HISTORY - SUCCESSION IN POLITICS

Gonghe Regency

"China descends into a strange interregnum". 841 to 828 BC the Chinese Zhou ( iz pronounced like cho/Joe) dynasty experienced a disruption in their governmental control over China when their tenth king, King Li, was exiled by nobles during the Compatriots Rebellion (sounds like communist patriots weird) so history struggles to tell us what happened after li was exiled. 1)Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian (pronounced like Chien) says= during the Gonghe (which Qian interpreted to mean "joint harmony"...lol co-regent shit again ) period, the Zhou dynasty was led by two dukes, the Duke of Shao and Zhao (pfshshahha ppl always think they're the same person cuz they keep pronouncing da same= its like Joe and show) 2)MOST LIKELY, within the chronicle The Bamboo Annals( ..wtf)notes that the Regency was instead led by one person, the Count of Gong (Allah help me with these names im dead) . Whoever was in power, their reign stabilized the country until Li died in exile and power was passed to his son in 828BC.

When Fidel Castro's health began to decline in the mid-2000s, his brother Raul took his place as the leader of Cuba; some analysts were surprised at the stability of the regime throughout the transition. More recently, Raul handed off the presidency (though not all power) to his own vice president and chosen successor, Miguel Diaz-Canel. Discuss with your team: is Cuba a good model for other countries transitioning away from family rule? Compare it to the process of succession in North Korea—how did the current leader in Pyongyang assume power, and who might succeed him? Are there other countries where the office of vice president has led with automatic precision to the presidency?

''The transition of power that took place in Cuba was indeed rather surprising to many historians, since many predicted that Raul's handling of his rather legendary brother's regime would collapse and give way to a full democracy within a few years. In many ways the peaceful transition of power through some consensus of both the Communist Party and the greater populace signalled a revolutionary (apologies) change in Cuba's apparent past trajectory of maintaining the familial hold over the country.'' Assembly will elect as president Miguel Diaz-Canel, the current, and first, vice president. Cuba beginning to have more tourism, opening talks with Obama, hopes for currency since they use two different currencies due to the previous involvement of USSR Fidels health declined This resulted in his brother, Raul to take over in 2008. This proved to be effective, as Raul increased investment in the private sector increasing internet access across citizens. even tho Fidel was still important same thing now with raul, who will still be head of the communist party but presidency will go to MIGUEL DIAZ CANEL, past and first Vice President under raul -----------------------------------------------------

coronation

(n.) the act of crowning (The new king's coronation occurred the day after his father's death.) A ceremony in which a person is made a king or queen. There are many rituals in the ceremony, such as taking of special vows by the monarch, the investing and celebration of regalia to the monarch. Coronations have changed over time and become much simpler. Coronation are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, and several Asian countries.

stats ^

,4000 government positions, including roughly 1,100 that require Senate confirmation. Most new administrations only manage to fill a few hundred in its early months, and only about 80% of the positions are full at any given time in an administration, on average.

The Cabinet line of succession is:

1. Secretary of State 2. Secretary of the Treasury 3. Secretary of Defense 4. Attorney General 5. Secretary of the Interior 6. Secretary of Agriculture 7. Secretary of Commerce 8. Secretary of Labor 9. Secretary of Health and Human Services 10. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 11. Secretary of Transportation 12. Secretary of Energy 13. Secretary of Education 14. Secretary of Veterans Affairs15. Secretary of Homeland Security (they wouldn't make us learn that right..)

Name Succession Correleration?

30% of republicans would choose Donald Trump Jr to succeed Donald Trump for preisident. There seems to be a name id, or brand name affiliation when it comes down to voting for the next president, as it would mark the fourth time in American history that a direct descendant of a previous president was elected to the same office Hereditary succession is quite appealing because most people think that the child of a president can have some kind of genes that can make him/her a good leaders in the future and they can receive some advice from their parents. The same with the president's wife, people tend to think that the wife of a person who won the popular vote or the wife of a president will be a perfect rulers because they can see how their husbands work and learn from that.

Westminister Model

A form of democracy based on the supreme authority of Parliament and the accountability of its elected representatives; named after the Parliament building in London.

