HMD 305 Exam 1

How many levels of analysis are within the organizational behavior model?

3

What is the difference between behavioral intention and actual behavior?

Behavioral intention is the sum of underlying beliefs. Behavior is what you actually do.

______ states that our actions must be dependent on the nature of the situation.

Contingency Thinking

Understanding the ways people act and interact within organizations provides three key advantages. Which of the following is not one of the three key advantages?

Controlling Behvaior

______ is the use of your intelligence, knowledge, and skills to question and carefully explore situations and arrive at thoughtful conclusions based on evidence and reason.

Critical Thinking

______ is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated.

Distributive justice

______ is an awareness of how your actions and emotions affect those around you.

Emotional Intelligence

Manufacturing equipment and supplies are examples of intangible resources.

Fals

A strategic organizational behavior approach is based on the idea that goods are the key to productivity, competitive edge, and financial success.

False

An employee who works four 10-hr days each week and then enjoys a 3-day weekend, or works 80 hr in 9 days with an extra day off every other week is considered a job sharer.

False

Hindrance stressors are positively related to motivation and performance.

False

Needs motivation theories are generally divided into two categories: content theories and procedure theories.

False

Profit sharing is a system whereby managers agree to share the benefits of cost savings with staff in return for their contribution to the company's performance.

False

Projecting occurs when a person bases behavior on preexisting expectations about another person or situation in order to create an outcome aligned with those expectations.

False

Self-esteem is our belief in our ability to succeed in a specific task or situation.

False

The needs for competence and self-determination fall under extrinsic rewards.

False

The three factors that influence our internal and external attributions are distinctiveness, unanimity, and consistency.

False

Which of the following statements is an outcome of research on Generation Z?

Generation Z tends to be less patriotic than other generations.

______ is the degree to which the skills and talents of employees can be emulated by other organizations.

Human Capital Inimitability

______ is the level of exceptional skills and talents employees possess in an industry.

Human Capital Rareness

Which level of the organizational behavior model lays the foundation for the other levels?

Individuals

What is not a correct statement regarding the MBTI psychometric questionnaire?

It boxes personalities into three main categories.

______ is a method of setting forth the duties and responsibilities of a job with the intention of improving productivity and performance.

Job design

______ is the removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that certain behaviors will occur again in the same or similar situations.

Negative reinforcement

______ is feeling under-rewarded or over-rewarded in comparison with others.

Perceived inequity

______ describes five basic dimensions of personality, including neuroticism, and is frequently used to evaluate and assess people in the workplace.

The Big Five model

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Big Five model of personality?

The Big Five model generalizes across cultures and languages.

Which of the following statements is true of job satisfaction?

There is a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job security.

Employees who set goals in participation with their managers will have higher levels of performance and be more motivated to achieve the objectives.

True

Internal and external attributions are the two causes people look for to explain behavior of others. This is called attribution theory.

True

The three factors that influence perceptions mentioned in the textbook are the perceiver, the environment, and the focal object.

True

Researchers have defined two main personality types to gauge how workers cope under pressure. These types fall under what dimension of personality?

Type A and Type B orientation

Cheryl is characterized as competitive, impatient, aggressive, and achievement-oriented. Which characteristic best describes Cheryl?

Type A orientation

Jean from Grandmas Cleaning Service was having trouble finding someone to fill one of the more menial positions in her company. Her brother-in-law put her contact with Lila who was in a car crash and could not find work after her brain injury. After testing Lila to see if she could perform the task of vacuuming successfully, she hired her. What part of diversity does this represent?

ability

Which dimension of personality from the Big Five model focuses on being trusting, good-natured, tolerant, and forgiving?

agreeableness

As stated in the textbook, what item below determines our likes and dislikes and helps us to make judgments about other people or events?

attitudes

According to the textbook, the two main types of stressors are ______.

challenge and hindrance

Which feeling below is an example of positive affect?

cheerfulness

What element below suggests that learning can be accomplished through the use of stimuli?

classical conditioning

What is the inconsistency called that creates discomfort that leads us to alter our attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors in order to restore harmony?

cognitive dissonance

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below looks at how everyone else responds in the same situation?

consensus

What factor that influences our internal and external attributions listed below is the extent to which a person responds in the same way over a period of time?

consistency

Which categories listed below explain why people have different needs at different times and how these needs motivate behavior?

content theories

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is explained as something that takes place when people rank something higher or lower than they should as a result of exposure to recent events or situations?

