history test 1 - schulz

The following sequence of events is correct:

1) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 2) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 3) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 4) First steam engine..

Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in ________ with 95 theses addressed to his archbishop.

1517

Due to its treatment of minorities, the Netherlands became:

A model of religious tolerance, for Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic groups..

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas).

Encouraged

A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated.

Guadalupe

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to teaching the "correct" balanced Calvinist Protestantism.

Harvard College

Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of _______________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces.

Louis XIV

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels.

Cabildos

A standoff between the Parliament and King ____________ of England (and Scotland) led to civil war and the king's execution in 1649.

Charles I

As part of his reforms, Tsar Peter I "the Great" ______________ the remaining free farmers outside the estate system of the aristocracy.

Classified and tased as serfs..

The lasting achievement of the Marquise de Châtelet was:

Her translation of Newton's Mathematical Principles from Latin into French..

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518.

Hernan Cortes

A member of the ___________ family of rulers, Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia enlarged his army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy.

Hohenzollern

All of the following is true of the technology used in developing scientific instruments EXCEPT:

It established a hierarchy of production, with engineers at the top and theoretical scientists a bit below..

Among most of the countries of Europe, the Netherlands was exceptional in its finances in that:

Its urban residents were willing to pay higher taxes on manufactures and farming..

From Quebec, the French embarked on an exploratory and fur-trading mission south into the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi valley and the Mississippi delta, claiming these lands as part of their Canada-Mississippi- _________ territory.

Louisiana

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, the daughter of an Aztec lord and someone who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

Malinche

Isaac Newton's ___________Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687, was the towering achievement of the New Sciences.

Mathematical

In a flurry of pamphlets between 1648 and 1650, Gerrard Winstanley argued that the Diggers were:

Merely cultivating public land, which was "the treasure of all people.".

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.

Tenochtitlan

The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________.

lines of latitude

Experiments in the _______ with movable metal typeface resulted in the innovation of the printing press.

1430s

The "Newtonian synthesis" was:

A unification of the fields of physics and astronomy..

The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world.

Amsterdam

Under difficult conditions during the Thirty Years' War, Maria Cunitz wrote a treatise on ___________ that corrected the calculations of previous scholars but, given its controversial nature, had to be published privately.

Astronomy

_________was the best-known advocate against the cruelty of the land-labor grant system.

Bartolomé de las Casas.

The work of the German ________ Martin Waldseemüller probably had an effect on the scientific theories of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Cartographer

The innovations of Desiderius Erasmus helped lay the foundations for modern:

Critical textual research

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world.

Diseases

Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648.

Dutch

The Spanish quest for the mythical ____________ or "golden city" was fruitless.

El Dorado

The mythical and elusive kingdom of _________, or 'golden city,' became the stuff of legend which would fuel the quest for material riches in the New World in the minds of many a conquistador, though it was never found.

El Dorado

In the opinion of most scientists, the transition between hominins and modern humans:

France and Russia..

Because ___________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars.

French

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators.

Had been born in the Americas..

All of the following statements are true of Martin Luther EXCEPT:

His written communications to Church officials were usually in vernacular German..

As a proponent of Copernican heliocentric, Galileo seemed to contradict the passage in the Hebrew Bible's Book of ___________, in which God stops the sun in the sky for a day.

Joshua

Copernicus began his studies at the University of __________, the only eastern European school to offer courses in astronomy.

Krakow

In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there.

London

Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop.

Tenochtitlan

All of the problems below began disturbing Roman Catholic laypeople and some clergy from the later 15th century onward, EXCEPT:

The Church's high taxation of peasants..

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas?

The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population..

The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the:

The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II..

Descartes concluded that a person, including himself, was composed of two radically different substances, a material substance that can be understood with the senses and another that consisted of:

The thinking mind

The sale of these colonial offices ultimately led to all but one of the following:

a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions.

As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New World, the municipal councils, or _________, were set up in towns and cities to serve as elective bodies under the supervision of appointed inspectors.

cabildos

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.

encomiendas

After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________.

improving Spain's naval connections and administrative control in the New World.

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800.

300,000

The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in:

A short-lived theocracy.

The ruler with the longest reign in France was :

Louis XIV

The Baroque artistic aesthetic could best be described as:

Voluptuous and dramatic

The following sequence of events is correct:

1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 2) French War of Religion; 3) Thirty Years' War; 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England..

