History

Do you think the Scottsboro defendants received a "speedy" trial as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment? Did they "have the Assistance of Counsel?" Why or why not?

I feel that the Scottsboro defendants didn't receive a speedy trial. The Sixth Amendment states the rights of a criminal defendant which include the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you. The Scottsboro defendants didn't have the Assistance of Counsel as the Supreme Court demanded a retrial on the grounds that the young men did not have adequate legal representation.

Why do you think the government partnered with Tuskegee University for the study?

I think the government partnered with the University because they were unaware of what was actually happening and they thought that what they were doing was logical for their studies.

How does an Institutional Review Board work?

A Institutional Review Board helps to decide whether research protocols meet ethical standards.

Who benefitted from the apology and why?

All Americans benefited from Clinton's apology, but especially the survivors, as well as all African Americans. Although Clinton's apology cannot change what happened, it is still valued and important. His apology also reassures African Americans, especially those involved in the study, that not every person in the government agrees with the decisions that were made throughout the study. In addition, this apology helped remind all Americans of the terrible effects that the Tuskegee study had on African Americans.

Why would a leader apologize for activities their administration did not participate in?

Although Clinton and his administration did not participate in the Tuskegee Study, he felt the need to apologize as at the time of his apology, he was representing the United States Of America, which includes anything that the government plays a role in. Society is aware that the Tuskegee Study was not Clintons fault, nor did he participate in it, however, he is a political leader who used his power to apologize and inform our Nation as a whole.

How do you think learning about the Tuskegee Institute Syphilis Study influenced African Americans' trust in the government and, specifically, public health?

Being educated on the Tuskegee Study influenced African Americans' trust in the government dramatically, along with public health. The government withheld information from African Americans that could've saved many lives and helped cured many people with syphilis. Reasonably, African Americans became suspicious of the government's intentions for their health and safety.

Why did Black Americans feel the need to arm themselves during the Red Summer?

Black Americans felt the need to arm themselves during the Red Summer because they returned from WWI angry as there was an overwhelming amount of violence against black Americans.

Weapons used in the Tulsa Race Massacre

Bombs and fires Tourchered Lynching Police sided with the white mob Machine gun(s) Airplanes used to observe what was going on below and also strike the community with bullets along with dropping bombs

Syphillis

Chronic STD

Significant Events Before, During, and After the Tulsa Race Massacre

Destroyed by bombs and fires 100's of people murdered African Americans had separate areas from whites Rumors formed about Roland attacking the young girl in the elevator. White mobs form wanting to lunch Roland`

Describe the types of jobs and services that were available for African Americans in the Greenwood District.

Doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, educators, anything that went into helping the quality of life for the community

The Legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre

Economics disrupted Distrust between blacks and whites Tamra in the black community Blacks have doubts about the police force Racism still occurs

Why was Greenwood known as Black Wall Street?

It was because of the number of businessmen who came to the area to start businesses

What were the charges against the Scottsboro Boys in their first trials in 1931?

On April 9th, 1931, eight of the nine Scottsboro Boys were convicted of rape and sentenced to life. The youngest man of the Scottsboro Boys was not charged because of his age.

Awareness of the Tulsa Massacre

People wanted to erase this event and were ashamed of it PTSD and anxiety in the black community Scared to share with young children not knowing how it would affect them Different breaks of information on this event caused death threats against people who were sharing information about the event Book published to share information and educate

Why was the Greenwood District unique at the time?

People were looking for opportunities and land which made the community flourish

How do the police and other government organizations react to these outbreaks of violence?

Police and other government organizations reacted to these outbreaks of violence poorly. Some marines contributed to the death of black Americans. Policemen did not give punishments to those who took black Americans' lives.

Congressional Hearing on the Tulsa Race Massacre

Saw dead bodies Saw black men being shot Saw businesses being burned Smelled fire and heard screams Families were forced to leave their homes and children lost their ability to get an education and become more successful in life Heard airplanes flying above homes

How did the Greenwood district exist?

The Greenwood District existed because of a smart business transaction on the part of O. W. Gurley, a wealthy and well connected African American landowner who came to Oklahoma be- cause of the Land Run of 1889

How did the National Research Act change the way research was conducted?

The National Research Act changed the way research was done by having regulations passed that required researchers to get voluntary informed consent from all people taking part in the study.

What does the Tulsa Massacre teach us?

The Tulsa Race Massacre challenges our understanding of early Oklahoma as a frontier offering freedom, opportunity, and progress to anyone.

What is the long-term damage of the Tuskegee Study concerning the African American community?

The Tuskegee Study caused a lack of trust between the government and the department of heath and the African American community.

How was the Tuskegee study unethical? How did that change after penicillin was discovered to treat syphilis?

The Tuskegee study was unethical due to the fact that only African Americans were involved in this experiment. The study was racist towards African Americans. After penicillin was discovered to treat syphilis researchers still withheld effective treatments for African Americans with syphilis and were only given placebos, which was a substance with no therapeutic effect.

Why did the United States government feel the need to watch Black newspapers closely?

The United States government felt the need to watch Black newspapers closely in order to ensure that the way Black Americans were being treated wasn't exposed to the paper.

Why was the apology by Bill Clinton important?

The apology from President Bill Clinton for the Tuskegee Study was very important as it showed African Americans that not everyone in political leadership positions want to silence the traumatic events of the Tuskegee Study. Clinton's apology also reminds people in America of what happened and to prevent it from being forgotten.

What parallels can you observe between the government's reactions to the Red Summer, the Civil Rights Movement, and Black Lives Matter?

The government's reaction to the Red Summer, Civil Rights Movement, and the Black Live Matter movement all had similar reactions. In all of these situations, the government pushed aside racial discrimination. The government has ignored the truth that racism was and still is a major issue in communities around the world.

What is the connection between the popularity of The Birth of a Nation and the false narratives spread about Black men?

The popularity of The Birth of a Nation and the false narratives spread about black men are excuses made by racist people who attempt to make black people associated with the reputation of bad, evil people.

Explain the connection between the passage of the National Research Act and the Tuskegee Study.

The researchers of this act are changing there ways to prevent what happened to people during the Tuskegee study.

List three key events that led to white outrage against Black Americans

Three key events that led to white outrage against black Americans were when employment rates went down, white veterans were unemployed, and when white men viewed black men as a threat to white women.

How did the African American community become financially prosperous in Tulsa?

Were sold property and real estate

Penicillin

antibiotic

placebo

something which has a positive mental effect, but no physical effect

Red Summer

summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities

What was discovered in the tweinth century that sparked interest in the town in Oklahoma?

the discovery of huge oil fields nearby convinced city leaders to market Tulsa as a convenient and enjoyable place to conduct the business and financial sides of the oil industry.