History of Photography: Assessment 1

Bauhaus

A German school of architecture and design 1919-33. Founded by the architect Walter Gropius

Physionotrace

A device that allows the user to trace a person's physiognomy or silhouette. Originated in France

Zeotrope

A pre-film device that creates the illusion of motion in by spinning a bunch of images in a circle.

Neoclassic

A revival of classic art form

Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter

Alexander Gardner, 1863, from Gardner's photographic sketchbook of the war

The Terminal

Alfred Stielglitz, 1893

Camera Lucida

An optical device used as a drawing aid by artists. It performs an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed upon the surface upon which the artist is drawing.

Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions

Ann Aikens, 1843, cyanotype

The Vampire

Charles Negre, 1853, Salt Print

The Orchard

Clarence White, 1902

Calotype

Created by William Henry Fox Talbot and it uses paper coated in silver iodide. Greek for a "beautiful impression."

Cubism Movement

Cubist painters rejected the inherited concept that art should copy nature, or that artists should adopt the traditional techniques of perspective, modeling, and foreshortening. They wanted instead to emphasize the two-dimensionality of the canvas. So they reduced and fractured objects into geometric forms, and then realigned these within a shallow, relief like space. They also used multiple or contrasting vantage points.

Galloping Horses- Motion Study

Eadweard J, Muybridge, 1876, owned by Leland Stanford

Manor Attics

Frederick Evans Kelmscott, 1897, platinum print

George Eastman

Frederick F. Church, 1890, holding No. 2 Kodak camera, albumen print

Ethiopian Chief

Frederick Holland Day, 1897, Gum bichromate print

Ruins of Charleston

George Barnard, 1865

Blessed Art Thou Among Women

Gertrude Kasebier, 1899, creates images showcasing Victorian ideals of domesticity, motherhood, and femininity

"The Open Door"

Henry Fox Talbot, 1843, Salt Print

Fading Away

Henry Peach Robinson, 1858, combination albumen print, made from 5 negatives

Self Portrait as a Drowned Man

Hippolyte Bayard, 1840, direct paper positive

Camera Vision

How a camera visually organizes a scene. This discussion often focuses on Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. The camera acted as a gathering device of fresh approaches for composing space, observing light, and portraying cultural models in innovative ways

The Moon

John Whipple, 1852, Daguerrotype

"View from the Window at Le Gras"

Joseph Nicephore Niepce, 1826, Heliograph

Sir John Hershel

Julia Margaret Cameron, 1867, Albumen silver print

Mrs. Herbert Duckworth

Julia Margaret Cameron, 1867, albumen print

Landscape with Farmhouse

Levi L. Hill, 1851, Hillotype

Irene MacDonald

Lewis Carroll, 1863, Albumen

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln

Matthew Brady, 1864

Performers from P.T. Barnum's Circus

Matthew Brady, ND, Daguerrotype

Le Sphinx, Egypt Moyenne

Maxine Du Camp, 1852, Salt Print

George Sand

Nadar, 1860, Albumen print

Persistence of vision

Optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of the object that does not stop until the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye.

Two Ways of Life

Oscar Rejlander, 1857, combination albumen print, this photo inspired Henry Peach Robinson's photo "Fading Away"

Sarony

Oscar Wilde, 1860

Gathering Water Lilies

Peter Henry Emerson, 1886

Focal Length

The distance between the center of a lens and the point where it converges or diverges light

Albumen

This print became popular because it produced a rich sharp image. The process involves coating a sheet of paper with albumen (egg white), making the paper's surface glossy and smooth. It is then coated in a solution of silver nitrate. The albumen and the silver nitrate form light-sensitive silver salts on the paper. When a glass negative is placed directly on the paper and exposed to light, it forms an image on the paper.

Tartan Ribbon / First Color Photograph

Thomas Sutton & James Clerk Maxwell, 1861

Harvest of Death

Timothy O'Sullivan, 1863, albumen silver print, from Gardner's photographic sketch book of the war

Mountain of the Holy Cross

William Henry Jackson, 1868, albumen silver print, image was widely viewed as a concrete symbol of Christian faith and a solid manifestation of God's law.