Regency

A period of time when a country is ruled by a regent (someone who isn't the monarch but is still ruling) due to the king or queen being unable to rule. The most well known example is the period in Britain (1811-1820) during which the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as regent during his father's periods of insanity. In France (1715-1723) there was a period of regency of Philip, Duke of Orleans, during the minority of Louis XV.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power not rlly like england where monarchy doesnt do shit

abdication

An act of renouncing the throne, either due to force or of their own free will. Some cultures view this as a regular event that helps maintain stability during political succession; whereas, in other societies, this is viewed as an extreme abandonment of duty. Recently, many monarchs of Spain, Cambodia, Japan, the Netherlands, and the Papacy have abdicated due to old age. first japananese emperor to abdicate recently was Akihito

''always seems to be a next Kennedy''

Despite his famous last name and wavy red mane, Rep. Joe Kennedy (D-Mass.) has kept a low profile on the national scene since being elected in 2012. Kennedy has garnered a loyal grass-roots following with a series of viral speeches challenging the president on everything from health care to hate speech, leading some Democrats to believe he could help fill the party's leadership vacuum. he's no ordinary lawmaker. He's the grandson of the late Robert F. Kennedy, a member of Democratic royalty. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/03/joe-kennedy-trump-democrats-241544

ngwenyama & ndlovukati of Eswatini

Eswatini (more commonly known by its old name of Swaziland) is a landlocked country in Southern Africa and has for centuries been ruled (and continues to be ruled) by an absolute monarchy ngwenyama= king, literally translates to "Lion of Swaziland" (Gwen is how I remember ) ndlovukati= queen mother, literally, "She-Elephant", The title is given preferentially to the mother of the reigning King ( the Ngwenyama, "Lion of Swaziland"), or to another female royal of high status if the King's mother has died. (lov like ze mother lov da Gwen his I remember) Indlovukati rules alongside the Ngwenyama, and when there is no King, she rules as a Queen Regent Whilst the King is seen as the administrative head of the country, the Queen Mother is often the spiritual and national head of state, her roles include overseeing important rituals and passing on the coronation of the ngwenyama to the next in line.

Medieval paréages

France. In the medieval era, paréages were feudal treaties that recognised joint sovereignty over a territory by two rulers who were on equal footing (pari passu, can someone just pari passu on my face cuz this needs to end its 2 am ). Yet the contract could also apply to families, wherein two persons inherited equal divisions of lands and titles. As something of a link (cause we scholars love those! pls kmn), the most famous example of this treaty was the Act of paréage that created the Principality of Andorra(if you've already forgotten my dudes with the chicken cheese and dollars u r a certified hoe) between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell. These agreements were mainly used in the middle ages to help strike rapport over the "population" of France's wooded wilderness in it's southwest. The church and local king often got involved in this case, with the former granting land from nearby granges, the latter giving market privileges, and the two sharing the tax revenue from the new attractive town, known as a bastide (Capitalism, expert in stealing since the Middle Ages )...so why is this dude so strongly communist, am I relying on flipping Fidel Castro or something smh

Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis

I literally just watched a drunk history video on her lol (their names are hard to read so I just internal say hotshot and thermos/osmosis) Hatshepsut was actually married to her half-brother Tuthmosis II ( she was his dads child with a consort) and bore him a girl who was named Neferure. no son . However, upon the death of Tuthmosis II, Egypt was left in a dynastic crisis. The solution came in the form of young (literally, he was still two years old around this time in 1479BCE) Thuthmosis III. she adopted kid cuz no son but its chill. Under normal circumstances, Hatshepsut would've ruled as regent for her son until he was the proper age to ascend the throne independently. However, because Hatshepsut's background was of low-class origins (remember her moms a consort), a compromise was reached: Thuthmosis III would become Pharaoh under the guidance of his stepmother (Queen Hatshepsut). basically just regent without cred. However, a few years after this agreement Hatshepsut inexplicably became the "king" of Egypt and forced Tuthmosis to languish in obscurity for the next 20 years. literally we have no explanation and hotshot does what the **** she wants. Luckily however when Hatshepsut finally did die in 1458BCE Tuthmosis was well-prepared for the challenge of leading his people and brought Egypt into a golden age where it expanded greatly and saw huge leaps in architecture and cultural monuments. Overall a fairly successful co-regency, as Hatshepsut's experience with Tuthmosis II by his side helped her rule Egypt fairly and prepare her son to take over with even greater results. tuthmosis may not have hated Hatshepsut. Initially he may even have been grateful to her, as she had protected his land while training him for greatness. But, as he grew older and looked back over his life, his perspective would shift. Would Egypt's most successful general, a stickler for tradition, have wished to be associated with a woman co-regent, even a woman as strong as Hatshepsut?

