HLTH 366 Test #3
The bottom up grassroots mobilization of citizens for the purpose of undertaking activities to improve the condition of something in the community is best
citizen particaption
Self-Control of Performance
idea of monitoring one's behavior within a social environment -- self assessments and self reward
Reciprocal determinism
idea that there is an interactive loop between individuals and an environment
underlying concept of Social capital theory
relationships and structures within the community that promote cooperation with mutual positive outcomes
Reinforcement
reward increases the likelihood of the behavior, negative and positive reinforcement - negative does the opposite
Health Literacy:
the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decision
Motivational interviewing
"collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change" Process where a trained professional helps guide an individual to identify internal motivation for change
Health Numeracy:
"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to access, process, interpret, communicate, and act on numerical, quantitative, graphical, biostatistical, and probabilistic health information needed to make effective health decisions"
POST
(People Objectives Strategy Technology): assist program planners in creating health promotion interventions that include social media
Strategy:
general plan of action for effecting a health problem. A strategy may encompass several activities"
Theories can help by:
-Identifying why people are not behaving in healthy ways Identifying information needed before developing an intervention -Providing a framework for selecting constructs to develop the intervention -Providing direction and justification for program activities -Providing insights into how best to deliver the intervention -Identifying what needs to be measured to evaluate the impact of the intervention -Helping to guide research identifying the determinants of health behavior
underlying concept for Social cognitive theory
believe reinforcement is integral to learning and emphasizes the role of subjective hypothesis or expectations held by the individual
Variable
The operational (practical use) form of a construct; how a construct will be measured
4 principles of motivational interviewing
1. Express empathy 2. Develop discrepancy 3. Roll with resistance 4. Support self-efficacy
Model
A composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together. -Do not have to explain, only represent process -Can have several theories within a model
Construct
A concept developed, created, or adopted for use with a specific theory
Theory
A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that presents a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situations
10 general principles of learning
Appeal to multiple senses → seeing, hearing, speaking Get the learner active in the learning process Limit distractions Make sure they are ready to learn Make the subject relevant to the participants Use repetition Make sure learning is recognized and encouraged Move from simple to complex concepts Make concept applicable to several settings, generalize Find an appropriate pace
Guidelines for successful health promotion programs:
Addressing one or more risk factors of the priority population Being theory-driven Being based on the best possible evidence Adhering to professional ethical standards Being culturally appropriate Being consistent with professional criteria, guidelines, or codes of practice Using resources efficiently Including an evaluation component
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) Authors
Albert Bandura
All of the following are characteristics of a community except
Different locations
SNT Characteristics
Centrality vs marginality of individual networks Reciprocity of relationships Intensity of relationships Complexity of relationships in networks Geographic density/ dispersion Cliques and boundaries Homophily/ similarity Network linkages
Assumptions of community organizing:
Communities can develop the capacity to deal with their own problems People want to change and can change People should participate in making changes Self imposed and self developed change is more lasting Holistic is preferred over fragmented approach Democracy requires cooperative participation Communities need help with problems just like individuals do
underlying concept of Trans theoretical model
Core constructs are stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self efficacy, and temptation
TTM tried to
Decisional Balance, self efficacy, differing change processes
Which construct of Trans Theoretical model focuses on weight the pros and cons?
Decsional balance
Observational Learning
Key early construct. Learning by observing the positive and negative reinforcements that happen to someone else
ELM
Elaboration
Program planning models help explain how behavior change takes palce
False
What is meant by social group?
Family and family related groups -- extended fams, clans Peer groups Occupational groups Clubs and civic associations Social class Faith Risk behavior
Examples of health-related community services strategies:
HRAs/HHAs Clinical (biometric) screenings -
Social Network Theory (SNT) Authors
Heaney and Israel
Who developed Health Belief Model?
