History - Midterm

Architect, urbanist, writer, painter Worked for: Perret and Behrens Taught: Teodoro Gonzales de Leon, Oscar Niemeyer, Mario Botta, Rogelio Salmona, Andreas Feininger, Roberto Matta Founder of CIAM Modular man - starts to use human scale Plays with color - breaks up monotony Embraced automobile - designed parking structures, embedded them into landscape Designed massive concrete structures that could be mass-produced - huge impact around the world Use of roof Interlocking forms - revolutionary for the time

Le Corbusier

Pilotis Roof garden Free plan Free facade Ribbon Windows

Le Corbusier's 5 points

People who consume the city Walking the streets Middle class needs something to do when not at work

Leisure

Looking at forms themselves, not looking at all sides of an object Reducing things to their essence Precision of contour Cleanness of lines Volumetric representations Flattening of overlaying planes Ordering of objects and contours Cartesian rationalization - themes were "object-type", everyday objects evolved and redefined

Purism

Bon Marche - 1869 Louis-Charles Boileau Paris, France Carson Pirie Scott - 1899 Louis Sullivan Chicago, IL Schocken Department Store - 1926 Erich Mendelsohn Stuttgart, Germany

Typologies - mass consumption

Gallerie Des Machines - 1889 Ferdinand Dutert Paris

Typologies - mass market / world exhibition

AEG Turbine Factory - 1908-1909 Peter Behrens Berlin, Germany Fagus Shoe Factory - 1911-1914 Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer Alfeld, Germany Fiat Lingotto Plant - 1915-1921 Giacomo Matte Trucco Turin / Lingotto

Typologies - mass production

Paddington Station - 1854 Isambard Kingdom Brunel London, England

Typologies - mass transportation / mobility

The classification of objects, structures, or specimens by subdividing observed populations into a theoretical sequence or series of groups (types) and subgroups (subtypes) according to consideration of their qualitative, quantitative, morphological, formal, technological, and functional attributes once established, typological references are often used as a surrogate chronology or cultural history Innovations in materials leads to innovation in typologies

Typology

Founded the Bauhaus in 1919 in WEIMAR, Germany Moved the school to DESSAU where it remained from 1925-1932

Walter Gropius

Early forms of concrete - used over 8,700 years ago by the Nabateans Limestone was key - crushed and hardened with water Cement - not concrete, ingredient of concrete that contains other chemicals and aggregates Around 2,600 years ago - Greeks discovered a material called Pozzolan could be used to make a hardening mix 400 years later - Romans took concrete to next level Romans - used concrete to build roads, bridges, forts, and other buildings allowing them to expand their Empire quickly and in a permanent manner 1793 - John Smeaton began experimenting with Limestone Clay in large ovens called Kilns, and produced a dry material caller "Clinker" (ground up to make cement) 1848 - Jean-Louis Lambot was the first person to make reinforced concrete (iron bars and wire mesh to reinforce several concrete rowboats) 1854 - William B. Wilkinson used iron bars to wire rope to reinforce the concrete floors of a two-story cottage he was building for his servants (first building to use reinforced concrete) 1850-1880 - Francois Coignet was a 19th century French industrialist and a pioneer of reinforced concrete (first to use iron reinforced concrete in construction on a widespread scale)

Concrete

Production: birth of the entrepreneurial class Consumption: all you needed was money to commission your building Corporations have effectively replaced the feudal system, and have for the most part, replaced Aristocracy as the main source of patronage for architecture Clients can be: state, corporations, institutions, and private sectors

Democratization

After fire - started to build with material other than wood Used steel (1855) Skyscrapers needed steel and safe elevators (1854) Plate glass Phones

Chicago

Held the belief that each generation of architects ought to destroy the buildings of the previous generation in order to replace them with faithful expressions of their current age

Futurists

Marx Feudal to industrial society capitalist society commodity use value, exchange value labor division of labor - production of commodity abstraction, production and consumption commodity fetish market

Capitalism - Das Kapital

"German Association of Craftsmen" Peter Behrens Hermann Muthesius Henry Van de Velde Bruno Taut Hans Poelzig J.M. Olbrich

Deutscher Werkbund

aptly proclaimed the greatness of their government's "new Order"

Early Soviet era Constructivism

Drawings - Milan, Italy, 1912-1914 Antonio Sant' Elia - theoretical work Believed technology would save us Notion of the repetitive - beauty through multiple, repetition of parts become aesthetic of whole

Italian Futurist Movement

Political opening allowed for a back and forth relationship with Europe and North America, each influencing each other in Arts and Architecture

Japan - 1860s

Auguste Comte Everything has structure / can be organized Variables change things Move into rationality "World is noble" All knowledge regarding matters of fact is based on the "positive" data of experience That beyond the realm of fact is that of pure logic and pure mathematics

Positivism

Graphic artist before architect used graphic design in architecture work

Peter Behrens

White-collar building type Direct expression of division of Labor between management and manufacturing Commercial viability (Chicago School) skyscrapers: tension between art and logic Never designed before

Skyscraper and industrial Midwest

1850 The way markets, and actors in those markets, will adjust and organize produce forces, including themselves (labor and time), to maximize profits. This holds true even whens state regulation intervenes in the market, as enterprises re-orient themselves to best fit the new economic paradigm Differences of historical layers between European cities and American cities Way of subdoing land mentally How to expand - Jeffersonian Grid State boundaries and divisions within the states Mapping out territory grid - urban planning land mapping abstraction of space - destroying indigenous spaces

The logic of capital