History of Coffee

"The coffee tree produces approximately 4,000 beans annually, which is equivalent to..."

"...1 lb of roasted coffee."

coffee processing: environmental issues

1 hectacre of cofee = 86 lbs of O2/day -> ~half that of same area of a rain forest

theories of how coffee came out of Kaldi's discovery

1) monk witnessed Kaldi's "dancing" and scolded him for partaking in "Devil's fruit" but then shared them with some brothers and it helped them stay awake for prayers 2) Kaldi took berries to monastery, monks threw them in the fire and it smelled great so they tried to berries

coffee houses: timeline

1555: Constantinople 1600s: coffee houses in Europe became v popular 1773: first US coffee house -Philadelphia, PA -patterned after London's finest -popular meeting place for politics 1792: Tontine Coffee House -NYC (Wall & Water St.) -gathering place for political leaders -claims of the origin of New York Stock Exchange

coffee in Europe

1615: merchant from Venice introduced coffee to Europe --> Europe wanted means to produce coffee 1616: Dutch brought coffee plant into Europ 1696: 1st European-owned coffee plantation founded on island named Java in Indonesia (thus calling coffee "java")

Brazilians' fight for coffee

1727: Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta sent to French Guiana to "mediate a border dispute" -"wooed" the governor's wife -was presented with bouquet spiked with coffee seedlings by 1800, Brazilian coffee boomed -> became known as the "drink of the people"

Folger's

1850, James Folger founded the J.A. Folger Coffee, Co. in San Francisco -famous for its "Mountain Grown Coffee", ripened to perfection

Starbucks' ownership timeline

1971: Jerry Baldwin, Sev Siegl, & Gordon Bowker start first store in Seattle's Pike Place Market 1982: Howard Schultz joins as director of marketing 1983: Schultz visits Milan's famous espresso bars, brings back ideas to Seattle--begins selling lattes, mochas, etc 1987: Schultz buys out Starbucks for $3.8M (6 retail, 1 roastery) [lost $$$ for 3 years] 1989: expansion to include 75 locations in Pacific NW & Chicago 1990: built new roasting plant & moved to San Fran -> became "chic" and an overnight hit 1991: ~100 stores, lots of $$$ in sales 1992: launched IPO, $17/share, high in market value and went up in market value in 3 months 1997: a $1B/yr business today: $4.2B/yr business

Starbucks' expansion timeline

1984: tested coffeehouse concept 1987: 17 stores when Schultz acquired it 1990: expands HQ in Seattle; 84 stores 1992: coffee demand expands company, moves to go public; 165 stores 1994: opened 1st drive-thru 1996: 1st opens stores outside of America, in Japan and Singapore; 1,015 stores 1998: expanded to grocery stores; 1,886 stores 2000: stores in Austria, Scotland, Switzerland, Wales to reach 4,709 stores 2003: acquired Seattle Coffee Co; 7,225 stores 2005: acquired Ethos Water; 10,241 stores 2006: launched industry's 1st post-consumer recycled fiber cup; 12,440 stores 2008: launched Pike Place Roast; 16,680 stores 2011: launched K-cups, 11.8M Twitter followers, Starbucks app; 17,003 stores 2012: launched Blonde Roast; 18,066 stores 2016: 24,464 stores in 65 countries

Keurig

1992: founded by Colby college roommates (1979) Peter Dragone & John Sylvan 1995: Slyvan admitted to hospital b/c woozy, throbbing head, & heart palpitated due to drinking 30-40 cups/day to perfect their brewing 2006: purchases by Green Mountain Coffee for $104.3M 2015: bought by JAB Holding Co for $13.9B

coffee processing: roasting

1st stage: initial heating -slowly dried, smells similar to popcorn 2nd stage: ~400F -beans swell (first crack) -double in size 3rd stage: increase to 428F -beans change in color from light brown to medium brown 4th (final) stage: between 437-446F -final "pop" (beans take on oily sheen) -too long = flavor loss -American method is ~465F to mask poor blending, inferior coffee --> the temp of the final stage determines if medium, or dark roasting/coloration

coffee processing: drying

60% moisture reduced to 11-15% in stages drying patios: -asphalt or cement (~2" thick) -shifted every 30-40 min -left out 6-14 days drying tables: -air circulation -helps prevent fermentation -used primarily in Africa drying ovens used for final drying

what percentage of caffeine consumed in the US is through coffee?

75%

How long would have to yell in order to produce enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee?

8 years, 7 months, and 6 days

coffee in mid 1600s

Baba Budan (Indian Holy Man) on pilgrimage to Mecca smuggled fertile beans out of Arabia -Arabia only exported infertile beans to prevent cultivation elsewhere (roasted or parched the beans) -Budan strapped them to his belly and planted the beans in mountains near Mysore, India --> Baba Budangiri Mountain Range

Folger's: fun fact

Charles Manson murdered Abigail Folger, the heir to J.A. Folger Coffee Co.

coffee as a status symbol

Dutch gave coffee trees as gifts to aristocrats -Louis XIV of France given coffee by the Burgermeister of Amsterdam and locked it away in le Jardin des Plantes in Paris

discovery of coffee in ~800 AD

Ethiopian goat herder, Kaldi, noticed his goats "dancing" from one bush to the next -deduced goats got the buzz from eating the coffee cherries -tried some, joined in the "dancing" --> could be legend, could be truth

How did coffee make it to South America?

Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu (French Naval officer from Martinique, island in the Dominican) -stole a plant from Paris's botanical garden -envisioned Martinique as a "French Java" for growing coffee

only US state that grows coffee

Hawaii !

