History of Rock Test 3

FM radio in SF

- 1967, pop music was still on the AM dial - FM existed but was marginal, usually featured public programming such as university lectures, classical music concerts, or foreign language shows - SF radio veteran Tom Donahue developed a new free form approach to programming on KMPX-FM - after 1967, rock FM stations

"God Save the Queen"

- 1977 single from "Never mind the Bollocks" - Parody of the British National Anthem - Contrasting verse chorus form with an outro - Hard rock/ guitar rock riffs - Johnny Rotten's furious vocals, aside from the outro, there isnt much of a melody - Authentic outro of "No future", highlights the irony of celebrating the Queen and social turmoil

"If you want Blood"

- ACDC - horror movie imagery - violent lyrics - shrieking vocals - big stage - Chuck Berry style stage moves - guitar soloing - hypnotic guitar riff

Rolling Stones

- After 1967, the Rolling Stones shed most of their psychedelic airs and develop stripped down, hard rock sound informed by their original influences = electric blues, R&B, and country blues - Their late 1960's/ early 1970's albums are considered among their best - The band continues to embrace their bad boy image, providing a model to many other hard rock bands

"Dark Side of the Moon"

- After the departure of Syd Barrett, Pink Floyd encounters great success with a series of successful albums, the most successful of which is "Dark Side of the Moon" - in keeping with the hippie aesthetic, the album explores themes of madness, despair, and greed - It is also concieved as a cohesive whole, the album's songs lead into each other - one of the best selling albums of all time - utilizes early synthesizers - "Money" - 7 beat rhythm - Critiques consumerist mentality

Rock Goes Global

- As a product of capitalism, rock music is distributed globally, where it sometimes inspires people to create their own groups - While rock is associated with rebellion and the counterculture of the US, it is sometimes associated with imperialism and politcal apathy abroad - Nevertheless, rock groups began appearing throughout the world, sometimes fusing local styles and sensibilities with the rock sound - in the last 2 decades, a whole niche market has emerged around the recovery and redistribution of these lost international rock classics

ACDC

- Australian band formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young - Along with the Rolling Stones, among the most financially successful bands in rock history - Formula = 4/4 beat, catchy guitar riff, shrieking vocals, and lyrics about some combination of violence, sex, R&R, and electricity -Guitarist Angus Young mimics Chuck Berry's duck walk

The Clash

- Band members = Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Topper Headon, and Paul Simmons - Strummer came out of the pub rock scene and had a strong sense of songwriting - The group begins as a somewhat typical punk band but quickly move into a more adventurous musical territory, mixing rock with reggae and later, hip hop - Their lyrics were attuned to global struggles for justice

Velvet Underground

- Bandmembers - Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison, John Cale, and Maureen Tucker - From NYC, the group was originally named by pop artist Andy Warhol - was associated with the art community surrounding Warhol's factory art space, performed at Warhol's exploding plastic inevitable events - Draw on the folk rock of Dylan, early rock and roll, minimalist composers like La Monte Young - Lyrically, Reed developed a plain, gritty style of songwriting, influenced by Bob Dylan, contemporary poetry, the detective fiction of Raymond Chandler and experiences in NY - Reed's songs frankly address issues of sexuality ("Sister Ray"), drug abuse ("Heroin"), and gender ("Take a Walk on the Wild Side", "Candy") years before such topics were common in public discourse

"Piece of my Heart"

- Big Brother and the Holding Company - Janis Joplin singing - represents the SF scene's engagement with American roots music, as well as elements of psychadelia - Joplin was born in Port Arthur, TX, briefly attended UT and performed in Austin

Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention

- Born in 1940, the leader of the LA "Freak Scene" - like the beatles, his music combined aspects of R&B, electric blues, 20th century classical music like Stravinsky, Webren and Varese, jazz, "Musique Concrete", and the psychedelic rock of the period - Unlike the Beatles, Zappa possessed an acerbic wit and was deeply critical of the youth movement, opposed drug use - 1st album "Freak Out" influenced "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" - 2nd album "We're Only in it for the Money" satirized the fab 4

Bowie as a Producer

- Bowie revives the careers of both Lou Reed and Iggy Pop in the early 1970's, producing a classic album for each of them - Reed's "Transformer" - Iggy and Stooges' "Raw"

New Wave

- By 1977, punk had developed a reputation for being dangerous and potentially embarassing for the music industry - Labels addressed such perceptions by relabeling several, tamer punk bands as new wave - of the bands we have already discussed, Blondie and the Talking Heads achieve commerical success underneath this banner - Whereas punk is associated with rage, new wave is associated with irony and wit, often drawing on early rock and roll

"Roundabout"

- By Yes - another great example of Rock's ambitious directions in the early 1970s - compound AABA form - virtuosic musicianship, complex instrumentation, consisting of guitars, bass, organ, piano, synthesizer, mellotron, drums, percussion, and vocals

"Police and Thieves"