contrast effect

Avoiding work or taking shortcuts, creating conflict, harassing coworkers, being physical or verbally aggressive, and stealing or sabotaging work efforts are all examples of ______.

counterproductive work behaviors

An example of ______ would be rather than expressing irritation at a demanding customer, you maintain your composure and attempt to empathize by putting yourself in the customer's position and trying to feel his or her frustration.

deep acting

Differences in attitudes, values, beliefs, and personality are all examples of ______.

deep-level diversity

Researchers found that goals set at a high, but not unreasonable level of difficulty produce better results than less challenging or easier goals. This research finding applies to which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

difficult goals

Which element below is a set of processes through which people influence their own emotions and the ways in which they experience and express them?

emotional regulation

Which of the following are described as numerous and intense, but usually short-lived?

emotions

Which theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others?

equity theory

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to situational factors?

external attributions

Of the four MBTI pairs of preferences, which one relates to the way one interacts with others?

extroversion and Introversion

Which term below means flexible working hours whereby an employee can customize his or her own work hours within limits established by management?

flextime

Four of the five managers in Jose's company are male. Therefore, Jose feels that he has a good chance of being promoted. Which aspect of diversity is Jose's company not following?

gender

Which element below is a perception problem in which we form a positive or negative view of one aspect of an individual based on our overall impressions of that person?

halo effect

If an employee refuses to abandon their company even though their level of job satisfaction is very low, then they likely have ______.

high employee engagement

Which element below is associated with eustress?

high performance

The housing market crisis of 2007 and 2008 was likely caused by actions associated which personality dimension?

high risk-takers

Looking at expectancy theory, the probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes is considered ______.

instrumentality

Which cause to explain the behavior of others is related to personal characteristics of others?

internal attributions

Emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and loss of interest in the job that can result from ongoing exposure to high levels of stressors is what element of distress?

job burnout element of stress

The extrinsic reward that is based on an evaluation of a job's worth to the organization and its relationship to other jobs within the organization is called ______.

job content-based pay

Which concept is defined as a method of job design that increases the range of tasks and duties associated with a job in order to make it more challenging and varied?

job enlargement

Which concept below is a process of periodically moving employees from one job to another?

job rotation

Which psychological empowerment belief is defined as the value of work tasks in line with a person's own self-concepts and ideals?

meaningfulness

What are the two main areas where personality is formed as stated in the textbook?

nature and nurture

Hindrance stressors are ______.

negatively related to motivation and performance

What can be described as shaping personality traits by environmental and situational factors, such as culture, religion, and family life?

nurture

Which element of the behavioral perspective listed below is defined as the process of forming associations between learning and behavior that occurs when the consequences of behavior are being controlled?

operant conditioning

What concept listed below is defined as the process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment?

perception

Challenge stressors are ______.

positively related to motivation and performance

Which category describes the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior?

process theories

Which perceptual distortion stated in the textbook is a process in which people transfer their own thoughts, motivations, feelings, and desires to others?

projecting

The extent to which employees feel a sense of personal fulfillment and intent when carrying out tasks, along with a belief that their work contributes to some larger purpose is called ______.

psychological empowerment

Which item below states that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors, such as external stimuli and other reinforcers?

reinforcement theory

What are the two types of awareness one must possess in order to have an understanding of the individual differences of others?

self-awareness and awareness of others

Which element below is described as our personal belief in our ability to perform certain tasks or behaviors?

self-efficacy

The way one processes information relates to which pair of psychological preferences of the MBTI?

sensing and intuiting

Which of the following is not a factor brought to the perceptual process by the perceiver?

setting

Which of the following is an example of counterproductive work behaviors?

showing up late to work

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies involves altering a situation to change its emotional impact?

situation modification

Which theory proposed that we learn by observing, imitating, and modeling the behavior of others within our social context?

social cognitive theory

Which of the following emotional regulation strategies is response-focused?

suppression

What emotional labor technique occurs when a person suppresses his or her true feelings while displaying the organizationally desirable ones?

surface acting

Which type of diversity can lead to discrimination when managers or recruiters judge or stereotype others on superficial differences?

surface level

Of the factors that influence and perhaps distort perception, which one is not discussed in the textbook?

the comprehender

Of the four MBTI pairs of preferences, which one relates to the approach one takes to making decisions?

thinking and feeling

In order to have a harmonious organizational environment, one must ______.

understand the differences and similarities between workers

Which element of expectancy theory is stated as the value individuals place on work outcomes?

valence