History Test: Cold War and Civil Rights Movement

The New Frontier

"We stand today on the edge of a New Frontier — the frontier of the 1960s, the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils, the frontier of unfilled hopes and unfilled threats. ... Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of SCIENCE and SPACE, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of POVERTY and surplus."

The Reconstruction Amendments - 13th Amendment - 14th Amendment - 15th Amendment

- 13th : abolished slavery - 14th : gave equal rights to all people Geraldine their race, including many aspects of citizenship and the rights of citizens and gave equal protection of the law and in education - 15th : the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race

The Space Race

- 1957: Soviets launch "Sputnik" satellite - US concerns over spying capabilities - Implications of being beaten to space by USSR - United States establishes NASA

The Cuban Missile Crisis

- 1959: Fidel Castro (communist) seizes power in Cuba 1962: US intelligence shows signs of Soviet missile base construction in Cuba - ready to launch missile attacks on the US - President Kennedy imposes naval blockade - nuclear warfare = "Threat to world peace" - Soviets deploy missile carrying boats towards Cuba

John F. Kennedy

- American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States Concerning Civil Rights = - Supporter of Civil Rights Movement - wanted racial integration - used federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders - Short time in office prohibits far reaching legislation

The Bay of Pigs

- April, 196 - Failed invasion of Cuba by the US (US tried and failed to assassinate Fidel Castro) - major embarrassment

The Warsaw Pact

- Formed in 1955 - Mutual defense treaty between eight communist states of Eastern Europe - Headed by new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev - Created in direct opposition to formation of NATO

The Korean War

- Japan controlled Korea pre WWII - Post WWII Korea divided at 38th parallel North: Communist South: Non Communist - June 1950 North Korea invades South Korea - Soviet and Chinese backed North Korea - UN and US troops back South Korea - War ends in a stalemate = - Containment

Civil Rights Act 1964

- Landmark legislation - Outlawed: - Unequal application of voter registration requirements - Discrimination in schools - Discrimination in the workplace - Discrimination in facilities that served in general public - Invalidated Jim Crow laws and it became illegal to segregate anywhere ----- -Withheld federal funding to states that did not comply with federal laws on voting, education, and public facilities - Tremendous long- term impacts

Kennedy Assassination

- November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas - Warren Commission investigates assassination - Lee Harvey Oswald = lone gunman - Oswald = assassinated by Jack Ruby two days later

The Military Industrial Complex

- President Eisenhower (served as famous military commander during WWII) - Talks about dangers of military build up in farewell address - Eisenhower urged his successors to strike balance between a strong national defense and diplomacy in dealing with the Soviet Union

The Truman Doctrine

- President Truman declares American policy in speech Containment = - United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of Communism abroad Western View = - response to Soviet aggression Soviet View = - clear example of American international expansionism

Joseph McCarthy

- Republican from Wisconsin - Noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere - claim of list of Communists in State Department

Robert McNamara

- Secretary of Defense from 1961-1968 - Presidents Kennedy & Johnson - Cuban Missile Crisis Escalation of Vietnam Conflict Increased U.S. deterrence posture and military capabilities

Types of Protests During the Civil Rights Movement

- Sit- ins - Non- violent resistance - Speeches - Legislation - Legal - Violence

Eastern Bloc

- Soviet satellite states annexed during or post WWII - (satellite states) = a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country - adopted command economies - Gov't determines what good should be produced, how much & price - utilized totalitarian (= relating to a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state) governing practices

Baby Boom

- The Depression Era caused marriage delays and the birth rates plummet - in 1946: US marriage rate was higher than any other country - in 1950 - 1965: there were 3-4 million babies born every year IMPACT: - Schools, pop culture, job market, retirement funds (Social Security) - Housing market - Scarcely any new housing was built since the 1920s - once the baby boomers turned into teenagers, they wanted to rebel against their conservative parents (in the 60s) therefore causing hippie pop culture and music as well as the peace protests against the Vietnam war

The Marshall Plan

- US provided aid to recovering European countries - US Offered to USSR and Eastern bloc but they REJECTED the offer PURPOSE = - to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry - to make sure what happened economically post WWI does not happen post WWII

Dwight Eisenhower

- an American politician and soldier who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961

Blockade

- an effort to cut off supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force, either in part or totally (the Cuban Missile Crisis, cutting off the nuclear weapons that could've ended the world)

Arms Race

- building / stockpiling military armaments and technology - Military Industrial Complex - US and USSR enter into nuclear arms race - also included stockpiling conventional weaponry

NATO

- formed in 1949 - Intergovernmental agency (alliance) - collective defense - member nations: (Western Europe and US)

Lyndon B. Johnson

- had many highs and lows through his presidency

The Highway Act

- in 1947: Congress authorizes construction of 37,000 miles of interstate highways - in 1956: Congress passes the Highway Act. which was 42,500 miles of interstate highways - intended to start commerce and rapid military mobilization in case the US was attacked

The House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

- investigatived committee of the United States House of Representatives - happened 1938 - 1975 - investigated suspected threats of subversion or propaganda that attacked "the form of government guaranteed by our Constitution" - held hearings into alleged communist propaganda and influence in the Hollywood motion picture industry = RESULTED in Hollywood blacklists