- Cover of a Junior Murvin Song - the Clash give the song a backbeat, accenting the 2nd and 4th beat with a distorted guitar strum - lyrics concerning state and criminal violence - biblical references of roots reggae

David Bowie

- David Bowie is a key glam rock performer - originally a folk singer of sorts, he is inspired by daring performance artists in NY avant garde underground - similarily, he borrows the gritty edge of the Velvet Underground and Iggy and the Stooges - "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust" = alter ego, simple songs, flair for the dramatic

"Uncontrollable Urge"

- Devo - Ohio's Devo offer a new wave on Kraftwerk's man machine concept, critiquing a complacent consumerist society through their ironic songs - Their 1st album "Are we not Men? We are Devo!" from 1978 is produced by Brian Eno - Album also features a cover of the Rolling Stone's "Satisfaction"

Rockonomics

- During the 2nd half of the 1960's, music becomes big business - 1973, rock is a 2 billion dollar industry - the 1970's is a time of record label consolidation - 1974, CBS and Warner sold 40% of all records - with bigger budgets, bands take on more ambitious projects

Sex Pistols

- Formed in 1975 by Johnny Rotten, Steve Jones, Glenn Matlock, and Paul Cook - Managed by Malcolm Mclaren, who dressed the band and encouraged their outrageous antics, similar to Andrew Loog Oldham - Added bassist Sid Vicious, a heroin addict who could barely play bass in 1977 - 1976's "Never mind the Bollocks" contributed "Anarchy in the UK" and " God Save the Queen" which went #2, banned by BBC

Creadance Clearwater Revival

- Formed in El Cerrito, CA by brothers John and Tom Fogerty on guitar, Stu Cook on Bass, and Doug Clifford on drums - Their music mixed elements of R&B, country, and psychedelic rock - Their albums "Green River", "Willy and the Poor Boys", and "Cosmos Factory" were all commercial successes - "Proud Mary", "Down on the Corner", and "Fortunate Son"

Altamont

- Free outdoor concert organized by Rolling Stones and held at Altamont Speedway in Livermore, CA - The Hell's Angels were hired to do security - Restless concert attendees got into altercations with bikers, violence erupted - When Meredith Hunter, an 18 year old black fan alledgedly pulled a gun, the Angels beat him to death - Altamont marked the end of the Hippie Era

"Take a Walk on the Wild Side"

- From Reed's solo album "Transformer" produced by David Bowie - Like many of Reed's songs, frankly discusses the lives of a number of marginal characters living in NYC

"Rise Above"

- From the 1981 album "Damaged" - Contrasting verse chorus form - Atonal, expressive guitar solo influenced by avant garde jazz - lyrics of protest and alienation, target of rage is unclear

"Moonlight on Vermont"

- From the album "Trout Mask Replica" - Instrumentation = guitars, bass, and drums - surreal lyrics, which include quotations from Folk music and Tin Pan Alley - Jagged, interlocking, and atonal guitar approach, fragmented drum parts - Beefheart's vocals sung over the top of music in a seemingly improvisatory fashion

"Who needs the Peace Corps"

- From the album "We're only in it for the Money" - Features a complex harmonic and melodic structure, influence of jazz and classical music - Lyrics satirize the hollowness of the SF hippie scene, remarking on shameless appropriations of indigenous culture, irresponsible practices of "free love", and superficial drug use

"Heroin"

- From their debut album " The Velvet Underground and Nico" - Softly strummed folk rock guitars of Morrison and Reed , hypnotic drumming of Tucker, and dronning viola of Cale - Despite the 2 chord structure, the song generates tension by continually speeding up and slowing down while simultaneously exaggerating the volume dynamics and emotional intensity of the performance , use of noise at the end - lyrics and music mimic the effect of a heroin addict trying to get a fix

Disco

- In the late 1970's, dance orientated disco music became extremely popular in the US, but it started as an underground style - Early in the 1970's, dancers began to frequent small clubs that specialized in playing dance records - Many accounts trace this back to urban gay and black communities, especially NYC - Disco records returned to Brill Building model, allowed for producers to reassert control - as dance music, disco always featured a strong beat

"Me and Bobby McGee"

- Janis Joplin - From the postumously released album "Pearl" - Song originally penned by country songwriter Kris Kristofferson - Contrasting verse chorus form - song tells the story of 2 lovers hitchhiking across the US - evidence of the growing intersections between country and rock in the late 1960's and early 1970's - Singing style of Joplin shows her interest in blues and souls music

"White Rabbit"

- Jefferson Airplane - Grace Slick on Vocals - AABA form, with the last verse expanded to create a musical climax - instrumentation = electric guitars, bass, drums, lead vocals - musical influence from Ravel's "Bolero" - drug influenced lyrics

"Star Spangeled Banner"

- Jimi Hendrix - use of feedback and distortion to create non musical sounds - interpreted the piece as a critique on the ongoing Vietnam War