Just before it became an empire, Rome was ruled by a pair of Triumvirates—groups of three leaders sharing power. The first ended with a civil war and an assassination. The second ended with a civil war and a pair of suicides. Explore what happened in this succession process and who the major players were, then ask yourself: would co-rulers be more effective in other settings in the modern world, such as businesses or writers' rooms? What is the ideal number of co-rulers to have in office at the same time?

I mean I explained above but extra detail: legendary military leader Julius Caesar, great statesman Pompey and craft politician Marcus Licinius Crassus. All three of these people agreed to come together in an alliance of sorts against the constitution of the Roman Republic, designed to prevent any one person from gaining too much power. (like avatar kingdoms) They all agreed to use their own influence to push each other up the hierarchy. once they had secured the power of the Roman government, they each would gain a certain portion of land and total rule over it. This alliance disintegrated however in 53BCE, when Crassus died on a disastrous campaign against the Parthian Empire (occupying what is now Turkey). With Caesar and Pompey at odds with each other, their alliance quickly disappeared and was replaced with a rivalry since they were like conservative(PY) vs liberal (JC) 9BCE, a civil war erupted across the Republic, with Caesar gaining the upper hand and defeating Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48BCE. Pompey himself fled to Ptolemaic Egypt, where he was assassinated that same year and his head infamously delivered to Caesar in a basket (brutal but that's how things were done back then). Legend has it that Caesar refused to look at the dismembered head of his former friend and ally, taking over the Roman Republic as it's leading politician. He was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44BC. -------------------------------------------------- then his adopted son Octavian took the reigns with his best buddies Lepidus and Marcus Antonius (mark Antony cuz his name sounds like an exorcist chant) they got themselves legally recognized as like the big three since they were approved by the Romate Senate in 43BC with the enactment of the Lex Titia .... (the law that legalised the group to exist)(I keep saying tities by accident) Octavian and Marc will all about avenging Caesar by mass beheadings and roman style massacre but Lepidus was like ''thats not cool bro'' (yes this is exactly what he said) so the other two were like okay fine go into exile you can't sit with us anymore, so Lepidus was kicked out . but then beef cooked between Marc and Octavian when He , despite being married to octavians sister -octavia- secretly envied cleopatras resources and wished to ally with her in an effort to conquer Octavian's western possessions and unite the two halves of the Roman Republic under an Egyptian capital- so he's cheating on his sister AND trying to combo Rome and Egypt to overthrow this dude. This plan quickly fell apart however when Octavian got the senate to declare war on Cleopatra and the subsequent naval battle at Actium in 31BCE saw both Cleopatra and Antony committed suicide. sad . then he changed his name to Augustus Ceaser , got a salad named after him and became first roman emperor ( salads bigger achievement if u ask me tho ngl)

Shadow Cabinet

In systems like Britain's, the official leadership of the opposition party that "shadows" the cabinet. responsible for scrutinising and criticising their opposite number, developing alternative policies and hold the Government accountable for any actions it may have controversially executed

Seostris

In the 20th year of his reign, 1918 BCE, Amenemhet made Sesostris I, his son, coregent. The younger ruler assumed the task of extending Egyptian control into Nubia to the south, advancing as far as the Second Cataract of the Nile and building fortifications at strategic points. Under Amenemhet the copper mines in Sinai were worked, and punitive raids were made against the local Bedouin tribes. In the 30th year of his father's reign, on returning from a raid against the Libyans in the Western Desert (AAAAAAAAAAY LEEEBYAAAAA) Sesostris received news of Amenemhet's assassination and hastened back to the capital to assume the kingship. (Sesostris was amenemhets son and co regent , extended control to Nubia , built fortifications on Nile, set copper mines in sinai , raided local bedouin tribes , raided the libyans then took over cuz by actually doing shit as a co-regent the transition from his dad to him was more chill )

comparison to North Korea ^

Kim Jong-Un came to power in 2011 when his dad died , but He immediately set about removing any possible usurpers to his "throne", including his own uncle Jang Song-thaek and possible his own half-brother Kim Jong-Nam. As for who will succeed the "Brilliant Comrade," nobody. The North Korean leader doesn't have a son and therefore no heir . possible that some high-ranking cohort within the party might assume leadership until such an heir can be found, . AMERICA If the President were to suddenly die and an election was not about to take place, the Vice President would be automatically vested with the powers of the President until such a time as a general election can be called. this has happened before in American history. President Richard Nixon was the first and thus far only President to have resigned while still in office. He did so after the Senate threatened to impeach him for the Watergate Scandal. Following his departure from the White House, Vice President Gerald R. Ford stepped in to fulfill his duties until the 1977 elections.

designated survivor

Person in line of succession chosen to not attend specific meetings and events to ensure continuance of government someone who has been assigned to assume the presidency in case there is a tragedy where like everyone dies

Rome was neither the first nor the last time leaders tried to share power. As early as 2000 BC, Egyptian Pharaoh Amenemhet I appointed his son Sesostris I, as a co-regent, to help ensure a smooth transition after his death. Investigate the following examples of co-regencies and diarchic rule, evaluating why some failed and some succeeded. Then, discuss with your team: if each of today's world leaders were forced to co-rule with another leader, which new pairs of leaders would work well together? Which would not?

Pharaoh Amenemhet I appointed his son Sesostris I, as a co-regent, to help ensure a smooth transition after his death. Amenemhet I, also called Amenemmes I, king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1938-08 BCE), founder of the 12th dynasty (1938-c. 1756 BCE), Amenemhet, an experienced administrator, moved the capital from Thebes and founded a more central residence at Itj-tawy (near modern Al-Lisht), to the south of Memphis, appointing his supporters to various posts within the administration. ( kind of like how the capital moved in one of the flooding countries in science cards) is pyramid and adjoining funerary complex, erected at Al-Lisht, were closely patterned after those of the late Old Kingdom(c. 2575-c. 2130 BCE) in a deliberate effort to associate the new dynasty with the glories of the earlier pyramid age. basically cool dude, 12 dynasty , moved capital from themes to itj tawy/al-lisht more central , pyramids as tombs and tried to copy old kingdom to look more glorious

Act of Settlement

Said NO CATHOLIC could be King of England thus insuring the Protestant line of succession. Succession switched from Stuarts to Hanovers because of this passing. An act in the UK that was passed in 1701 in order to secure Protestant succession to the throne and to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring a parliamentary system of government. The act also strengthened the Bill of Rights (1689), which had previously established the order of succession for Mary II's heir. The next Protestant in line to the throne was the Electress Sophia of Hanover, a granddaughter of James VI of Scotland, I of England and Ireland. After her the crowns would descend only to her non-Roman Catholic heirs

agnatic primogeniture

Succession only through males in a dynastic line (used in Feudal Europe Monarchies) The restriction of succession to those descended or related to a past or current monarch exclusively through the male line of descent (descendants through females were ineligible to inherit the throne unless no male of the patrilineage remained alive). This was primarily practiced throughout Europe when monarchs had the most power within their nation, and most commonly men would therefore be the monarchs. However, there were exceptions to this, such as Cleopatra VII Philopator

absolute primogeniture

Succession regardless of gender A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth. BUUUT ABSOLUTE PROMIGENITURE = Absolute, equal, or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which gender is irrelevant for inheritance. No modern monarchy before 1980 implemented this. Sweden, monaco, Netherlands etc In 2011, the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms which have a common monarch announced the Perth Agreement, a plan to legislate changes to absolute primogeniture. This was implemented when the necessary legislation came into effect on 26 March 2015. Japan it was a debate cuz only princess, but prince was born and convo was suspended