Why were women advised to drink beer instead of coffee in 18th century Germany?

It was believed that drinking coffee could make a woman sterile

first coffee house ever

Kiva Han in Constantinople (Istanbul) built in 1555 -coffee was v strong -typically brewed in ibrik, brought to a boil 3x -typically served black & unfiltered -v important in this culture: woman could legally divorce her husband for not providing coffee

coffee in the 13th century

Muslim Dervishes (holy men) used coffee to increase their stamina in religious devotions -included excessive whirling -cause dervishes to be "cataleptic": suspension of sensation, muscular rigidity, fixity of posture, and often loss of contact with environment

"Coffee - the favorite drink of the civilized world."

Thomas Jefferson quote

Kopi Luwak coffee

aka Civet coffee -kopi = coffee -luwak = palm civet produced in Indonesia civet eats ripe berries the excretes partially digested berries in feces ("weasel poop") beans then harvest for sale --> the most expensive bean in the world, costs ~ $300/lb

descriptors of coffee over time

aphrodisiac nerve tonic life extender enema

two main types of coffee trees

arabica robusta

coffee processing: removal of mucilage

beans pumped into tanks with water -mucilage (pectin, sugars, etc) removed by fermentation -16-36 hr fermentation tanks

the coffee belt

between tropics of Cancer and Capricorn -over 65 countries, but all in this geographic area

coffee processing: shade-grown coffee

coffee's natural habitat bird friendly reduced need for fertilizer and herbicides better tasting -grows slower -better production of flavor compounds

coffee processing: harvesting

extremely labor intensive (~125 million people's livelihood) -selective picking -stripping (ripe & green) -mechanical (ripe & green) -time/cost of selective picking (waste vs. ripe)

"cup of Joe"

first coined during WWII when American servicemen (G.I. Joe) were identified as big coffee drinkers

why we drink coffee

flavor jump start social reasons

Maxwell House

founded in 1886 by Joel Cheek named for the ritzy Nashville hotel that served his coffee -> 7 presidents stayed there -> Teddy Roosevelt claimed it was "Good to the Last Drop!" in 1907, which became a tag line for them

origin of Starbucks' name

from Herman Melville's Moby Dick Starbuck was Capt. Ahab's first mate, who tried to stop Ahab's obsessive hunt for great white whale

coffee processing: sorting

happens right after harvesting -ripe and green sink -overripe and trash float in water

coffee processing: pulping

happens right after sorting -remove pulp from bean -pressed against screen -green are too hard -ripe bean passes through screen (leaves behind pulp?)

robusta trees

harsher tasting hardier tree higher caffeine content than arabica account for ~25% of coffee harvest -cross-pollinating flowers

coffee & the Roman Catholic Church

in early-mid 1500s coffee was believed by priests to be a Muslim drink aka drink of the devil -most severe punishment for drinking coffee was being sewn into leather bag and tossed into the sea -consumption was forbidden until Pope Clement VIII blessed the drink

coffee development: coffee filter

invented by Melitta Bentz (German housewife) -wanted to remove grinds -used her son's blotter paper -started the Melitta Bentz Company in 1908

de Clieu's struggle across the Atlantic

jealous passengers, pirates, storms, water rationing -the tree thrived under armed guard -yielded 18 million trees over the next 50 years

coffee roast colors

light medium light medium medium dark dark very dark

claim that coffee stunts growth

made by Postum in early 1900s b/c competitor C.W. Post (student of Kellogg) founded Postum Cereal Co, believed coffee was unhealthy so made alternative -made of wheat bran, wheat, molasses

primitive "powerbars"

mixture of protein rich coffee and animal fat -Africans made this around same era as Kaldi's discovery -gave them extra energy

coffee development: single cup brewing

patented by Keurig -uses "K cups" -brews cup in about 1 minute -always fresh -variety packs

arabica trees

produce better beans account for ~75% of coffee harvest -self-pollinating flowers

coffee processing: the plant

produces fruit 3-4 years after planting (seedlings) 15 weeks for "green" cherry development get ripe cherries after 30-35 weeks

coffee & refrigeration

refrigeration does not increase shelf life of roasted coffee beans, just makes them cold

coffee processing: climate

relatively cool climates, b/t Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn 59-75F year round 38-64" of rain before harvest warm days + cool nights -> better flavor

Starbucks logo

started in 1971 advertising coffee, tea, spices with mixoparthenos (twin-tailed siren) 1987: went green and only advertised as coffee 1992: cropped mermaid some 2011: don't even have to say the name for ppl to know what it is --> this was the 40th anni

coffee processing: harvest in Brazil

strip harvest when 75% of cherries are ripe uniform maturation

coffee processing: finger test

test post fermentation to check if mucilage has been removed from already-pulped beans -feel for mucilage reside in fermentation tanks

rando Keurig facts

~1 in 4 US homes have Keurig Keurig means excellence

100 kg of cherries equals how many kg of beans?

~12-20 kg of beans

coffee development: percolator

~1818 coffee made by heating water and pouring it through coffee beans -all in one vessel -heating source at bottom

origin of coffee

~800 AD coffee bushes grew wild in Ethiopia (Abyssinia)

beginning timeline of coffee

~800 AD: legend/truth of Kaldi ~1000 AD: Arab traders brought coffee home from Ethiopia ~1100 AD: coffee trees were cultivated and beans boiled in Saudi Arabia -- "qahwa" aka "prevents sleep"