"I love Rock and Roll"

- Joan Jett from the Runaways has a #1 hit - written by Alan Merrill of the Arrows - The songs lyrics compare well with Chuck Berry - contrasting verse chorus form

"Trans-Europa Express"

- Kraftwerk - Totally electronic - was sampled on the seminal hip hop single "Plant Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa

"Whole Lotta Love"

- Led Zeppelin - compound AABA structure, "B" section - lengthy psychedelic noise jam, moaning sounds, studio effects - lyrics are taken from a number of electric blues songs, riff also - Willie Dixon, a Chicago blues instrumentalist/songwriter, successfully sued the band for songwriting royalties

Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band

- Led by Zappa's childhood friend and sometime collaborator Don Van Vliet - Originally an R&B act specializing in electric blues - Their 1st album " Safe as Milk" combined psychedelic rock with Chicago/delta blues - Their 3rd record "Trout Mask Replica" combined elements of atonal art music, chance compositional methods, American popular and traditional terms - Vliet himself was an abstract painter and often compared his music to his paintings

"Straight Edge"

- Minor Threat - clocks in at an overwhelming 46 seconds - lyrics are critical of drug abuse

"Hair"

- Music by Galt MacDermot, lyrics by James Rado and George Ragni - The musical started as an off Broadway production, but eventually became a Broadway hit - Dramatized the hippie culture, dealt with many controversial topics of the period such as drugs, race, sexuality, and the Vietnam War - Influenced subsequent rock operas like "Grease", "Joesph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat", and "Jesus Christ Superstar"

The Doors

- Named after Aldous Huxley's "The Doors of Perception" - Singer Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, Robbie Krieger, and John Densmore - Their music can be described as cinematic in its dramatic use of musical tension - Manzarek and Morrison met while studying film at UCLA - Morrison developed a controversial performance style, which was influenced by Julian Beck's Living Theatre

"Hallogallo"

- Neu! - "motorik" beat - guitar experimentation - one chord structure

New Directions in Soul

- Otis Redding and Sly and the Family Stone = "Family Affair" - James Brown = "Cold Sweat"

The Wipers and Dead Moon

- Portland, OR, 2 bands, Dead Moon and The Wipers typified the DIY approach to rock - both bands recorded, produced, and distributed their own records - their music inspired many bands of the Seattle Grunge Scene = Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and the Melvins

Whitening of Rock

- Prior to 1964, rock and roll was more or less an integrated field - this extended to the production of rock records, girl groups like the shirelles existed along the Shangri-La's, Chuck Berry shared bills with Jerry Lee Lewis - Ironically, despite the beatles deep admiration for the contributions from African American musicians, one consequence of their success and achievements was a growing divide between white and black music - R&B category reintroduced as "Soul" in 1969

Def Jam records

- Russell Simmons and Rick Rubin formed def jam records - released music by some of the 1980's leading hip hop groups like public enemy, beastie boys, and Run DMC - the label was instrumental in the popularization of hip hop - in addition to being a cofunder of the label, Rick rubin was also a producer - a fan of rock music, Rubin's hip hop production often featured elements of hard rock and heavy metal, particulary in the case of run dmc

Women in Hard Rock

- The Runaways = featured rock solo performers/ songwriters Lita Ford and Joan Jett - Heart = songwriters/sisters Ann Wilson and Nancy Wilson score a number of hits in the 1970's, "Magic Man"

The Who

- The Who were tremendously influential in the developement of rock ambition at the end of the 1960's - Members = Pete Townshend, Roger Dalfry, John Entwhistle, And Keith Moon - Townshend's first attempts to borrow ideas from classical music = "A quick one While he's away" and "Rael" - Their album "Tommy" tells the story of a deaf, dumb, and blind boy who gains spiritual enlightment through playing pinball

Changes in Music Making Tech

- The years between 1964 and 1970 were witness to a rapid expansion of music recording tech - multi track recording radically expands the possibility of music recordings and increases the power of the producer - 2 track = 4 track = 16 track - "Sgt. Pepper's" and "The Dark Side of the Moon" push these to their limits - Fuzz boxes and high voltage amplifiers become crucial to the sound of rock

"Eruption"

- Van Halen

Washington DC

- Washington DC has one of the 1st hardcore scenes in the US - Bad Brains is an early group that pushes the tempo and intensity of punk, originally a fusion group called Mind Power - Minor Threat, in part inspired by bad brains, begin shortly after and start their own label, Dischord Records, to distribute - Minor Threat advances

Art Rock

- We use the term because each of these groups in their own way draw upon "high art" traditions like opera, musical theatre, avant garde cinema and music, and the visual arts - These groups are related to the hippy/psychedelic bands we have studied but often extend upon the experimental aspects of pysch rock or critique style

"Tommy"

