Holocaust Final

Vichy France

name of French state part of perpetrators also known as the freezone raid of jews

Righteous Gentile

non jews who abided the seven laws of noah significance this shows non jews risking their lives to save jews

Denmark

was the only occupied country that resisted the nazi regime thousands of jews were safely taken to safetly because of the danish only nationwide resistance to nazi regime, not at all a bystander, was not extremely successful some jews were set to camps in czech

Elie Wiesel/Night

1) Night is a work by Elie Wiesel about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald 2) In 1944-1945, at the height of the Holocaust toward the end of the Second World War. 3) Significance: First hand account of the horrors of the Holocaust and concentration camps- important for Holocaust Memory and remembrance

Sir Nicholas Winton

1. Sir Nicholas George Winton was a British humanitarian who organized the rescue of 669 children, most of them Jewish, from Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport. Winton found homes for the children and arranged for their safe passage to Britain 2. The world found out about his work over 40 years later, in 1988. The British press dubbed him the "British Schindler" 3. In 2003 Winton was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for "services to humanity, in saving Jewish children from Nazi occupied Czechoslovakia" he saved many children lives

Adorno

1) A German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society- said that it was barbaric to write poetry after Auschwitz and about the Holocaust in general 2) Published Can One Live After Auschwitz in 2003 3) Significance: gives one perspective on the debate over Holocaust Representation. He believes that remembrance is essential, but that some forms of remembrance are not appropriate to convey.

"The Pawnbroker"

1) Based on the novel by Edward Lewis Wallant, this drama focuses on former professor Sol Nazerman (Rod Steiger), the survivor of a German concentration camp who now runs a pawn shop in East Harlem. Having witnessed his family's death at the hands of the Nazis, he is embittered toward humanity and pushes away anyone around him, including his young Puerto Rican employee, Jesus (Jaime Sanchez). As Nazerman contends with his internal conflicts, the harsh realities of the city affect his life as well. 2) 1964 film 3) Significance: Shows personal aftermath and traumatic effect on a Holocaust survivor and what life looks like after Nazi control. Important for Holocaust Memory and Holocaust representation

"Shoah" (film by Claude Lanzmann)

1) Claude Lanzmann's documentary recounts the story of the Holocaust through interviews with witnesses - perpetrators as well as survivors. He spent 11 years on this sprawling documentary about the Holocaust, conducting his own interviews and refusing to use a single frame of archival footage. Dividing Holocaust witnesses into three categories -- survivors, bystanders and perpetrators -- Lanzmann presents testimonies from survivors of the Chelmno concentration camp, an Auschwitz escapee and witnesses of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, as well as a chilling report of gas chambers from an SS officer at Treblinka. 2) Released in 1985 3) Significance: Shows different viewpoints (bystander, perpetrator, and victim) of the Holocaust and gives a broader range of Holocaust Memory and commemoration. Acknowledges that there are different perspectives of the Holocaust.

"Night and Fog"

1) Filmmaker Alain Resnais documents the atrocities behind the walls of Hitler's concentration camps. It was made ten years after the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. The documentary features the abandoned grounds of Auschwitz and Majdanek while describing the lives of prisoners in the camps. 2) 1956 French documentary short film 3) Significance: Important for Holocaust Memory and for showing the aftermath of the Nazi concentration camps- it gives the viewers a haunting image of what had gone on behind those walls.

Otto Frank

1) He was in hiding with his family until the Nazis discovered them and separated/ sent the family to concentration camps- Otto Frank was the only one of his family to survive. He was the father of Anne Frank and was responsible for publishing her diary after WWII 2) The Diary of A Young Girl (Anne Frank) was published on June 25, 1927 after edits that were, in part, made by Otto Frank 3) Significance: He was responsible for publishing a work that reached people all over the world and contributed to Holocaust Memory in a large way. People were not only touched and impacted by the diary, but it continues to be read in classrooms all over the world today. An important first hand account of a young girl living during the time of the Holocaust and provides a unique perspective in which to learn about the horrors of the Holocaust.

