HOI 1 Final Exam
What demands did Marx and Engels make in The Communist Manifesto?
1: Abolition of private property 2: Progressive income tax 3: Abolition of inheritance 4: Confiscation of property from rebels and emigrants 5: Centralization of banking (credit) 6: Nationalization of transportation and communication 7: State control of the means of production 8: Equal obligation of all to work 9: Abolition of rural/urban division 10: Free public education and Abolition of child labor
What is the state the world would be in without government or society called?
A State of Nature
If you were in a school run according to a realist educational theory, what kind of educational experience might you expect?
A kinisthetic learning experience; Learning through sensory and visual appeals
Whose machine was capable of cracking the code used by the Enigma machine in WWII?
Alan Turing
According to Plato and Aristotle, what makes an artwork valuable?
Both Plato and Aristotle considered art to be a work that has a fundamental connection to what is real
Whose views about the origin of the human species revolutionized how people thought about human nature?
Charles Darwin
What was Aristotle's view of human nature?
Classical - human reasoning is the highest power
What was Adam Smith's key to making a nation wealthy through the power of human labor?
Division of labor; Smith said that when work is divided among the work force, productivity will increase maximizing the value of one's work.
What was the most fashionable philosophy in Europe just after World War II?
Existentialism
What does Sigmund Freud think about religion?
Freud believes that religious beliefs are like illusions, and fulfillments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind
What philosopher is key to understanding Karl Marx?
Friedrich Hegel
What did Erasmus think about the Scholastic educational project?
He despised it
What are Francis Bacon's four 'idols'?
Idols of the tribe, cave, marketplace, and theater
What is Francis Bacon's favored form of reasoning?
Inductive reasoning, forming probabilistic beliefs from collections of data
Who are the well-known existentialist philosophers?
Jean Paul Sartre, and Søren Kierkegaard
Who came up with the Chinese room experiement?
John Searle
What metaphor describes the Newtonian view of the world?
Just as a machine is composed of parts that bump into each other, the universe is composed of parts that bump into each other.
What does the Chinese room experiment show us?
Limitations of AI thought and functionality
Which view of the social contract is held by Locke?
Locke believed that one might consent tacitly by enjoying the benefits of the protection of the state
According to Nietzsche, what kind of morality do Christians believe in?
My-thing-ism
Who was the most powerful proponent of the Aristotelian worldview when it came to the cosmos?
Ptolemy
From what two sources did Thomas Hobbes derive his knowledge of human nature?
Reflection on our own desires/thoughts/fears, and the laws of physics
According to what educational view is the teacher responsible for training the students' mental faculties?
Scholasticism
What is the difference between scientific realism and instrumentalism?
Scientific realism: only true theories are of any value. Instrumentalism: theories are valuable if they are useful for predictions
What does Albert Camus say is the only 'serious philosophical problem'?
Suicide
Who wrote, "the thing is to find a truth, which is true for me, to find the idea for which I can live and die" ?
Søren Kierkegaard
What are Francis Schaeffer's criteria for evaluating artworks?
Technical excellence Validity Content Integration of content and vehicle
What is the fact that human beings use computers without knowing how they work called?
Technological dependence
What is the name of an elite group of experts who decide what counts as art?
The 'art world'
What are the distinctives of Aristotelian worldview when it comes to the study of the cosmos?
The earth is at the center of the universe, the phenomena of the universe are explained by the purpose of the object observed, and everything in the universe has essential nature.
According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who was the founder of civilization?
The first man who claimed to own property
What natural rights did John Locke think are possessed by every human being in a state of nature?
The right to life, liberty, and possessions. The right to punish. The right to property.
What is the 'zeitgeist' according to Hegel?
The spirit of time
What is Mercantilism?
The view that the wealth of a nation is assessed by the total goods within its border.
Describe one form of 'some-thing-ism' talked about in class.
Theistic some-thing-ism: The idea is that God is much more significant and more valuable than my life but God's purposes for his creation include purposes for every part of his creation. Thus, my life has a divine purpose.
What theological implication arose from the adoption of Newton's New Science?
Theologians began to talk about God in terms of a creator, but not a sustainer.
In the scholastic era of the high middle ages what academic discipline was considered to be 'the queen of the sciences'?
Theology
To what did Renaissance thinkers look back?
To what had come before and to what might be next
According to Nietzsche, what two features of reality are not objective?
Truth and morality
What ancient Greek theory returned as a component of the 'New Science' exemplified by Isaac Newton?
What keeps the earth in motion