Hochbaum and Rosenstock
7 ways to advocate for health and health education:
Inluencing voting behavior Electioneering Direct Lobbying Integrating grassroots lobbying into direct lobbying efforts Using the internet Media advocacy- newspaper letters to editor and opinion editorial Media advocacy- acting as a resource person
Diffusion Theory (DOI)
Innovators - first to do something Early adaptors - very interested, but not the first to sign up Early majority - 34%, interested but need motivation Late majority - 34%, skeptical Laggers -Not very interested Primarily associated with - Everett Rogers
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Intention - Attitude and behavior - Subjective norm - Perceived behavioral control -
5 communication channels
Intrapersonal → health care, health coaches, hotlines Interpersonal → small classes, support groups Organizational → church bulletins, company/agency newsletters Mass media → newspaper, billboards, magazines, etc. Social media user/consumer generated, organized, distributed Information can be revised or updated almost immediately Typically low cost in terms of creation/ maintenance Facebook, blogs, LinkedIn, Twitter, texting
How can the socio-ecological approach to be used to select a theory for use?
It helps organize a person's specific influences within the three levels - intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Authors
James O. Prochaska and Carlo C. DiClemente
3 categories of community organization:
Locality development → seeks community change through broad self-help participation from the local community; builds a sense of community Social planning → task oriented, focused on problem solving usually by outside expert Social action → both task and process oriented; achieving change to redress imbalances in power Ex= civil rights, gay rights
TPB Authors
Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen
Community is characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) Authors
Neil D. Weinstein and Peter M. Sandman
Community Readiness Model (CRM)
No awareness - problem is not recognized Denial - little to no recognition Vague Awareness - feeling among some that there is a problem and something should be done Preplanning- clear recognition for some of problem, there are leaders but no action plan Preparation - planning going on but not based on collected data Initiation - information is available to justify and begin efforts Stabilization - program is running and staffed. And supported; there is no in depth evaluation Confirmation/Expansion - standard efforts are in place and program has been evaluated and modified Professionalism - much is known about pervlance, risk factors and cause of problem, community is supportive and should hold progreams accountable
What is the major difference between the transtheoretical model and the precaution adoption process model?
PAPM describes deliberate action. TTM is for gradual development of habitual patterns of behavior
when a person stops smoking because they recently had a close friend die of lung cancer, which construct of the healthy belief model is this consistent with?
Perceived seriousness
What stage of the Trans Theoretical model does a person actively plan change?
Preparation
Concepts
Primary elements of theories or building blocks of theory
Which theory or model was originally designed to explain the effects of fear appeals on health attitudes and behaviors?
Protective Motivation theory
underlying concept of Diffusion of innovations
Provides explanation for adoptions of innovations and can be applied to many types of health promotion programs
HBM seeks to
Seeks to explain behavior by examining internal decision making processes
Dimensions of groups
Social Norms - Ex. Truman Students -- over commitment, okay to have a bad diet, not sleeping = esteem, binge drinking Group identity and "othering" (us/them); membership, boundaries Hierarchy, authority, conformity Social bounds, ties, allegiance Social support Shared behavior/lifestyle pattern: language, dress, attitude, worldview Formal vs. informal
What makes stage theories different from continuum theories?
Stage theory is comprised of an ordered set of categories and identifies factors that could induce movement from one category to the next. It has 4 principal elements. Continuum theory behavior change theories that identify variables that influence actions and combine them into a single equation predicting likelihood of actions.
How is the community readiness model different from the other stage models?
