History of Architecture 2

In terms of service structures, how are the bazaar street and the Chahar Suq defined?

Bazaar street is an urban market that runs the length of the city and through the Chahar Suq, a Square plaza.

Which architectural features of Russian Orthodox churches, such as the one in Vladimir, did the Italian architect Fioravanti use in his design for the Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow?

Both are pentacupolar with zakomary transitions, they have an arcade band at the mid level of the façade, and perspective arches.

Man Sighn was an important patron of architecture in Akbar's court. What material were his temples built from? If these Hindu temples employ features such as arches, vaults, and domes, in what style must these temples be? What construction device did the Hindu designers borrow from the Islamic Mosque?

His Temples were Build from Red Sandstone, A material reserved for Mughal official architecture. His temples also include Mughal features like domes, arches, and vaults. Petelled Dome set between two half Domes carried of intersecting arches is a construction device borrowed.

In what ways were the design of residential architecture and the design of cities influenced by principles governing private and public life derived from the Qur'an?

Islam recognizes the fundamental right of privacy for the family within its own house, hence in many places houses present plain exterior walls to the street. Doorways of houses on opposite sides of the street must be located so that one cannot look from one dwelling into the other when both doors are open, and ground-level windows are set so high that those passing by cannot look in. Residences tend to be designed around courtyards that preserve privacy and also modify the microclimate advantageously. Women and children are segregated from men and visitors, so the family living area is separated from reception facilities provided for male guests, and from the entrance to the house one cannot see directly into living areas. Pre-modern Islamic society made no distinction between the sacred and secular realms. the essential features of an urban area were a Friday mosque large enough to serve the community and surrounding settlements, a governor who exercised control over the territory, and a bazaar or market with covered stalls for the city and surrounding countryside. The Friday mosque and the bazaar were inseparable.. Interspersed with the public areas might be fountains, cafés, caravanserais, public baths, and madrasas.. The city's neighborhoods or residential quarters began as homogeneous groupings of families affiliated by a common trade or religious and ethnic connection.

Who is the patron of the Taj Mahal and for whom was this tomb built? In what ways does the Taj Mahal differ in design and materials from the Tomb of Humayun?

It was built by shah Jahan as a tomb for Shah Jahan's beloved wife, Mumtaz Maha. The site adjoins the Jumna River to the north, and the tomb is placed next to it, rather than being in the center of the layout as was Humayun's.

Why was Mughal architecture influential in northern India?

It was influential because of the close political and cultural ties forged between the Mughal and Rajasthan under Akbar

Viewing the Krishna temple in Patan in figure 140, what two features do you recognize as being typical of Hindu architecture?

Its shakhara tower and dome like roofs

Which aspect of the southern Indian temple is developed further in the 16th century?

Mandapa was developed into a sort of showroom full of royal portraits, martial animals, and Hindu divinities.

What two areas of India became the major focus of Hindu artistic activity in the 16th century?

Rajasthan and southern India

Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal, promoted a particular style of architecture. What were the elements he emphasized in this style?

Shah Jahan promoted a style that included an emphasis on bilateral symmetry, the use of cusped arches, and white marble or stucco facing instead of red sandstone for exterior finishes

What was Kocha Sinan's first major architectural commission? Describe its composition in plan. Where are the minarets located in this design?

Sinan's first major architectural commission in Constantinople was the Sehzade mosque complex., the mosque is composed of two joined squares (Figs. 7.22-7.24). One square contains the sahn, which has a central fountain and is surrounded by domed bays behind arcades. The second square is the enclosed haram, where the central dome is complemented by four semidomes set at the sides, with smaller domes and semidomes filling the remaining spaces. minarets at the corners where the two squares adjoin

Looking at the photograph of the Cathedral of the Dormition in Vladimir (Plate 12) and others before and after. There were numerous stone churches like this one built in the Russian Orthodox style during the medieval period. You can learn more about them on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_church_architecture Describe the characteristic architectural features of the Cathedral of the Dormition in Vladimir. According to the website, what is the difference between zachomary and kokoshniki?