Perth Agreement

The Perth Agreement is an agreement made by the prime ministers of those sixteen countries of the Commonwealth of Nations which retain the Westminster model of constitutional monarchy ("the Commonwealth realms")- they use parliament then monarch basically. The document agreed to amend the succession to the British throne. enacted in 1931. The changes, in summary, comprised: replacing male-preference primogeniture ― under which males take precedence over females in the royal succession ― with absolute primogeniture (which does not distinguish gender as a succession criterion); ending disqualification of any person who had married Roman Catholics; and that only six people closest to the throne require the monarch's permission to marry. basically succession to crown act (x 16) common wealth edition

co-regent

The concept of having two pharaohs at any one time that developed during the Middle and New Kingdom. One of these pharaohs would be in charge, while the other would be the successor, allowing for a smooth transition. Hatshepsut for Thutmose, Nefertiti and Akhenaton --> when two people rule

In a presidential system, when control of the government shifts from one political party to the other, power must be transferred between them. Read about this process in the United States, then discuss with your team: should new leaders be required to keep some members of the previous administration around, to help ensure a smooth transition? Do you think all administrations would be equally inclined to help their successors?

Transition periods fill around 4,000 government positions, so the transition needs to be done quickly to prevent the US from being vulnerable during the transition period in the new year. To speed up the process, many canditates start setting up the transition process weeks if not months in advanced to election day. Presidential transitions have always existed in some capacity, enshrined in law in the Presidential Transitions Act of 1963. federal government has been formally financially supporting transition operations since 2010.

The United States tends to take a dim view of monarchies, perhaps because of its own revolutionary past. But in 2000 it elected the son of one former president to the White House, and the wife of another won the popular vote in 2016. There is talk of Chelsea Clinton campaigning for Congress, nearly 30% percent of Republicans would choose Donald Trump Jr. to succeed Donald Trump, people keep asking Michelle Obama to run for president, and there always seems to be a next Kennedy. Discuss with your team: does hereditary succession have some kind of intrinsic appeal, even to voters in a supposed democracy?

Twenty-nine percent of Republican and Republican-leaning voters say they would consider Donald Trump Jr. for president and 16 percent said they would consider Ivanka Trump, article also noted how Donald Trump Jr.'s recent book "Triggered: How the Left Thrives on Hate and Wants to Silence Us" reached No. 1 on the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list, that a rally in San Antonio chanted "2024!" Trump Jr. delivered a speech for the president's reelection and that Trump Jr. was the top choice among young Republican and Republican-leaning voters in the survey (Pence won among older voters within that group). Donald Trump Jr.'s political ambitions have caused him to dabble in far right politics in the past, as he follows a number of white nationalists on Twitter and has retweeted some of them. BITCH FAAACEEE -------------------------------------------------- trump jr and invanka both under investigation for role in dads inaugaration= trump jr for smuggling hush money, Ivanka for nepotism and having classified material without the restrictions of normal federal employees IVANKA has also been accused by the nonpartisan ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington of violating the Hatch Act by using her Twitter handle for inappropriate political activity. ---------------------------------------- Quincy Adams was elected in 1824 after his father, John Adams, had been elected in 1800. Benjamin Harrison was elected in 1888 after his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, had been elected in 1840. Finally George W. Bush was elected in 2000, and reelected in 2004, after his father George H. W. Bush was elected in 1988.

usurper

a person who takes a position of power or importance illegally or by force A person who takes a position of power by force or illegally, but not always taking the throne within a monarchy. Usurpers can rise to power in a region by often unexpected physical force, political influence or deceit. In other words, an usurper is a person who takes the power of a city, country, or established region for himself. often from within the family

Instruction of Amenemhet

a political piece cast as an address of Amenemhet to Sesostris, described the assassination attempt and gave the new king advice concerning government . Another politically motivated work, The Story of Sinuhe, described Sesostris's receipt of the news, his reaction, and the glory of his reign.

Co-Princes of Andorra

a real microstate that lies between France and Spain in the Pyrenees mountain range, came into being way back in 1278 when the Bishop of Urgell (Spain) and the Count of Foix (France) ( I just remember this like Spanish gurgle and French fox) arranged for it's diarchal (two-person...co-regent ) rule persisted into modern times, with the current leaders being the newest Bishop of Urgell (Joan Enric Vives Sicillia) President of France (Emmanuel Macron) ( I just remember macroon and sis) history of Andorra has practically been one of contests between France and Spain, with both of them having divided up the lands of the micronation between themselves or even fully conquering it before relinquishing its independence. It wasn't until 1993 that the Andorran people voted on their first constitution. The full list of new "duties" and powers granted to the two rulers . up until then: Andorra had been paying tribute of approximately $460 to the French ruler on odd-numbered years and on even-numbered years a tribute of $12 along with six hams, six cheeses and six live chickens to the Spanish bishop ---------------- French dude fox= lol big money tings innit Spanish bishop gurgle= bro they gave me ham, cheese and chicken who's the real winner here