Takes community into consideration rather than just the individual; Lines up with the transtheoretical model in terms of what it is trying to accomplish or portray but the community readiness model includes 9 stages rather than just six because communities go through different stages than an individual does and it takes more stages in order to generalize it to entire populations
How do concepts, constructs, and variables relate to theories
The concepts are the building blocks of the theory and the key concepts are the constructs and the operation part of the construct is the variable
SNT Types of analysis
Whole networks: depictions and descriptions of an entire network with all members. Can include cliques, likages, and other structural components Individual or ego based networks: Focusing on relationships and networks of specific sociograms
Community:
a collective body of individuals identified by common characteristics such as geography, interests, experiences, concerns, or values
How is a theory different from a model?
a theory presents a systematic way of understanding behaviors and situations. A models draw on a number of theories to help understand specific problem in particular setting
Intervention
activity or set of activities that help to achieve the outcomes stated in the goals/objectives Should be effective → lead to desired outcome Should be efficient → uses resources in a responsible manner
Outcome Expectations
anticipation that certain actions will result in outcomes
Health education and health communication
are not mutually exclusive
Community capacity development:
based on empowering those impacted by a problem with knowledge and skills to understand the problem and then work cooperatively together to deal with the problem
If people are to exercise aerobically, first they must know aerobic exercise exists, and second they must know how to do it properly this is an example of
behavior capability
Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior (TRA)
came before (TPB)
Underlying concept for Stimulus response theory
combination of classical and instrumental conditioning.
Planning and policy practice:
community/public health workers use data to generate persuasive rationales that lead toward proposing and enacting particular solutions
underlying concept of Information-motivation-behavioral skills mode
constructs of information motivation and behavior skills or the fundamental determinants of preventive behavior
Unit plan is synonymous with
curriculum plans, modules, and strands.
underlying concept of Community readiness model
degree to which a community is ready and willing to take action on an issue
Behavioral Capability
distinguishes between learning and performance, person much have to knowledge to perform the skill
For janice to keep losing weight she must believe she will close weight and the weight loss will benefit her health
efficacy and outcome expectations
in the ELM of persuasion
elaboration means the amount of cognitive processing that a person puts into receiving messages
Managing Emotional Arousal
emotional arousal is said to inhibit learning, so its management is part of learning
all of the following ways will increase a participants exercise self-efficacy EXCEPT
experiences delayed on-set soreness from exercising
underlying concept of Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
explain inconsistency on results of research on attitudes and interprets/predicts impacts on health messages
Environment
factors external to a person, social, or physical that all together comprise the situation with which a person interacts
According to the theory of reasoned action
intention is an indication of a persons readiness to perform a behavior
Community building
is strength based
underlying concept for Theory of planned behavior
it describes the relationship between people's attitudes and behavior while accounting for their perception of others opinions and expectations
Multiplicity
number of components or activities
Dose
number of program units delivered; how many times offered
Outcome Expectancies
ocusing on value placed by a person on certain outcomes
Trans-Theoretical Model
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Which of the following models would best explain why women perform monthly self examinations to reduce their risk of breast cancer?
precaution adaption process theory
underlying concept for Protection motivation theory
provides explanation of the effects of fear appeals on health attitudes and behaviors
Self-Efficacy
refers to confidence someone feels
Community Organization:
the process by which community groups are helped to identify common problems or change targets, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies to reach their collective goals
Why is it important to use theories when planning and evaluating health promotion programs?
theories are the backbone of processes to implement, evaluate, promote, and plan health promotion interventions and they help keep research and implementations focused
HBM Key Processes
threat assessment, cost belief analysis and miscellaneous other factors related to motivation and psychological states
a model is a subclass of a theory
true
variables specify how a construct is to be measured in a specific situation
true
Social advocacy:
used to address a problem through the application of pressure, including confrontation, on those who have created the problem or stand as a barrier to a solution to the problem
underlying concept of Health belief model
value expectancy theory explaining why people would/would not use health services. It says that health-related action depends on simultaneous occurrence of 3 classes of factors
underlying concept of Social network theory
web of social relationships surrounding people and the structural characteristics of that web. Key components are relationships between and among individuals and how the nature of those relationships influences beliefs and behaviors
underlying concept of Precaution adoption process model
xplains how a person comes to the decision to take action and how they translate that decision into action, most applicable for the use of adopting a new good health behavior or getting rid of a bad health behavior