- While not technically a rock opera, "Tommy" was pioneering in the way it used rock instrumentation and song structures to tell a narrative, paving the way for rock operas of the 1970's - "Tommy" pioneered the rock concept album, which, in drawing on the experiments of the psychedelic period, shifted rock's focus away from singles toward full album and double album experiences

Led Zeppelin

- among the most successful british groups of the 1970's, 8 UK #1 albums and 6 US #1 records - a blend of traditional electric blues, acoustic folk, and experimentation - formed out of ashes of the Yardbirds, a british psychedelic group - John Bonham, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and Robert Plant - Plant's vocal style and stage presentation becomes a model for future heavy metal singers - the groups virtuosic hard rock sound intensifies the emergent heavy metal

Suicide

- another NY band in the burgeoning punk scene was Suicide, formed by Martin Rev and Alan Vega - Like Kraftwerk, Suicide utilized organs, synthesizers, and early drum machines - Unlike Kraftwerk, Suicide drew heavily from 1950's rockabilly, exploiting slap back echo - Vega was also inspired by Iggy Pop's stage antics

UK Reggae

- around the same time as the punk movement, black working class youth in the UK were listening to reggae records, some of them were imported from Jamaica - United is a similar economic plight, the 2 scenes regularly interacted - Like those of the UK punk scene, reggae/ska songwriters often addressed social issues in their music - many UK punk groups covered reggae songs or adopted stylistic elements

Changes in Listening Habits and Communal Practices

- as a result of the new rock aesthetic, rock music moved away from being considered a style of music for dancing - increasingly, listeners enjoyed rock music in private spaces and priviledged records that required close, attentive listening - such a preference was reflected in the popularity of the cohesive rock album and move away from single - in concert, bands are increasingly expected to "put on a show", light shows, theatrics, and pyrotechnics became common in the 1970's

Grateful Dead

- band had its roots in the folk movement - as the house band for Kesey's acid tests, the group developed a highly improvisational style - incorporated elements of bluegrass, folk, experimental, and model jazz - 1970 album, "Live/Dead", is a good example of their free form style - Their concerts became legendary, developed a cultish fan base "Dead Heads"

Neu! and Kraftwerk

- both formed in Dusseldorf and sharing some band members, Kraftwerk and Neu! also share many stylistic features - groove based song structures, extensive use of electronic experimentation, and a noticeable absence of influence from the blues - Neu! expands the sonic palette of guitar music - By the late 1970's, Kraftwerk is a fully electronic group, portraying themselves as robots

Hardcore/ New Wave

- by 1979, Punk seemed to have lost some of its steam - The question "Is Punk Dead?" begins to be asked in this time - In reality, it is probably more accurate to say that in the early 1980's punk splinters into 2 scenes, New Wave and Hardcore - New wave is largely a marketing category to describe accessible, poppy, and sometimes punk influenced groups - Hardcore is an aggressive form of punk rock style found in bands like the Ramones and the Sex pistols

Commercialization of metal

- by mid 1980's, heavy metal breaks into main stream, dominates 1980's rock - metal videos air on TV = images of glam/hair metal a major selling point

Brian Eno

- can be fairly described as being in both the glam rock and prog rock fields - one of the most successful and influential producers in rock history, produced records for Bowie, Devo, U2, coldplay, and more - As a producer, Eno experiments with new, commercially available electronic music technologies like synthesizers - releases solo records composed totally of studio creations - pioneers the concept of ambient music in popular music

"Fortunate Son"

- contrasting verse chorus form - lyrics reflect growing frustrations and criticism with the Vietnam War and American Imperialism - Instrumentation = guitar, bass, drums - Simple structure and arrangement, searing R&B inflected vocals

"Gimme Shelter"

- dark, apocalyptic lyrics - use of guitar riffs - bluesy vocals

MTV

- debuted on august 1, 1981 on cable TV providers, which sought to provide specialty channels to attract customers to their service - initially, the station aired exclusively promotional clips, whose origin go back to the 1960's - initially was successful in the midwest and as a result catered to the tastes of white teenagers - Michael jackson's "billie jean" shattered expectations about the type of music that could be successful on the burgeoning TV channel

Glam Metal

- elements of metal, punk, pop, and glam - power ballad - make up, big hair, cross dressing, shockrock - "To be feminine is the most masculine display possible" = Dee Snider, Twisted Sister - Twisted Sister, Motley Crew, Poison

New wave of british metals

- emerges in the late 1970's - as early metal bands and punk rock bands decline and new wave takes over - takes inspiration from punk in terms of musicianship, complexity = Iron Maiden and Judas Priest - dominates the metal scene in early/mid 1980's, moves even further away from Blues

Heavy Metal

- emerges out of Hard Rock, influences from classical music, Bach = improvisation, Wagner = epic, bass and deep heavy sounds - guitar is central, songs are riff heavy, heavy distortion, extended, virtuosic solos, power chord - vocals = range from screams to operatic, usually very proficient - lyrics = dark and explicit, range from death, war, sex, mythology, fantasy, philosophy - virtuosic bass, double or interplay with guitar, loud constant drums(speed, power, and precision)