"Judgement at Nuremberg"

1) In 1947, four German judges who served on the bench during the Nazi regime face a military tribunal to answer charges of crimes against humanity. Chief Justice Haywood hears evidence and testimony not only from lead defendant Ernst Janning and his defense attorney Hans Rolfe, but also from the widow of a Nazi general, an idealistic U.S. Army captain and reluctant witness Irene Wallner 2) A 1961 American courtroom drama film 3) Significance: Holocaust Representation- some argue that it is Americanized and that takes away from the Holocaust Memory. Shows that perception and representation are important in these cases of Holocaust Memory

Yad Vashem

1) Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to four main goals: preserving the memory of the dead, honoring Jews who fought against their Nazi oppressors and Gentiles who selflessly aided Jews in need, and researching the phenomenon of the Holocaust in particular and genocide in general, with the aim of avoiding such events in the future 2) Established in 1953, Yad Vashem is on the western slope of Mount Herzl, also known as the Mount of Remembrance, a height in western Jerusalem 3) Significance: Preserving Holocaust memory and remembrance and is a location in Jerusalem that solely commemorates the lives of 6 million Jews that died in the Holocaust.

Yom ha-Shoah

1) It is observed as Israel's day of commemoration for the approximately six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust as a result of the actions carried out by Nazi Germany and its accessories, and for the Jewish resistance in that period. In Israel, it is a national memorial day. 2) It was inaugurated in 1953, anchored by a law signed by the Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion and the President of Israel Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. It is held on the 27th of Nisan (April/May), unless the 27th would be adjacent to the Jewish Sabbath, in which case the date is shifted by a day. 3) Significance: Contributes to Holocaust Memory and remembrance- it is important to keep alive the memory of those who perished during the Holocaust.

Rabbi Joachim Prinz

1) Joachim Prinz was a German-American rabbi who was outspoken against Nazism and became a Zionist leader. Within a short period, Prinz's activism helped him rise to become one of the top leaders within the Jewish organizational structure. He held top leadership positions in the World Jewish Congress, as president of the American Jewish Congress from 1958-1966 2) As a young rabbi in Berlin, he was forced to confront the rise of Nazism, and eventually emigrated to the United States in 1937 3) Significance: important man in the Jewish community who represents ideals that are important for many Jews and speaks to advocate for the Jewish community

Musselman

1) Musselmann was a slang term used among captives of World War II Nazi concentration camps to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation and exhaustion and who were resigned to their impending death. 2) 1933-1945- time of the Holocaust; the term was especially used in concentration camps 3) Significance: shows the extent of the malnutrition and horrible conditions that were characteristic of concentration camps. Prisoners had to do unimaginable things to survive and still lived in a perpetual state of starvation and pain.

Meip Gies

1) Otto Frank's secretary. Miep Gies, was one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank, her family and four other Jews from the Nazis in an annex above Anne's father's business premises during World War II. 2) When Otto approached Miep in the spring of 1942 to ask her to help his family go into hiding, she did not hesitate. 3) Significance: Shows the opposite of a Holocaust bystander- Meip Gies involved herself in the survival of a Jewish family, knowing that the risk of hiding them in the annex could lead to her own death. Reveals that there were also people during the Holocaust who tried to save Jewish lives

Haftling # 174517

1) Prisoner Number of Primo Levi, that is further explained in his book, Survival in Auschwitz. He describes the horrors of his time in Auschwitz and the killings/deaths that took place there 2) Survival in Auschwitz was published in 1947 and continues to be read in classrooms today 3) Significance: First hand account of the horrors that took place within Auschwitz- contributes to Holocaust memory and documentation. Allows readers a primary view into the life of a Holocaust prisoner in Auschwitz

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1) The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. Provides interactive Holocaust material and information 2) Opened on April 22, 1993 3) Significance: creation of a living memorial to the 6 million Jews and millions of other victims who perished during the Holocaust; provides historical access and commemoration for the public to view and learn about the significance of the Holocaust

Holocaust Denial/"Denial" (film)

1) The belief or assertion that the Holocaust did not happen or was greatly exaggerated, even though there is insurmountable evidence that it happened 2) 1933 on- there was not only denial that it was happening during the war, but there is denial in modern society by certain parties and individuals. 3) Significance: important to acknowledge that some deny the horrors of the Holocaust even though it is undeniable that it occurred - this is why it is important to educate about the Holocaust and to spread testimony and documentation

Shoah Foundation

1) USC organization, founded by Steven Spielberg, that serves to further commemorate the memory of the Holocaust through text and testimony archives. Dedicated to making audio-visual interviews with survivors and witnesses of the Holocaust and other genocides a compelling voice for education and action. 2) when founded? 3) Significance: Preserves Holocaust memory and makes it easily accessible to students and reaches a public audience to share first hand testimonies of Holocaust survivors.

bystander

1) catch-all term describing people who were passive and indifferent toward antisemitizm culminating into the Holocaust 2)non jews watched as jews were taken by the Nazi camps 3)given that the "bystander" in the holocaust was such a large population, the holocuast or the level of greusome the holocaust became could have been stoppedd or lessened. Some historians think the holoucast was a bystander genocide adding the blame to not only the perpetrator but the bystander

Zegota

1. "Żegota was a codename for the Polish Council to Aid Jews an underground organization of Polish resistance in German-occupied Poland active from 1942 to 1999. The Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistances in all of Nazi-occupied Europe covering both German and Soviet zones of occupation. It is most notable for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front, providing military intelligence to the British, and for saving more Jewish lives in the Holocaust than any other Allied organization or government. It was a part of the Polish Underground State.

