HLTH 4390 ENIVIRONMENTAL HLTH MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW

How can the built environment encourage healthy lifestyles?

By encouraging people to walk more, encouraging the use of public transportation, and colocating businesses and residences

With respect to the policy cycle, what problem(s) may be encountered in the assessment/evaluation stage?

Lack of sound scientific data

Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of seafood tainted with which of the following?

Mercury

Leishmaniasis is endemic to:

Middle East

Which of the following organizations is responsible for developing policy and regulations for ensuring the safety and better health condition of the factory workers?

NIOSH

The observation that employed populations tend to have a lower mortality experience than the general populations is known as ________________.

The Healthy Worker Effect

The risk of acquiring a given disease (i.e. appearance of new cases) during a time period is best determined by which of the following?

The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of heavy metals include:

all of these

Possible methods for exposure to metals include which of the following?

all of these

Examples of disease vectors are:

all of these are correct

Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have which of the following characteristics?

all of these are correct

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

all of these are correct

I am sure you have already watched the video on the Fletcher's Paint Works and Storage Facility Superfund Site. Please identify the topics (covered in chapter 4) that the video has addressed.

all of these questions are applicable

Which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true?

an animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms

Diffuse and spotted melanosis are associated with ingestion of which of the following?

arsenic

Prevalence measures aid in:

assessing variations in disease occurrence, the development of hypotheses, and describing the scope of health problems.

In comparison with the general population, workers

at higher concentrations for much longer time periods.

Forest fires and volcanic eruptions emit very little dioxins into the environment.

false

The Clean Water Act authorized the US EPA to establish minimum standards to protect tap water across the country.

false

The ambient environment offers a much higher level of metal exposure to the cocommunities when compared with the workers in occupational settings where metals are produced as by-products.

false

The principle of environmental policy development that refers to "a strong, just, and a wealthy society consistent with a clean environment and healthy ecosystems" is known as the ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE principle.

false

There is not much difference in toxicity and health effects between men and women when they become adults.

false

True or False? During the sporogenic cycle, the malaria parasite is transferred to the human host when the mosquito takes a blood meal.

false

Bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of heavy metals is a particular hazard associated with which of the following?

mercury

Subacute exposures are those that last for:

one month or less

As with nerve gases, which type of pesticides act on the nervous system of insects and higher organisms by disrupting the transmission of nerve impulses?

organophosphates

What type of chemical hazard results from incomplete combustion of petroleum-based chemicals and other organic substances?

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

With respect to the policy cycle, what problem(s) may be encountered in the problem definition stage?

poorly defined problems

An internal dose refers to the:

portion of a substance that becomes internalized in the body.

The causative agent for leishmaniasis is a type of:

protozoa

The causative agent for malaria is a type of:

protozoa

In one of the three videos, you have heard about a study conducted among pregnant mothers exposed to pesticides in Manhattan, New York. Based on this video, higher level of OP was associated with the following health outcome in children:

reduced IQ

Which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic metal with multiple effects?

silver

Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?

the black death

What form of carbamate is used mainly as an herbicide?

thiocarbamate

The poisonous substance in Amanita phalloides ("death cap" mushroom) is an example of a(n):

toxin

Both lead and mercury have the capacity to cross the placental barrier

true

Pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals are known as biopesticides.

true

Sentinel chickens do not develop diseases themselves and can be used just as an early public health warning regarding the abundance of viruses.

true

The blood lead surveillance data on the US children shows that the blood level (BLL) has remained low and steady since 2008-10.

true

The environmental policy cycle has several components including the institutions or individuals who perform the function, the factors that could influence the policy, the problems institutions or individuals might face while implementing the policy.

true

Which of the following aspects is not included in the built environment?

underveloped land

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations:

was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer.

John Snow, in Snow on Cholera:

was an English anesthesiologist who used natural experiments.

The videos presented as your study materials have shown the use of sentinel chickens to track:

west nile virus

Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?

zika fever

A national survey of asthma conducted on May 1, 2012, obtained the following results for the state of Oklahoma: X = The number of residents with asthma Y = The population of the state on June 30, 2012, and all members of the population were considered at risk Z = The number of new cases of asthma diagnosed during 2012. The incidence rate of asthma during 2012 (per 100,000) would be expressed as:

(Z/Y) × 100,000

Which of the following abbreviations is used to describe toxic effects of chemicals?