Guitar shredders

- emphasis on explosive guitar virtuosity, very fast, legato playing, 2 hand tapping, sweep picking - influence of progressive serious and instrumental compositions - eddie van halen, steve vai, yngwie malmsteen, randy rhoads

"Oh Yeah"

- extensive studio edits - backwards vocals, white noise, abrupt edits, strange acoustic instrument sounds

Iggy and the Stooges

- formed in 1967 in Ann Arbor, MI - Band members Ron and Scott Asheton, James "Iggy Pop" Osterberg, David Alexander, and James Williamson - Along with Alice Cooper and the MC5, was part of Detroits hard rock scene of the late 60's and early 70's - Specialized in a stripped down, simple form of rock and roll - Iggy Pop idolized Jim Morrison, extended Morrison's confrontational performance style - 1st 2 albums tanked, Bowie resurrected Pop's career in the 1970's, produced "Raw Power"

CAN

- formed in 1968 in Cologne, Germany by Jaki Liebezeit, Holger Czukay, Irmin Schmidt, and Michael Karoli - singers = Malcolm Mooney and Damo Suzuki - Czukay studied with Karlheinz Stockhausen in Cologne, before teaming up with Karoli and starting a band - combined the hypnotic rhythms of funk, acid rock guitar, global folk, and popular musics, and experimental tape techniques - long form jams were recorded, heavily edited, and turned into compositions

The Ramones

- formed in 1974 in Queens, NY - Joey, Johnny, Dee Dee, and Tommy Ramone - combined girl groups, early rock and roll, R&B, Beach Boys, and Beatles - self described as "sick bubblegum music" - cultivated a thugish biker image that harkened back to the 1950's - Their 1976, self titled album on Sire Records gives punk its distinct style - Driving chainsaw guitars, fast tempos, sarcastic attitude, and simple musical structures - lyrics are crampy, yet sometimes deal with serious issues such as horror movies, war, drug use, prostitution, violence, romantic love, and summer fun - never had a top 40 album

REM

- formed in 1980 in Athens, GA - one of the more successful underground rock bands, and one of the very few with major label affiliation - their early work combines punk intensity, obscure lyrics, and folk rock influence from the byrds (12 string guitar, harmonies)

Sonic youth

- formed in 1982 in NYC, Sonic youth is a leading group in the underground rock movement - they emerge out of the experimental No Wave scene of NYC, guitarists Lee Ranaldo and Thurston Moore performed in the guitar orchestras of Glenn Branca - there they developed their signature technique of tuning guitars in unusual ways in order to coax new and strange sounds from the guitar - these experimental tendencies are balanced by a sense of songcraft and an appreciation of classic rock

Black Sabbath

- formed in Birmingham, England by Ozzy Osborne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, and Bill Ward - First metal band - obsession with the occult, proto metal riffs, "power chords", extensive soloing, sectional song structures

metallica

- formed in LA, 1981 - first 4 albums garner large fanbase and critical acclaim - "Ride the Lightning" (1984) and "Master of Puppets" (1986) - "The Black Album" (1991) = increased commercial success, sparks debates of selling out - often cited as the most influential metal band = help mark a point where metal has become something distinct from hard rock

"Voodoo Child"

- from his 1968 album "Electric Ladyland" - good example of all the key elements of his style = blues based licks, guitar effects(wah-wah, distortion), studio effects (stereo panning, vocal effects) - psychadelic, dreamy lyrics

"Now I wanna Sniff Some Glue"

- from self titled debut album - AABA form - instrumentation- guitar, bass, drums, vocals

"Search and Destroy"

- from the 1973 album "Raw Power" produced by David Bowie - lyrical nihilism - contrasting verse chorus form - declamatory approach to vocals

"The One I Love"

- from the 1987 album " Document" - folk rock guitars, strange, obscure lyrics, which become the standard in the burgeoning alternative rock movement - contrasting verse chorus form - a return to being serious

"Teenage Riot"

- from the 1988 album "Daydream Nation" - cover art to the album by Gerhard Richter - sectional structure reminiscent of art rock, song begins with soft intro sung by Kim Gordon, before moving into the actual song - use of instrumental guitar tuning/sounds, standard rock instrumentation - effort to connect their music to that which preceded them (hippies)

"Gloria"

- from the album "Horse" - a psuedo cover of "Gloria", written by Van Morrison - Smith starts with a long oration before actually reaching the chorus of the song - tempo dynamics reminiscent of "Heroin" by the Velvet Underground

"Ghost Rider"

- from their eponymous debut - bass ostinado and syncopated orgn accusations - extremely minimal - use of slapback echo effects - lyrics about a biker