Black Codes

- laws passed by Southern STATES in 1865 and 1866 - these laws had the intent of restricting African Americans' freedom (including voting rights), and compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Suburbanization

- many families moved to the suburbs to escape urban noise and crowding - many also moved from rural areas to the suburbs for proximity to city jobs - many wanted to move away from African-Americans (White Flight) - wanted to have political influence and better education opportunities - wanted to own a home and be "the perfect American family" - from 1950-1965: 18 million Americans migrated to the suburbs - by 1970 more people live in suburbs than rural & urban areas - suburban developers converted fields and pastures to residential areas

McCarthyism

- period in the United States known as the Second Red Scare - happened in the late 1940s - 1950s - made fears of communist influence on American institutions much higher - spying by Soviet agents

Federal Housing Administaration

- provided mortgage insurance against low-interest GI home loans

Lee Harvey Oswald

- shot and assassinated JFK

Jack Ruby

- shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald two days later

The Domino Theory

- speculated that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

"Sputnik"

- the first artificial Earth satellite (launched by Soviet Union)

The Economy Post WWII

- there was an economic slowdown - 1.8 million people fired from factories that were for wartime production - 640,000 people file for unemployment

The GI Bill (know the various things that it allowed for)

- was an attempt to prevent demobilized vets from swamping the economy Actions: - unemployment benefits extended to half of returning soldiers - provided low interest loans to buy houses or start businesses - helped to cover cost of college or technical school Results: - there was an increase in well-educated and technically trained labor - it created social mobility - emergence of a middle-class!! - exposed students to new experiences and ideas

SNCC

1960: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = organizers of civil rights demonstrations using peaceful methods

The Berlin Airlift

= US delivers supplies via B-52 Bomber aircraft ---- Extra Info: (June 1948) - Soviets blockade rail and road access into Berlin Attempt to gain control of entire German capital

Satellite States

= a country that is formally independent, but under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country

Little Rock 9

A group of nine African American students were enrolled at the all white Little Rock Central High School, and were tormented and bullied so badly, that the US federal government sent US protection to keep them safe from their piers.

Events in Greensboro

After multiple sit-ins at the all white lunch counter, riots broke out, and violence occurred from the angry white men towards the blacks and women sitting and protesting at the counter. This was significant because the protestors never responded violently, and Woolworths ended up becoming unsegregated.

Rosa Parks

An African American women, who was a civil rights activist refused to give up her seat to a white person on the bus and got arrested.

The Greensboro 4

Four African American college students decided to have a sit-in at a "whites only" counter at Woolworths. They were were nonviolent protestors, and started a large boycott against the racial segregation, eventually making the counter both accessible to blacks and white nonviolent protestors, and started a large boycott against the racial segregation, eventually making the counter both accessible to blacks and whites.

Emmett Till

He was a black 14 year old boy who went into a white candy shop in Mississippi and giggled something towards the store owner's wife. He was murdered (hanged, and beaten) by the store owner. His mother left his casket open to show the media what happened, which had a large influence over the country. The country began to see (through the media) the brutality that blacks were facing.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the peaceful protests and marches during the Civil Rights Movement. He lead the Civil Rights marchers during Selma, refused to give up, and never resulted to violent methods. He was arrested multiple times and was assassinated in his hotel room.

1960 Election

Republican: Richard Nixon - (Vice President of Eisenhower) Democrat: John F. Kennedy - 1st televised presidential debate

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined. The boycott of public buses by blacks in Montgomery began on the day of Parks' court hearing and lasted 381 days, eventually the buses had to become un-segregated because they were losing money.

Freedom Rides/Freedom Riders

Seven blacks and six whites intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional by riding all white buses in the deep south, where they were harassed, bombed, and hit by the KKK and police officers (who originally had agreed to protect them with the US gov't)

War on Poverty

Social and economic reforms: - Anti Poverty Legislation - aid to economically distressed areas - Increase in social security benefits - Raised minimum wage - Passed public housing bills - Expansion of unemployment benefits

Selma

Started with small groups coming together to organize small marches and peaceful protests. It eventually led to several large marches of African Americans advocating for their rights. Selma was lead by MLK and occurred multiple times because of state trooper's violence towards the marchers. In the last march, the federal government sent military with the marchers, and they made it to Montgomery .

Plessy vs. Ferguson

The Supreme Court case passed this bill, that said separate facilities for whites/blacks was okay, as long as they were "separate but equal." It happened because in 1892, a black passenger on a train named Homer Plessy refused to sit in a "Jim Crow" car.

Brown vs. The Board of Education

The Supreme court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, so they banned it.

Voting Rights Act

This act was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. It gave the right to vote to African Americans and banished state laws prohibiting blacks to vote.

Containment

Used different strategies to communists and soviet spies out of the US

Levittowns

William Levitt = - adopted assembly line techniques for home-building - he built 180 houses per week - had 4 room with identical floor plans - Sold for $7,990

Jim Crow Laws

racist system which operated mostly in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s - Jim Crow was a system promoting segregation and anti-black laws