The building had a scalloped roof and helmet domes. A visual transition between the main cube of the church and the elongated cylinder below the dome was provided by one or several rows of curved corbel arches, known as kokoshniki. They could be spade-shaped, semicircular, or pointed. The ascent of semicircular or pointed gables (zakomary), culminating in an elongated cylinder under the dome, creates a vertical thrust that is reinforced by the tapering shape of pilasters and the vertical arrangement of apses, porches, and chapels.

Sinan's final major work, the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, contains a dome without the semidomes traditionally used in Byzantine architecture to support dome structures. Describe the structural forms Sinan used to support the major central dome in this case.

The dome is set directly on eight piers, six freestanding and two engaged in the qibla wall. Arches connecting these piers support the dome, which rises above ranks of windows pierced in the exterior wall. Buttressing necessary to brace the dome's lateral thrust is placed within the walls and seen more clearly on the exterior

Describe the basic architectural features of the Tomb of Ismail the Samanid. How is the tomb ornamented on its exterior? In what way is the Tomb of Humayun in Dehli, India similar to this more modest structure in Bukhara, Uzbekistan?

The tomb of Ismail the Samanid is a cubelike mass with inset cylindrical corners houses a single domed chamber supported by four squinch arches and ringed by an upper-level ambulatory . Most distinctive is its highly textured brickwork laid in forceful geometric patterns that contrast solids and voids. Its squre plan and overhead dome are identical with similar cilindrical shapes placed at its corners.

What two factors worked against the Russian acceptance of Renaissance philosophy and thinking? Did this affect Russians acceptance of Renaissance architectural design and technology?

The two factors were the suspicions of the Russian Orthodox Church towards a culture closely related to Roman Catholicism and the changing rule in Russia. This caused them to adapt wester design and technology in a way that expresses their concepts of centrality and hierarchy.

What is the most common building material used for temples in Bengal and why? What material is used to ornament these brick temples? Describe the typical bangla roof.

These temples are made of brick because of the lack of avalible stone. Terracotta is used to decorate the outside of these temples. The roofs on these temples are curved cornices and ridges that imitate the indigenous bamboo and thatch huts.

Your textbook presents an interesting case of cross-cultural influence where the church of San Marco in Venice, Italy was renovated during the Renaissance, inspired by the Italians sojourn in Russia. The original domes of San Marcho demonstrate a technique of dome-building known in the Eastern world in the Middle Ages, but not adopted in the West until the period of the 15th century Renaissance: the double shell dome. Notice that the tall exterior domes of San Marco are not the same height as the interior domes, see fig. 6.21. The internal domes are masonry shells and are the primary structure of the roof. They were constructed by the Byzantine architect of San Marco. The tall shells above were built later in the 15th century to dramatize the view one would see in perspective standing in the plaza before the church. What supports these essentially false domes above the original masonry ones? What decorative elements did the 15th-century builders then add to ornament the false domes that reminds you of Russian architecture?

Timber frames support the false domes. Turrets were added to the tops of the domes.

What are some of the typical architectural characteristics of Mughal palaces? How did they achieve protection and privacy in their designs?

To get protection and privacy the Mughal courtly complexes are surrouned by massive ramparts. Hierarchy is present in manny areas to provide a distinction between private and public areas. Typical characteristics are the Shah Burj (royal Tower) thats connected to the rampart, flat roof pivilions, and made of stone.

What are some of the typical architectural characteristics of Mughal tombs? List some of the characteristics of the Taj Mahal. What is a unique feature of its design?

Typically asociated with garden settings like terraces. A common feture among them is the seperation of the grave from the cenotaph. The grave is at ground level in a domed crypt and the cenotaph is at higher level directly above it. The Taj Mahal falls with in long standing Timurid conventions and has an octagonal building surrounded by lofty pishtaqs with a 4 part garden. Its unusual because of its fully covered in white marble and because of the4 minerets being placed on the corners of the terrace that the mausoluem is rasied by.

What were the typical characteristics of Mughal mosques?

a cortyard type with a centeral pishtaq that gives access to a domed chamber in front of a polygonal mihrab with 4 or more lesser domes on either side.

What important building material did the Italians who rebuilt the Kremlin introduce to Russia?

brick

What material was used by the Italian architects to rebuild the Kremlin walls? Why?

brick because it was heavy and sturdy.