LD50

In Harris County, Texas, the number of deaths due to confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 20 and August 20, 2020 has been reported to be 1,953. During this period 95,631 individuals have been tested COVID-19 positive among 4,767,540 people who live in this county. Calculate CFR from COVID-19 for this five-month period in Harris county.

2.04% during the period of March 20 - August 20, 2020

In one of the three videos, you have heard about a study conducted among pregnant mothers exposed to pesticides in Manhattan, New York. Based on this video , the following percentage of children had pesticides in blood samples.

70%

What problem(s) may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

Lack of government support

Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). Which statement is true about the triangle?

All of these are correct.

The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by:

All of these are correct.

The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish which of the following kinds of information?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following are contributions of epidemiology to environmental health?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following anthropogenic activity produces toxic substances?

All of these factors are capable of producing toxic substances

In the "Health Effects of Pesticides" video Scientists and community people have expressed concern over the following pesticide:

Chlorpyrifos

An infected person can transmit Ebola Virus via:

Contact with body fluid of the infected person

With respect to the policy cycle, what problem(s) may be encountered in the agenda setting stage?

Lack of information on risk; lack of coordination

A dose that refers to a beneficial effect such as relief or pain is known as:

Effective Dose

Which of the following Acts says that the insecticide and rodenticide applicators must demonstrate the use of this particular pesticide according to specifications "will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment"?

FIFRA

Epidemiological studies do not face difficulties in measuring environmental exposures in humans.

False

In the risk management approach for a toxic substance, the most effective option is administrative control to reduce exposure.

False

Which of the following historical figures was among the first to expound on the role of environmental factors in causing diseases?

Hippocrates

pesticides are:

In some cases, all of these can be true BUT sometimes any of these can be incorrect

What problem(s) may be encountered in the policy establishment stage?

Inability to coordinate and assess research information.

In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease?

It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.

The most deadly form of malaria is caused by:

P. falciparum

One of the founders of toxicology was:

Paracelsus.

Which of the following describes the precautionary principle?

Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment.

Which of the following is not likely to characterize the approach of toxicology?

Studies of disease occurrence in populations according to person variables

Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach (as opposed to the clinical approach)?

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

When the combined effect of exposures to three chemicals is greater than the sum of their individual effects the effect is known as:

Synergistic Effect

The following statement is NOT TRUE about confounding variables.

The results of a study is not distorted by a confounding variable.

Which of the following statements about heavy metals is true?

Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times.

The point of the dose-response curve that refers to the lowest dose at which a particular response may occur is known as:

Threshold

Environmental epidemiology is also known as population medicine because it investigates whether environmental hazards induce health problems in defined populations.

True

In case-control studies, odds Ratio (OR) is used as a measure of the association or relationship between environmental exposure and one or more health outcomes.

True

Which of the following describes the polluter-pays principle?

a polluter should bear the expense of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures.

DDT has been found to:

both accumulate in the tissues of many animals and persist in the environment.

Resurgence of malaria has been attributed to:

both discontinuance of DDT spraying and Mosquitoes' development of resistance.

Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of which of the following?

cadmium

Lindane, mirex, and DDT all belong to a group of pesticides called

chlorinated hydrocarbons.

The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include which of the following?

chronic illness effects

One of the concerns that surrounded the use of Agent Orange was that it:

contained very small amounts of dioxin.

According to a 2005 report from the Environmental Protection Agency, levels of what organochlorine pesticide are low or undetectable in the United States population, which reflects progress in the control of toxic chemicals?

dieldrin

After watching the three short documentaries tell me how did General Electric do the cleanup activities in Hudson river contaminated with PCB waste?

dredging

Widespread arsenic exposure across the globe occurs from the following source:

drinking water from underground water sources

Agent Orange is an example of a(n):

herbicide

Of the following routes of exposure, which one has the most rapid effect?

intravenous