History - Quiz 15

In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

On Map 15.3: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748, what territories did Austria acquire after the decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire (1718)?

Banat, Serbia, and Wallachia

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

Catholic Reformation

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country

On Map 15.3: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748, what territories did Prussia acquire between 1640 and 1688?

Eastern Pomerania and Magdeburg

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the

Fronde

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces

How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs

How id Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican 'Book of Common Prayer' on Presbyterian Scotland

What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rakoczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?

Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found their best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke

The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Benigne Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scriptures (Thinking like a Historian): "It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes." Based on this passage, with which of the following statements would Bossuet most likely agree?

Kings are God's representatives on earth

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

The following is an excerpt from a letter written by the king's representative in Burgundy, the prince of Conde, to Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, the prince reports on his efforts to compel the leaders of the province to pay taxes levied by the royal government: "Since then the Estates have deliberated every day, persuaded that the extreme misery in this province- caused by the great levies it has suffered, the sterility of the land in recent years, and the disorders that have recently occurred- would induce the king to give them some relief. That is why they offered only 500,000 for the free gift. Then, after I had protested this in the appropriate manner, they raised it to 600,000, then 800,000, and finally 900,000 livres. Until then I had stood firm at 1.5 million, but when I saw that they were on the verge of deciding not to give any more... I finally came down to the 1.2 million livres contained in my instructions and invited them to deliberate again." Based on this passage, one can conclude that

Louis XIV had to negotiate with local elites to achieve his desired objectives

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united

How did famines affect affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava

Compare Map 15.1: Europe After the Thirty Years' War to Map 15.2: Europe After the Peace of Utrecht, 1715. Which state changed hands between 1648 and 1715?

Sardinia

What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?

Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.

Which lands shown on Map 15.1: Europe After the Thirty Years' War belonged to the Spanish Habsburgs?

Spain, Portugal, the Spanish Netherlands, Franche-Comteacute, Milan, and Naples

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called

St. Petersburg

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by

Stenka Razin

The following is an excerpt from John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Evaluating the Evidence 15.3): "Tis true, governments cannot be supported without great charge, and 'tis fit every one who enjoys his share of the protection, should pay, out of this estate, his proportion for the maintenance of it. But still it must be with his own consent, i.e., the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them; for if any one shall claim a power to lay and levy taxes on the people, by his own authority, and without such consent of the people, he thereby invades the fundamental law of property, and subverts the end of government. For what property have I in that which another may be right to take when he pleases to himself." Based on this passage, which of the following did Locke see as legitimate?

Taxes consented to by the majority of the people

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy?

The sultan's slave corps

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

The following is an excerpt from the Louis XIV's Memoir for the Instruction of the Dauphin (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he offers advice to his son about kingship: "For however it be held as a maxim that in every thing a Prince should employ the most mild measures and first, and that it is more to his advantage to govern his subjects by persuasive than coercive means, it is nevertheless certain that whenever he meets with impediments or rebellion, the interest of his crown and the welfare of his people demand that he should cause himself to be indispensably obeyed; for it must be acknowledged there is nothing can so securely establish the happiness and tranquility of a country as the perfect combination of all authority in the single person of the Sovereign." Based on this passage, what did Louis XIV see as the ultimate goal of the absolute monarch?

To bring peace and happiness to his nation

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit

In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the

consolidation of serfdom

Political power in the Dutch Republics was

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Benigne Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (Thinking Like a Historian): "The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, 'Fear God. Honour the king.' ..But kings, although their power comes from on high, as has been said, should not regard themselves as masters of that power to use it at their pleasure; ..they must employ it with fear and self-restraint, as a thing coming from God and of which God will demand and account." Based on this passage, the historian can conclude that, in Bossuet's view,

kings are accountable to God

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

military dictatorship

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or...

millets

Typically, French classicism

presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of

the House of Orange

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of

the Pyrenees

Louis XIV selected councilors from

the newly ennobled or upper middle class

the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was

the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy