HN&F CHAP 1

Order of steps in the scientific method

1) observation and questioning 2) hypothesis and prediction 3)experiment 4)results and interpretation 5)theory or new observations and questions

Which value can specify the point at which a nutrient could become toxic? a. UL b. BMR c. RDA d. AMDR e. EER

A. UL

AMDR

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range ranges of intakes for the energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Protein Intake=10-35% Fat Intake = 20-35% Carb Intake=45-65%

AI

Adequate Intake the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined.

The recommended intake for a nutrient should be thought of as the minimum amount that an individual should consume for that nutrient. a. True b. False

False

RDA

Recommenced Dietary Allowance the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals.

nutrition assessment

a comprehensive analysis of a person's nutrition status that uses health, socioeconomic, drug, and diet histories; anthropometric measurements; physical examinations; and laboratory tests.

calories

a measure of hear energy. Energy provided by foods and beverages is measured in kilocalories (1000 calories equal 1 kilocalorie), abbreviated kcalories or kcal.

double-blind experiment

an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are members of the experimental group and which are serving as control subjects, until after the experiment is over.

blind experiment

an experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group.

Check My Work Aretha's health history indicates that she may be anemic because she is excreting too much iron. What type of deficiency does this suggest? a. primary deficiency b. overt deficiency c. energy deficiency d. secondary deficiency e. subclinical deficiency

d. secondary deficiency

Undernutrition

deficient energy or nutrients.

Contained in orderly arrays in the bones and teeth

minerals

anthropometric

relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight.

Which substance is found in the largest amount in both food products and human beings? a. water b. protein c. vitamins d. minerals e. carbohydrates

water

primary deficiency

a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient

theory

a tentative explanation that integrates many diverse findings to further the understanding of a defined topic.

Interferes with growth, maintenance, and repair of the body even though it is an energy source

alcohol

Not considered a nutrient although it provides energy

alcohol

Number of vitamins

13

calories per gram for carbs

4 kcal/gram

calories per gram for protein

4 kcal/gram

calories per gram fat

9 kcal/gram

cohort study

A study design where one or more samples (called cohorts) are followed prospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.

DRI

Dietary Reference Intake a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada. These values are used for planning and assessing diets and include: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).

Check My Work What is the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group? a. AI b. BMR c. EAR d. AMDR e. UL

EAR

In order to establish an RDA what must be established first?

EAR

EAR

Estimated Average Requirement the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group.

EER

Estimated Energy Requirement the average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity.

Acceptable Marcnoturient Distribution Range

Protein: 10-35% Fat: 20-35% Carbohydrate: 45-65%

food is ------ energy

The body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.

UL

Tolerable Upper Intake lEVEL (UL) The maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health effects.

risk factor

a condition or behavior associated with an elevated frequency of a disease but not proved to be causal. Leading risk factors for chronic diseases include obesity, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, and a diet high in added fats and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.

energy density

a measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food

healthy people

a national public health initiative under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that identifies the most significant preventable threats to health and focuses efforts to eliminate them.

secondary deficiency

a nutrient deficiency caused by something other than an inadequate intake, such as a disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.

The RDA is most useful for which group? a. healthy people b. schoolchildren c. military personnel d. groups known to have high levels of malnutrition e. cancer patients

a. healthy people

Yields 7 kcals per gram

alcohol

hypothesis

an unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationships between two or more variables.

Malnutrition

any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients.

While reading a research article, you note a phrase that predicts that "individuals who exercise more will lose weight easier." How would you categorize this statement? a. cohort analysis b. experiment c. hypothesis d. data collection e. conclusion

c. hypothesis

The energy-yielding nutrients include:

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats)

organic

carbon

Contains 4 kcals per gram is a major fuel source

carbs

The classes of nutrients that are organic are

carbs, proteins, lips, vitamins

nutrients

chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues. Nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases.

Check My Work What aspect of food choices is particularly important for professionals who help others plan healthy diets? a. lab work in physiology b. experimental research c. cultural competence d. rotations e. communications

cultural competence

Nutrient recommendations _____. a. should be followed strictly by all individuals. b. encourage the use of supplements to meet dietary goals c. are standardized to apply to all members of the population d. are not minimum requirements, and may not represent optimal intakes for all individuals e. apply to both healthy and nonhealthy individuals Hide Feedback

d. are not minimum requirements, and may not represent optimal intakes for all individuals

Aretha's blood and urine tests at a recent checkup show that her levels of iron are low. She is surprised by the results because she doesn't have any of the symptoms associated with low iron, such as fatigue and headaches. Why type of deficiency does this suggest? a. abnormal b. functional c. primary d. subclinical e. secondary

d. subclinical

chronic disease ex:

disease characterized by slow progression and long duration. Examples include heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.