Ynglinga saga

again not a term just an explanation cuz I've been reading yinga linga which is.. sounds like a fantasy video game Ynglinga saga is a legendary saga, originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson ...he sounds like if I was a smurf, Snorri fksdhbfihabijb its like about odin and norse gods and shit

triumvirates= simple version of below, all u need to know rlly

groups of three leaders that rule either formally or informally, so that not one person holds too much power often they tackle different sectors to become like the avengers of an empire. eg Caesar secured the military, Pompey land or something etc the 1st triumvirate consisted of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. Crassus dies during a campaign trying to conquer turkey Pompey was afraid of Julius having too much power so he declares war on Julius and his army. Pompey was eventually killed. then obviously Julius assasinated The second triumvirate consisted of Octavian (Caesars adopted son) , Marc Antony, and Lepidus. this one was legally recognized and they had more power than the consul which was like the most power u could have back then . Marc Antony has an affair with Cleopatra even tho he's married to Octavian's sister octavia ( ik beef and unoriginal naming). Octavian declares war on Egypt and Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide . Octavian becomes Augustus and first Roman emperor.

Story of Sinuhe ( u don't rlly need to know this )

honestly ignore this just context because when I research I kept googling what words meant and shit Fictional story written about a man who overhears the assasination of the king and flees the country. He becomes a cheift in syria and marrys off and has lots of children. He is invited back to egypt by the kings son and goes happily. Burried in egypt and happy. Egyptians belong in egypt.

In the United States, attention is often focused on the president—but the vice president must also sometimes be replaced. Read about the process of succession in the American government, then discuss with your team: should the president be able to select anyone to replace the vice president at any time? In the event of an impeachment, should the president be replaced by someone from the opposing party, rather than by his or her own party—or would this encourage too many attempts at impeachment? https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html

if the head honcho dies, next in line is the vice-president, followed by the speaker of the house, followed by the Senate president and then failing all those three (extremely unlikely but good to be safe); the 15 executive members of the Cabinet ). in amusing twist the 25th Amendment allows the vice president to take control of presidential duties whilst the actual president is ill or otherwise temporarily unable to fulfill their duties (i.e every single day of the current presidency). George H. W. Bush was granted this amendment for all of eight hours whilst Ronald Reagan was having surgery in 1985. Now section 2 of the 25th Amendment is where we get into the controversial side of things (yay we love that!). It basically stipulates that if the office of the Vice President is empty, then the President himself is allowed to choose who will become the Vice President (that choice must be confirmed by a majority vote of both houses of Congress). Gerald Ford was chosen using this rule when Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. When Nixon then resigned in 1974, Ford took over the presidency and selected Nelson Rockefeller to be the Vice President. It was, rather tragically, the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1969 that prompted the 25th Amendment, as prior to that there had been no rules in place about choosing the vice president replacement.

Bamboo Annals

its not a term or anything but I needed to confirm I wasn't being trolled, you literally don't need to know this Shang stories and foundation myths that were written on bamboo strips and later collected. says count of gong kept china steady after li until he died and his son took over

Catholic Monarchs of Spain

izzy castille and nandos Aragon 1469 two monarchs of different Spanish kingdoms , Spain, like many other European countries was not unified at all back then) married and as a result unified Spanish mainland Queen Isabella I of Castille and King Ferdinand of Aragon married in Valladolid = de facto (legal) unification of their lands came to be. she was 18 and he 17, (despite sterotype back then men should be older) In 1494, Pope Alexander VI bestowed upon the two the title of "Catholic Monarchs of Spain" after their efforts in expulsing the Muslim Moors from Spain and banning the practice of Judaism (in what became infamously known as the unexpected Spanish Inquisition). these were the two monarchs who funded Christopher Columbus' trip to find an Atlantic sea route to India in 1492 (and then ended up "discovering" the American continent). (MARRIED, UNIFIED SPAIN,POPE ALEX WAS LIKE YO UR COOL CUZ U 1- KICKED OUT ZE MUSLIMS :( BANNED JUDAISM :(- THEY ALSO FUNDED COLUMBUS WHO ''FOUND AMERICAAA)