14 Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________.

Calvinism

Coffeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read ________, and exchange ideas.

Daily newspapers

"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the __________ language).

French

The main goal of Gustavus II Adolphus's intervention in the Thirty Years' War was the creation of a Swedish-_________ centralized state around the Baltic Sea.

Lutheran

"Intendants" were:

Representatives of the French crown who kept an eye on provincial office holders.

All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT:

The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany..

By 1750, the armies in larger European countries were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

The pikemen were still the most effective protection for musketeers..

The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs.

merchant investors.

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China.

1550-1750

The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until________.

1572

Of the approximately 144,000 estimated Native Americans in New England in 1600, fewer than 15,000 remained by ______.

1620

In the presence of the German emperor Ferdinand III in 1672, Otto von Guericke demonstrated that:

A vacuum could be created by pumping air out of two sealed spheres..

All of the following is true of the period called "The Renaissance," EXCEPT:

Byzantine, or Eastern Orthodox, Christianity became more influential in Western Europe, weakening the Roman papacy and leaving it vulnerable to Protestant incursions.

_________were American-born descendants of European settlers, primarily of Iberian ancestry.

Creoles

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World.

Encomiendas

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library.

Nahuatl..

England differed from other states of Europe (such as Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria, for instance) in all of the following EXCEPT:

Parliament had no interest in creating or maintaining a centralized bank, believing that it would exert too powerful an influence on laissez faire economics..

All of the following are true of Calvinism in France EXCEPT:

Peasants, overtaxed and oppressed, made up the largest segment of French Protestants..

The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York.

Philadelphia

All of the following persons and/or institutions determinedly worked to popularize science EXCEPT:

Protestant churches and Sunday schools..

The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.

Racial mixture..

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation.

Rotating labor assignments

The Danish mariner Peter von Sivers rose to the position of admiral in the _______ fleet.

Russian

All of the following are true of Maria Cunitz, one of the most remarkable scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century, EXCEPT:

She was a nun who lived and studied among the Cistercian monks..

All of the following are true of Galileo Galilei, EXCEPT:

Using mathematics, he was able to prove that Archimedes was wrong in his theory of falling bodies..

The oldest city founded by Europeans on the American mainland was the coastal city of _________, established by Hernán Cortés as a base for further inland exploration.

Veracruz

In the formulation of his "law of falling bodies", Galileo systematically combined imagination with empirical research and ___________.

Experimentation

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River, called "Louisiana", where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations.

French

All of the following are true of the development of "New Science" and the Enlightenment EXCEPT:

From 1450 until after 1750, the ideas of the Enlightenment and New Science were the major force shaping policies of the rulers of Western Europe..

Despite his appearance in the city in 1536, it was well into the 1550s before John Calvin's form of Protestantism prevailed in __________.

Geneva

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices.

Gold

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535.

Lima

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.

Slave raids

Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs.

Tlaxcalans

Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________.

Virginia tobacco growers .

Luther and Calvin disagreed on all of the following theological matters except:

Whether violence should be used against those who rebel against Biblical authority..

The New Sciences were allowed to flourish in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands and England, mainly because of:

A certain liberty of investigation that other areas lacked..

A mathematician and assistant of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli experimented with mercury-filled tubes to lay the groundwork for the first ____________.

Barometer

On St. ________'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.

Bartholomew

When the Catholic Reformation drove the New Sciences to northwestern Europe, the Italian-style academies gave way to chartered royal societies, the first of which was founded in ______ in 1660.

Britain

The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________.

English-Scottish union of 1707.

Louis XIV sent salaried, itinerant intendants around the provinces to:

Ensure that governmental activities functioned properly..

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.

Estremadura

Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on human culture, in such fields as philosophy, philology, and literature, and based on the corpus of ___________ texts.

Greek and Roman

The following statement is true of John Calvin:

He believed that all humans were predestined for heaven or hell before their birth..

All of the following is true of Peter the Great of Russia EXCEPT:

He often rewarded western technical experts by giving them estates and serfs in the Balkans..

By declaring that "Paris is well worth a Mass", Henry IV meant that:

He would convert to Catholicism in order to hold France together..