What changes were brought to Mughal design once Shah Jahan took the throne (on p. 23)?

emphasis of white marble cladding. columns became tapered and fluted and ornament became distinctly baroque

In the section on Garden Design, what were the important features of Babur's and later Mughal gardens?

gardens conformed to timurid models with water made to flow through straight channels, forming regular intersections. water ran through animal run waterwheels. multilevel terraces, char-bagh layouts (4 square), high walls and gateways, water reliefs (pools and water conducting), pavment and pavilion for shade to cool off.

List and define at least four ornamental themes found in Mughal architecture.

geometrical designs and patterns with bright colors, calligraphic inscriptions, floral designs, arabesque.

What materials were used to build Vitthala temple in Vijayanagara? Describe the component parts and their layout within the exterior walls of the complex. Where do you think Vastu Purusha's navel must lie?

it was built of brick and plaster with granite columns. A three entrances lead to the sancuary and multiple mandapas.

Describe the organization of the Rasamandala composition used in the Shyama Raya temple. What material is it made of and where is it located in the temple?

its made of terracotta, is placed of the wall, and is organized in rings. Krishna playing the flute is surrounded by dancing gopis.

What does the Patio of the Lions symbolize and how is this symbolic idea laid out architecturally?

its meant to symbolize the Quranic vision of paradise, a garden with 4 flowing rivers of water, wine, milk, and honey. this is represented by 4 4 parts divided by shallow watercourses.

Describe the design of the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great. What proportion system was used?

octagonal tiers are set atop each other with each tier being toped with dental, an arcade strip, and black cornice. Made of thick brick walls. The proportion system was based on the golden section.

What materials are used to create the ornamental features the architecture within the Alhambra?

plaster and stucco

Why did the first church of the Dormition in the Kremlim collapse? What new building techniques did the Italians bring to Moscow after 1475?

possible reasons for collapse were the poor quality of materials (mortar and stone with rubble infill) and construction of stairs and the recent earthquake in the area. Deep foundation walls were new. along with thin limestone with bond masonry as opposed to the rubble infill. Thick newer cement was used for mortar.

What was likely the first stone church built in the Moscow Kremlin and why was it important? At what date were the Kremlin's oak log walls replaced with limestone?

the Cathedral of Dormition was the first stone church and it was important because it marked the city as a religious and political center. the log walls were rebuilt in 1367

Who was the architect of the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael and how is its design related to architecture in Venice? In what ways might this church be considered 'classical', at least in Italian Renaissance terms?

the architect was Alevise Lamberti Da Montagnana. the design is similar to the work of his teacher in Venice. The decorative details, the articulation of the facade and the carved limestone portals suggest the connection. Classical elements were used to decorate it, cornices and capitals and entablatures were used to define and divide the bays of the building.

The Chatris were an architectural component borrowed from Hindu architecture. What uses for the Chatris does the author propose?

the author proposes that chhatris can punctuate outdoor spaces, corners of flat roof structures as well as function as outlooks for a palace citadel.

What features of Spanish Islamic design were later incorporated into western European architecture?

the pointed arch, domes with interlacing ribs, and polychromy.

List the major architectural features of the Alhambra Palace and explain what their purpose was.

the throne room the patio of lions and the patio of myrtle trees

In the section on Construction, Design and Decoration, what were the two construction techniques the Mughals were known for? What were essential characteristics of the columns, arches, and domes?

the two construction teqniques they were known for was the angled stone struts and jointing of angled blocked helded with gravity. columns were tapered, fluted and faceted with honeycomb and muqarnas. Arches were pointed and slightly stilted in the beginning and then soon lobbed and semicircular ones made an apperance. Domes were pointed with a slightly bulbous base and raised on a cylindrical drum (typically covered in stone).

The mandapa is a thousand-pillared hall. Describe these pillars (also called piers) of the mandapa at Vitthala temple. What were the yalis and what is their structural purpose?

these pillars were carved granite monoliths with yalis support brackets (these were mythical creature part lion and part griffin)

Mosques provided space for both civic and sacred functions. What were the civic and sacred spaces provided in Sinan's mosque of Suleyman the Magnificent?

within a vast complex, or Külliye, containing the mosque and cemetery at the center, with four madrasas, a primary school, a medical school, a caravanserai, a hospital, a community kitchen to feed the poor, a hospice, public baths, and even a house for Sinan.