HIV

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T or F: Viral proteins are produced by the ribosomes of an infected host cell.

true; Viruses cannot reproduce on their own; they must infect a host cell.

_________ is not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.

viruses

Which of these sub-cellular structures is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

ribosomes

Is HIV a example of an emerging virus?

yes

Is HIV a retrovirus?

yes

symptoms of inflammatory response

"sharp": swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

AIDS

-acquired immune deficiency syndrome -the late stages of HIV infection -characterized by a reduced number of T cells -usually results in death caused by opportunistic infections.

Virus

A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material.

emerging viruses

A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists.

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

T or F: The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses.

False

Memory cells

remain in the body, long after the infection has passed, ready to battle future invaders

Retrovirus

An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA,

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

B cells and T cells. Both are involved primarily in the adaptive immune system

How can a virus reproduce?

By infecting living cells

Why can't we find a vaccine for HIV?

HIV evolves too quickly

Patients with advanced aids often die from infections that do little harm to healthy people. Why?

HIV infects and destroys the helper T cells of the immune system.

Which specific cells are infected by the HIV virus?

Helper T-cells

No virus poses a greater threat to the human health than the .....

Influenza virus (Flu)

How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?

It destroys helper T-cells

Does infection by HIV itself normally cause death?

No. HIV cripples the immune system, leaving a person susceptible to other deadly infections.

What determines which host cells a virus can infect?

Proteins on the outside of the virus must bind to proteins on the outside of the host cell.

The introduction of smallpox to the Americas by Europeans in the colonial era devastated populations of native Americans. Now, however, very few people are vaccinated against the smallpox virus. Why?

Smallpox virus has been eliminated from the Earth by vaccination of most of the people alive today.

Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy?

The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.

immune system

a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.

Homeostasis is a living organism's...

ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.

Nucleic Acid

all viruses have genes made up of this

Recognition Spike

allows a virus to infect a specific cell type

What is AZT?

anti-HIV/AIDS drug that interrupts transcription

nonspecific defenses

are always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? a. responding to stimuli b. creating energy c. being capable of reproduction d.exhibiting complex organization e. having DNA as a genetic code

b. creating energy

nonspecific defenses

bodily defenses that protect a person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

Cytotoxic T cells

cells bind to any cells presenting viral fragments and kill them

Helper T cells

cells coordinate immune attack (called the master immune cell)

Herpes virus

cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox and shingles

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? a. proteins b. genetic material c. nucleic acids d. a cell membrane

d. a cell membrane

Which of the following is NOT part of your innate immune system? a. natural killer cells b. phagocytic cells c. stomach acid d. lymphocytes

d. lymphocytes

Adaptive immunity

describes a set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

Phagocytosis

describes the process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.

HIV relies on the action of the ______ _______ ______ for reproduction.

enzyme reverse transcriptase

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

first virus discovered

Antigen

foreign substance that triggers an immune system response

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

inflammatory response

complement system

is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

prophage

is a viral genome that has inserted itself into the genome of its host.

lysogenic cycle

is a viral life cycle in which the virus inserts its genome into the genome of its host, where it may remain dormant for long periods.

lytic cycle

is a viral life cycle that results in bursting of the host cell

Pathogen

is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.

Regulatory T cells

limits the attack

Lysogenic vs lytic cycle

lysogenic copies; lytic copies and release

Only humans can be infected by this virus

measles virus

How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?

memory cells

Are virus considered to be alive?

no

inflammatory response

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

Is there a cure for AIDS?

nope, but progression of the disease can be slowed by anti-HIV drugs.

Capsid

protein coat surrounding a virus

specific defenses

responsible for seeking and destroying specific enemies and creating immunity

Plasma Cells

secrete free antibodies to attack the current invader

Once a bacterial cell is infected, the virus can enter one of two life cycles which are either....

the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle


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