Krautrock

- german rock of the 1970's - while german rock bands of the 1970's encountered little international success in their own time, they established a series of innovative production techniques and approaches to song writing that became industry standards in the age of electronic dance music and hip hop - among the most noticeable qualities of many krautrock bands is the presence of hypnotic, metronomic rhythms or grooves, which often form the basis of extended experimental jams

"The End"

- guitar intro uses a modal approach featuring aspects of Indian Classical Music - morrison enacts an Oedipal Psychodrama - The music slowly builds to a dramatic climax in a cinematic fashion - continued emphasis on the dark side of the rock experience

Hip Hop

- had its origins in NY's African American and latino communities during the late 1970's - hip hop music is part of a larger group of practices including graffiti, dance styles, and trends in fashion - adapting a practice from Jamaican DJ's, hip hop DJ's would often carry their own sound systems and employ an MC to encourage people to dance - DJ Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash claim credit for many of hip hop's production techniques, use break as musical groundwork - 1520 Sedgewick avenue often cited as the birthplace of Hip Hop - The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper Delight" is argubly the 1st hip hop single - subsequent singles such as Kurtis Blow's "The Breaks" and The Furious Five's "The Message" further established the genre

Hard Rock

- hard rock bands emphasized catchy riffs, loud guitars, pounding drums, and full throated blues singing - lyrics varied, but hard rock lyrics tend to focus on sensational depictions of sex, violence, and drugs - although hard rock is associated with a particulary outlandish band of masculinity, many women contribute significantly as instrumentalists and singers - hard rock bands drew heavily on blues (ACDC/Rolling Stones), others develop metal

Hardcore

- hardcore bands pushed their energy, tempo, and aggression of punk rock to its limits - the interest in these types of savage sounds was limited, so groups had to form their own record labels, touring networks, and distribution methods - Since it was a "niche" interest, hardcore differed significantly according to region, popped up primarily in urban areas and college towns, large youth populations - the audience behaviors of "moshing", stage diving, circle, and slam dancing become commonplace in the 1980's hardcore scenes

"Halleluwah"

- heavy groove from funk - abstract soundscope - infinite loop

Hendrix the Experimenter

- hendrix's music was based in electric blues, but he was equally influenced by the psychedelic music of the period - he employed cutting edge guitar effects and also experimented in the studio - his experimental tendencies are most audible on his 2nd 2 albums, "Axis, Bold as Love" and "Electric Ladyland"

Glam Rock

- in the 1970's, a small collection of artists began dabbling with glamorous stage performances, which emphasized artifice and gender fluidity over authenticity and conventional masculinity - the notion of performance is key, alter egos = Alice Cooper and Ziggy Stardust - although glam rock groups had a decadent visual appearance, their music often harkened back to early rock and roll and had a major impact on Punk rock of the 1970's

CBGB

- in the mid 1970's, a scene coalesces around the Bowery District of NYC and, specifically a club called CBGB owned by Hilly Kristal - the club was not originally intended to be a rock club, it takes its name from the 1st letter of Country, Bluegrass, and Blues - Suicide and Patti Smith were among the 1st groups to play CBGB's, but another band would signal the beginning of the punk movement

UK Punk

- in the mid 1970's, the UK was facing a recession, high unemployment led to disenfranchised youth - By 1977, Punk bands sprang up across England, particulary London - Of these early punk groups, the most successful were the Clash and the Sex Pistols - The Sex Pistols gave punk rock its chaotic, reactionary sneer - the Clash were apart of a group of UK punk groups that were engaged with issues of social justice - One could argue that punk get its association with political activism through british groups

Underground rock

- in the mid 1980's, the hardcore and punk scenes begin producing bands where music doesnt fit neatly in the category of punk - these independent rock bands maintain the DIY ethos but tend to have broader music tastes, often taking inspiration from past rock music and other styles - alternatively described as "college rock", "indie rock", and later "alternative rock", some of these bands come from college towns - fittingly, college radio stations become major proponents of this style of music - early indie rock bands rely on the same touring networks and distribution channels as hardcore groups, sometimes even releasing music on punk labels

Rap Rock

- in the years following "walk this way", many rock musicians took an interest in employing elements of rap in their music - rap and heavy metal rose to mainstream popularity at the same time, and cross pollination between the 2 played an important role in the 2nd half of the 1980's - rock group's Anthrax and Faith no more began to employ rapped passages - LA's Rage against the Machine blend heavy metal riffs and hip hop lyrics, strong political themes - in the late 1990's, MTV features many rap rock groups (Korn, Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock) - as with heavy metal, audiences for the 1990's rap rock tend to be white teenagers in mid america - rap rock groups fell out of favor in the new millenium - aspects of the old scene continue, perhaps seen most visibly in the "Gathering of the Juggalos" an annual festival held by Insane Clown Posse in Denver, CO

Iron Maiden

- influences from prog rock, heavy riffs and horror imagery - "The Trooper" 1983 - doubled guitar lines, rapid bass line interplay, heavily distorted, fast rhythm