Jedwabne

1. Jedwabne is a town in Poland, and the site of the jedwabne pogram. 2. Soon after the German takeover of Jedwabne during the 1941 attack on the Soviet zone of occupied Poland (part of Operation Barbarossa), the town became the site of the infamous Jedwabne pogrom on 10 July 1941. 3. Some 40 Jewish men were killed by Nazis in a barn belonging to Bronisław Śleszyński, followed by a group of an estimated 300 additional Jewish victims with families locked later that day in the same barn, which was then set on fire by Polish men. The next day, the Germans created a ghetto in Jedwabne (July 11, 1941) and incarcerated about 100-130 Jews in it. They were shipped to Łomża Ghetto in November 1941, and subsequently sent to the extermination camp at Treblinka

Pope Pius XII

1. Pope Pius XII reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. Pope Pius XII's actions during the Holocaust remain controversial. For much of the war, he maintained a public front of indifference and remained silent while German atrocities were committed. 2 He refused pleas for help on the grounds of neutrality, while making statements condemning injustices in general. Privately, he sheltered a small number of Jews and spoke to a few select officials, encouraging them to help the Jews. 3. As soon as he was appointed Pope, he did speak out against the 1938 Italian racial laws that dealt with mixed marriages and children of mixed marriages. However, he issued no such condemnation of Kristallnacht which occurred in November 1938, and which recent evidence shows he was informed of. As the security of the Jewish population became more precarious, Pius XII did intervene the month he was elected Pope, March 1939, and obtained 3,000 visas to enter Brazil for European Jews who had been baptized and converted to Catholicism. Two-thirds of these were later revoked, however, because of "improper conduct," probably meaning that the Jews started practicing Judaism once in Brazil. At that time, the Pope did nothing to save practicing Jews. Pope was a bystander.

Shmuel zygelboym

1. Szmul Zygielbojm was a Jewish-Polish socialist politician, leader of the Bund, and a member of the National Council of the Polish government in exile. He committed suicide to protest the indifference of the Allied governments in the face of the Holocaust. 2. On April 19, 1943, the Allied governments of the UK and the US met in Bermuda, to discuss the situation of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. By coincidence, that same day the Nazis attempted to liquidate the remaining Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto and were met with unexpected resistance. 3. By the beginning of May, the futility of the Bermuda Conference had become apparent. Zygielbojm received word of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the final liquidation of the Ghetto. He learned that his wife Manya and 16-year-old son Tuvia had been killed there. On May 11 at his home in west London, Zygielbojm took his own life with an overdose of sodium amytal as a protest against the indifference and inaction of the Allied governments in the face of the Holocaust. In a long, detailed "suicide letter", addressed to Polish president Władysław Raczkiewicz and prime minister Władysław Sikorski, Zygielbojm stated that while the Nazis were responsible for the murder of the Polish Jews, the Allies were also culpable:

Shmaltsovniks

1. word used during World War II that denoted a person blackmailing Jews who were hiding, or blackmailing Poles who protected Jews during the Nazi occupation 2. The term's origins is the word szmalec, which is Polish for dough, or lard, emphasizing money as the most important reason behind blackmailing. 3. Germans sometimes treated szmalcowniks as criminals and imposed punishments on them. The reason was that szmalcowniks also bribed German officials and policemen — after the denunciation of a rich Jew, szmalcowniks and corrupted Germans shared the robbed money.

1939 white paper

1939 White Paper: reduced number of jews that could escape to palestine, form of bystander The document stated that Palestine would be neither a Jewish state nor an Arab one, but an independent state to be established within ten years. Jewish immigration to Palestine was limited to 75,000 for the first five years, subject to the country's "economic absorptive capacity", and would later be contingent on Arab consent. Stringent restrictions were imposed on land acquisition by Jews. The Jewish Agency for Palestine issued a scathing response to the White Paper, saying the British were denying the Jewish people their rights in "darkest hour of Jewish history

Jan Karski

Jan Karski was a polish resistance fighter. He was the on eof the first to bring eyewitness accounts to the Allied governments. He was a resourceful courier who would convey secret informtation frm the resistance to polish government~1940s