Camera Obscura

a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography

Kinetoscope Autochrome

a device for viewing through a magnifying lens a sequence of pictures on an endless band of film moved continuously over a light source and a rapidly rotating shutter that creates an illusion of motion

Pre-Raphaelites

a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. They reacted against Victorian materialism and the neoclassical...

Daguerrotype

a photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor

Photogram

a photographic image made without a camera. It involves placing things on the surface of a light sensitive material and then exposing them to light. Traditionally this process has been done using photographic paper.

The Stieglitz Group

a select group of American artists, including O'Keeffe, Dove, Hartley, Marin, Charles Demuth, and photographer Paul Strand. Headed by Stieglitz, this tightly knit group, through their association with writers such as Waldo Frank, Paul Rosenfeld, and William Carlos Williams, promoted an enlightened commitment to the art and artists of America. As Stieglitz and his circle sought to define an authentic American identity, they looked toward cultivating a national spirit derived strictly from the American soil

Carte De Visite

a small photographic portrait of a person, mounted on a piece of card.

Allegory

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one

Cabinet Photograph

a style of photograph which was widely used for photographic portraiture after 1870. It consisted of a thin photograph mounted on a card typically measuring 108 by 165 mm (​41⁄4 by ​61⁄2 inches).

Tintype

also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion

Praxinoscope

an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder.

Phenakistoscope

an early animation device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion. It was invented by Joseph Plateau in 1841. It used a spinning disc attached vertically to a handle. Arrayed around the disc's center were a series of drawings showing phases of the animation, and cut through it were a series of equally spaced radial slits. The user would spin the disc and look through the moving slits at the disc's reflection in a mirror. The scanning of the slits across the reflected images kept them from simply blurring together, so that the user would see a rapid succession of images that appeared to be a single moving picture. A variant of it had two discs, one with slits and one with pictures; this was slightly more unwieldy but needed no mirror. Unlike the zoetrope and its successors, the phenakistoscope could only practically be used by one person at a time.

Collodion Process

an early photographic process. "wet plate process", requires the photographic material to be coated, sensitized, exposed and developed within the span of about fifteen minutes, necessitating a portable darkroom for use in the field.

Pictorialist Movement (Pictorialism)

an international style and aesthetic movement that dominated photography during the later 19th and early 20th centuries. ... For the pictorialist, a photograph, like a painting, drawing or engraving, was a way of projecting an emotional intent into the viewer's realm of imagination

Steroscope

an optical instrument with two eyepieces for helping the observer to combine the images of two pictures taken from points of view a little way apart and thus to get the effect of solidity or depth.

spiritualism

belief that the dead manifest their presence to people, usually through a clairvoyant or medium; also, the doctrine and practices of...

Victorians

conventional, hypocritical, or prudish

Lady Clementina Hawarden

early 1860s, albumen silver print from glass negative, Photographic study, She was usually photographed as a woman in domestic settings

Allegory

fictional literary narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from, and more important

transcendentalism

in philosophy and literature, belief in a higher reality than that found in sense experience or in a higher kind of knowledge

Ambrotype

is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

Kodachrome

is the brand name for a color reversal film introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1935. It was one of the first successful color materials and was used for both cinematography and still photography.

Postmodernism

literally means 'after the modernist movement' Is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architcture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of history, law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and 21st centuries

Union Cases Albumen

photographic paper print in which a finely divided silver and gold image is dispersed in a matrix of egg white in a shellac and wood case

panorama

picture or photograph containing a wide view

Diorama

refer to a 19th-century mobile theatre device

Positivism

system of philosophy based on experience and empirical knowledge of natural phenomena, in which metaphysics and theology are regarded as

Depth of Field

the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera.

Albumen Paper

the first process to print a photograph on a piece of paper based on negatives. The process used Albumen with is found in egg whites

Photomontage

the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. Sometimes the resulting composite image is photographed so that a final image may appear as a seamless photographic print

Realism

the process of portraying contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy. It's all about how something looks the the eye.