Which of the following pieces of information would NOT be part of a person's health history? a. Socioeconomic status b. Drug use c. Diet history d. Family history of major diseases e. Current height and weight

e. Current height and weight

Which of the following statements regarding risk factors for disease is accurate? a. Having multiple risk factors is the same as having only one risk factor when determining the likelihood of getting a disease. b. A risk factor means the disease will occur. c. Risk factors tend to dissipate over the course of a lifetime. d. The absence of a risk factor guarantees that a person will never develop the disease. e. Risk factors tend to cluster

e. Risk factors tend to cluster

Which study is most likely to use a cohort research design? a. Interviewing a randomly chosen group of people about their current eating habits and physical activity b. Comparing two group of individuals, one with diabetes and one without c. Running laboratory experiments to examine the effects of a variable on cells d. Surveying a group of individuals after one week of taking a specific amount of vitamin C e. Tracking a group of individuals who eat low-fat diets every six months over a two-year time frame

e. Tracking a group of individuals who eat low-fat diets every six months over a two-year time frame

macronutrient are

energy yielding -carbs -lipids -porteins

Overnutrition

excess energy or nutrients

variables

factors that change. A variable may depend on another variable (for example, a child's height depends on his age), or it may be independent (for example, a child's height does not depend on the color of her eyes). Sometimes both variables correlate with a third variable (a child's height and eye color both depend on genetics).

A cohort research design involves collecting data from individuals once at a specific time and location.

false

Nutrient recommendations represent optimal intakes for all individuals.

false

Of the energy-yielding nutrients, protein has the highest number of calories per gram. a. True b. False

false

A primary deficiency occurs when the body is unable to efficiently use the nutrients consumed. True or false

false a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient.

Calorically dense, 20-35% of caloric budget

fat

ethnic foods

foods associated with particular cultural groups

processed foods

foods that have been intentionally changed by the addition of substances, or a method of cooking, preserving, milling or such

ultra-processed foods

foods that have been made from substances that are typically used in food preparation, but not consumed as foods by themselves (such as oils, fats, flours, refined starches, and sugars) that undergo further processing by adding a little, if any, minimally processed foods, salt and other preservatives, and additives such as flavors and colors.

Whole Foods

fresh foods such as vegetables, grains, legumes, meats, and milk that are unprocessed or minimally processed

cultural competence

having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures

deficient

inadequate; a nutrient amount that fails to meet the body's needs and eventually results in deficiency symptoms.

Minerals

inorganic elements. 40 ESSENTIAL MINERALS

Some are environmental contaminants that can disrupt body functions

minerals

Which class of nutrients does NOT contain carbon? a. proteins b. vitamins c. minerals d. carbohydrates e. lipids

minerals

What is the likely motivation for a person giving up soup after an extended illness? -Values -Habit -Positive associations -Social interactions -Negative associations

negative associations

Inorganice

not containing carbon

essential nutrients

nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients. About 40 nutrients are currently known to be essential for human beings.

the study of how human behaviors relate to food and eating

nutrition

subclinical deficiency

occurs in the early stages; few or no symptoms are observed covert- can't see overt-can see

foods

products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of t tissues

Contains 4 kcals per gram and is a minor fuel source

protein

Its role as a fuel source is relatively minor compared to the other two energy sources

protein

The macronutrient least used for fuel

protein

energy-yielding nutrients

the nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use: they are carbohydrate, fat protein.

correlation

the simultaneous increase, decrease, or change in two variables. If A increases as B increases, or if A decreases as B decreases, the correlation is positive. (This does not mean that A causes B or vice versa.) If A increases as B decreases, or if A decreases as B increases, the correlation is negative. (This does not mean that A prevents B or vice versa.) Some third factor may account for both A and B.

most prominent risk factor for chronic disease in the US

tobacco use

A subclinical deficiency is the stage at which the body begins to use up its stores of a nutrient. a. True b. False

true

Malnutrition occurs when a person receives an excess or deficiency of food energy or nutrient intake or an imbalance of nutrients. a. True b. False

true

The human body is made of compounds similar to those found in foods. a. True b. False

true

All 13 of these play a role in the body

vitamins

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals; the nutrients the body requires in relatively small amounts (milligrams or micrograms daily)