the 1920s?

numerous anti-evolution bills were introduced. In 1925 the teaching of evolution was outlawed. Prohibition outlawed the sale of alcohol. Anti-progressive social reformers were convinced that by outlawing alcohol would reduce prostitution and alcohol related violence.

How effective were the efforts of workers to organize unions to promote their interests during this era?

some unions advocated for workers' rights at a national level (national labor union, Knights of labor, Haymarket riot, pullman strike, homestead steel strike, american federation of labor)

In what ways did the social class structure and lives of women change in the late 19th Century?

workforce composed of unskilled workers including (immigrants, former farmers, and women and children) increase in the # of people who considered themselves middle-class - women began to go to college and took business and professional jobs.