Succession to the Crown Act

male primogeniture (in which a younger male heir can displace an older female one in the line of succession), this Act by parliament in 2013 basically amended the Act of Settlement mentioned above (thus bringing to an end 312 years of male preference for the crown). This basically meant that now the eldest child, regardless of sex, will always take priority over their younger siblings in the line of succession. And Catholics can aswell The Act also annulled the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, ending the disqualification of a person who married Roman Catholic from succession (basically the Church of England got a big fat L there). Interestingly enough, this Act also repealed the necessity of anyone outside the first six people in line for the throne to ask the sovereign permission before marrying (yes the British Royal family has a notorious history of "long wedding" processes).

In 2011, all 16 countries that still recognize the British monarchy agreed to end their bias in favor of male children. Lines of succession would run through all children equally, regardless of gender. Discuss with your team: would it make more sense for royal families to set aside primogeniture altogether and just have the most qualified descendant to take over? Or should all the descendants vote on which of them should lead, perhaps as part of a reality TV show?

no link so Noora finna freestyle well the 16 thing is Perth agreement innit and its just a commonwealth version of succession to the crown act , telling everyone to stop being sexist . reality tv show is ridiculous bro, we aint George orwell most qualified... sure but the fights would be crazy , and qualified?how monarchs are useless figureheads who only attract tourism whilst depleting everyones taxes to live in inhumane standards of wealth whilst nations they claim to protect struggle against poverty anyways , on the other side tourism and patriotism on the other other side LITERALLY NO ONE NEEDS OR WANTS THAT MUCH MONEY WHEN HALF UR COUNTRY SLEEPS ON THE STREETS its 5:30 am I need to close my brain ----- discuss?

illegitimate child

offspring of unmarried parents Nowadays, the illegitimate child can inherit the throne, though they must show proof that he/she is the biological child of people of the current monarchs (rather easy considering the genetic technology we have these days)

Michelle obama ^

omg she would win bro, but she said zero chance of her running . especially since her popularity after her book 'becoming' like trump literally couldn't even like breathe in her direction

In British-inspired parliamentary systems, opposition parties frequently assemble "Shadow Cabinets"—ministers who mirror those in power. Explore this concept: how often do Shadow Cabinet members succeed those they are shadowing? Should presidential systems include a shadow president?

only once before ince May 2010, the Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn (who may resign soon) has been a constituent party of the Shadow Cabinet (as they are "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition", a polite British term that basically means "We didn't win the election so now we'll nag at those who won"). the only known example of a Shadow Cabinet succeeding the cabinet it criticised was during the Second World War, when the Liberal and Labour Shadow Cabinet ruled a Vote of No Confidence (again another British polite way of saying "You're not cut out for the job mate") against Neville Chamberlain's poor handling of the government during World War 2. In his place, they agreed to support a coalition party under the leadership of the "British Bulldog" himself: Winston Churchill.

regent

someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule difference above is that thermos dude HAD to rule cuz his mom came from low background, but she as a low-key but not formal regent announced herself to be a king making them CO-REGENTS ; two people ruling at same time

Alaric & Eric

swedish fairytale princes ...kmn IN YNGLINGA= Alaric and Eric were sons and heirs of the previous king Agni by his wife Skjálf. They shared the kingship. They were mighty both in war and sport, but were especially skillful horsemen and vied with one another about their horsemanship and their horses. One day they rode off and did not return. They were found dead with their heads battered but no weapons with them save the bridle bits of their horses. Accordingly it was believed that they had quarreled and come to blows and had slain each other with their bridle bits. They were succeeded by Alaric's sons Yngvi and Alf. so here co regents didnt work out innit there are a lot of other versions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_and_Eric but what wsc is saying, is norse mythological co-regents that end in tragedy

line of succession

the order in which individuals are expected to succeed one another in some official position we all been knew like queen Lizzy then prince Charles then prince William den his kids innit

interregnum

time between rulers