"Ziggy Stardust"

- instrumentation = guitar, drums, vocal, and bass - lyrics cheekily tell the story of Ziggy Stardust, an alien from outer space who plays the guitar and starts a band - Contrasting verse chorus form with an introductory riff in between chorus and verse

Bowie and Eno in Berlin

- it is useful to realize that the categories of progressive rock and or glam rock were not nearly as discrete as it might seem - consider Bowie's late 1970's albums "Low" and "Heroes", these albums featured significant contributions from progressive rock figures Brian Eno and the King Crimson's Robert Fripp, and used extensive studio experimentation

Krautrock Legacy

- krautrock had an undeniable impact on popular music - krautrock inaugurates a fully electronic form of dance music - In the late 1980's, new wave groups like New Order, Devo, and countless others create music that is influenced by Kraftwerk - More recently, groups like Radiohead and Daft Punk have taken many elements from the Krautrock bands of the 1970's

Monterey International Pop Festival

- large, open air music festivals became an important element of rock culture in the late 60's - Monterey international pop festival became the 1st important international rock festival - Wide variety of acts including Jimi Hendrix, The Who, Otis Redding, Booker T and the MG's, and the Mommas and the Papas

New York Dolls

- led by David Johnson, featuring guitarist Johnny Thunders - incorporated elements of british glam into their performances - gritty, hard driving sounds - contributors to the aesthetic of "bad taste"

Early Heavy Metal

- led zeppelin = dynamic contrasts, epic structures, acoustic interludes - deep purple = classically influenced musicianship - black sabbath = gothic horror elements, darker sounds

SF and Haight Ashbury

- local psychadelic scene existed since mid 1965 in SF - Human Be In, a public gathering held in Golden State Park in 1967, inaugurated the new scene - community centered around the Haight Ashbury neighborhood of SF, but the origins of the scene go back to the Red Dog saloon in Virginia City, Nevada - the 1st of Ken Kesey's acid tests was held in 1965 - the house band for one of the tests was the Grateful Dead

"Break on Through"

- lyrics focus on the dark side of the psychedelic experience, bad trip - Moody, dark sound using electric keyboard - song showcases Jim "the lizard king" morrison's interest in poetry - this songs promotional video was an early examples of music videos

Pop Metal

- many of the same musical and often cosmetic characteristics of Glam, catchy choruses/hooks, emotional power ballads - but with slightly less emphasis on make-up, feminine clothing - bands = quiet riot, bon jovi, def leppard, whitesnake, guns & roses

Early rock and hip hop

- many punk rock bands developed an interest in hop hop in the early 1980's - the clash, blondie, malcolm mclaren, and the ramones all released hip hop records - Blondies "Rapture" was the 1st video to feature rapping on MTV - influences vs. approbation

"Ace of Spades"

- motorhead - very distorted guitar - fast straight forward punk feel - barked vocals

Patti Smith

- moved to NYC in 1967 - In November 1973, Patti Smith teamed up with guitarist and rock critic Lenny Kage - First single was a cover of "Hey Joe" - 1st album = "Horses" - Smith and Kage combined sophisticated, Dylan esque poetry with guitar rock, creating a high low aesthetic reminescent of the Velvet Underground

Punk Fashion UK

- much of punk fashion can be traced back to the clothing designs of Malcolm Mclaren and Vivienne Westwood - Mclaren owned a shop in London called "SEX" which specialized in fetish and bondage inspired clothing drawn from biker, drug, and sex subculture - Design used popular and traditional materials and images, often in shocking ways - common place items like safety pins, bike chains, and zippers were also common in UK punk

Motorhead

- power trio - Lemmy Kilmister = bass, vocals, major influence on thrash/speed metal, didnt consider themselves as metal, just rock and roll, Lemmy said he identified more with other UK punk like the Sex Pistols and the Damned

King Crimson, Jethro Tull, Eno, Mahavishnu Orchestra

- progressive rock of the 1970's, treated in this class as a subcategory of art rock, can be described as an intensification of the virtuosic, experimentation, and high art aspirations from the 1960's - many of the most successful progressive rock groups came from England - influences from jazz, classical music

Proto Punk Legacy

- proto punk groups advanced an alternative to the hippie aesthetic - Whereas groups such as Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Jethro Tull pushed rock into increasingly more complex territory, proto punk groups embraced minimalism and styles of rock, thought of as childish and simplistic until now - they often combined this stripped down approach with a cosmopolitan, self aware sensibility - these groups are often cited by early punk rock groups as their prime source of inspiration

Punk Fashion

- punk fashion gets its unique character during the late 1970's - Richard Hall of the Voidoids is credited by many as bringing safety pins and tattered clothing to punk - bondage attire also becomes common, particulary in England

Transatlantic Punk Culture

- punk records begin reaching the UK in the mid 70's - The Ramones were one of the many 1st punk groups to travel to England in 1976, many British rockers cite their concerts as a pivotal moment for the burgeoning UK scene - British tastemakers like Malcolm Mclaren visit the US and see bands like Richard Hell and the Voidoids and Television

Talking Heads, Blondie, and Television

- punk was by no means a monlithic style in the beginning - it intended to define itself more by what it wasnt, rather than what it was - accordingly, 3 earl punk groups integrated elements of funk, disco, and even progressive rock in their music

"Cum on feel the noise"

- quiet riot - first metal song to break top 5 pop charts

Thrash metal

- reaction to glam metal - aggressive, even faster tempos, shredding and highly staccato/percussive riffs - sociopolitical themes = anti establishment, warfare, alienation, horror, madness - big 4 = metallica, megadeath, slayer, anthrax

"Love to Love you Baby"

- relies heavily on chorus, instead of narrative verses - funk influenced beat - produced by Giorgio Morodev, a prominent "Eurodisco" producer

"Personality Crisis"

- simple verse chorus form - literally 3 chords - guitar playing reminiscent of Chuck Berry, double stops, blue licks

The Band

- started as the backing band for rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkins in the early 1960's - Backed Dylan on his world tour in 1965 and 1966 - The Band's music from "Big Pink" and Dylan's "John Wesley Harding" and "Nashville Skyline" could be called country rock - "The Weight" = The Band

Heavy metal culture

- subculture of alienation, anti establishment authority, lack of interest in mainstream culture - dominated by white males, working class, brotherhood of metal heads - fashion = black, leather, studs, band t shirts influenced by biker culture but also BDSM and LGBT, Rod Halford of Judas Priest

Proto Punk

- term used to describe a group of artists and bands whose music anticipates many stylistic elements of the punk movement - many proto punk groups were active in the NY art and music scene of the mid 1970's - as seen in films like "Death Wish" and "Taxi Driver", NYC was associated with high crime, poverty, and moral decay - It also housed many artists, who often converted unused commerical or industrial spaces into large lofts

LA Hardcore

- the LA hardcore scene is centered around Black Flag but includes groups such as Circle Jerks, adolescents, and the Descendants - LA hardcore was closely tied to the suburban skateboard subculture - Greg Ginn of Black Flag starts his own label SST, releases records by LA punk bands and proto indie rock bands like Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr., and the Minutemen - The iconic black flag logo and album covers are drawn by Ginn's Brother, Raymond Pettibon, who would become a well known gallery artist

Beastie Boys

- the beastie boys were another def jam group that drew from rock - the 3 member group were initially involved in the hardcore scene of NY - the group later comes to regret their frat boy image

Birth of the Hippie Aesthetic

- the rock musician is an artist who has a responsibility to produce sophisticated music - music should stand up to repeated listening and lyrics should deal with important issues and themes - musical prowess is valued - In some ways, the aestheitc is a combination of ideas borrowed from art music and folk, both styles that heavily influenced rock in the 1960s - sometimes termed "rockist" perspective

"Youth of America"

- the wipers - from the 1981 "Youth of America" - features psychedelic midsection = "Whole lotta love" - unusual chordal harmonies, guitar soloing

"It's only Rock and Roll"

- use of guitar riffs to form underlying groove - blues inflected vocals

"Black Sabbath"

- use of the devil's interval - tritone to create a sinister mood

Punk Legacy

- we tend to think of punk as more or less a distinct style, which it certainly has become in the last 4 decades - In the NY scene of the 1970's, punk bands were quite diverse in their tastes and approaches - Some of these groups achieve great success in the late 1970's and the early 1980's under the marketing category of new wave - under the banner of "hardcore", other groups set in motion by the punk movement focus in on the more aggressive aspects of the music

deepening roots

- while some groups in the final years of the 1960's continued to explore the mind bending experiments of psychedelic rock, others found creative inspiration by getting back in touch with their "roots" - Dylan, Rolling Stones, and the Beatles all released albums that seemed to be recreating with older styles and sounds - CCR, The Band, and even some psychedelic groups like The Grateful Dead followed this trend

Mid 1970s American Pop Music

- while the early 1970's saw a diversion of styles, many of the disparate trends began to blend together as the music industry continued to corporate - rise of the album orientated radio, FM- advertisers, corporations pressure broadcasters into more streamlined, standardized song lengths, styles, make room for more ads, appeal to broad segments of the population - rise of the blockbuster albums attracts large multinational corporations to buy up record labels - investors chasing after the next blockbuster, or radio advertiser chasing more revenue, made music business risk more severe - some of these bands are devisively nicknamed "corporate rock" - highly professional, good musicianship, but not much edge

Woodstock

- woodstock can be considered the peak of large outdoor festivals - drew at least 400,000 attendees - most end up crashing the event without paying - Documented in the 1970 "Woodstock" directed by Michael Wadleigh

"Call me"

Blondie

"Psycho Killer"

Talking Heads

"Marquee Moon"

Television