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Napoleonic Code (Code Napoleon)

A code passed by Napoleon. It was a way of working out a bargain with the solid middle class modified in 1804. It gave them certain rights and ability to regain a few of their lands that was taken away by the rich. However, when Napoleon was defeated in a war he completely modified the code. Comprehensive set of laws sponsored by Napoleon when he assumed power as Emperor. Promoted authority and order over individual rights and liberties.

National Convention

A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.Governing body of France after the National Assembly. Elected in September 1792. Confirmed the overthrow of the King and the setting aside of the constitution of 1791. Declared France to be a Republic. Gave all male citizens right to vote. Tried King Louis XVI, found him guilty and executed him January 1793. Passed the first draft bill to fill up French Army. Legislative body during the Terror.

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.Initially a mainly a middle class business movement wanting more power for elected bodies such as Parliament. Started during the 19th century.

The Mountain (La Montaigne)

Called the mountain because their seats in the assembly were the highest on the left side of the building. Extreme radical faction of the Jacobins. Robespierre was a member of the group.

Nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)The belief that people should be loyal to their nation., rather than be loyal to a king or queen.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law.Passed 27 August 1789 by National Assembly. Reflected the influence of Enlightenment ideas, and US Declaration of Independence. Said all people (men) are equal, guaranteed rights of justice and freedom of religion and speech. Its ideals of "Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood"-"Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite"-became the watchwords of the French Revolution. Demand to spread right to women were rejected.

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

-Congress: organizations that come together to try to solve problems before war happened -Wanted to prevent another napoleon from coming again -First of all they were Used to reset European boundaries after napoleon had changed them around -Second big thing, wanted to make sure there were no more napoleons. -Phrase to describe their main purpose "status quo antebellum" which means :oThe situation which occurred before the war,A series of meetings held in Vienna, Austria that set up policies to restore order and stability to Europe after the disruptions of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era. Headed by Austrian diplomat Metternich, the congress attempted to restore the old order of European monarchies and keep France from starting more wars. The majority of Europe remained at peace until 1914. Political reform however was suppressed, but at the cost of numerous internal revolutions and rebellions.

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group.French for "blow of state". Usually done by a military leader using military force to overturn a government and install himself or a military ruler in power. Done by Napoleon to the French government in 1799.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)Third Estate delegates, mostly bourgeoisie to the Estates General. Broke away from the Estates General after suggestion of Abbe Sieyes who coined the name National Assembly for the group. Wanted to have power to pass laws in the name of the French people. Became the legislature of France after the Tennis Court Oath. Passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Abolished 1792, followed by the National Convention.

Sans Culottes

In the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages, A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men., Petty laborers and laboring poor-wore pants not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France., "without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food shortages.Those without knee breaches." Parisian ware earners and small shopkeepers who did not wear fancy pants of the nobility. Backbone of the revolution. Wanted a greater voice in the government.

Bastille

The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles.. A Paris prison, symbol of the oppressive nature of the old regime. Stormed by the Paris mob on 14 July. Symbolic act that started the French Revolution. Building was actually torn down by hand by the people. Date became the equivalent of US "July 4". The storming of the Bastille (July 14) is now celebrated as the French national holiday. . A Paris prison, symbol of the oppressive nature of the old regime. Stormed by the Paris mob on 14 July.

Three Estates

The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land, The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders., the first estate was the clergy and the second was the nobles. Both the first and second had special privileges that they enjoyed under the regime; they were not taxed. The third estate was made up of mainly peasants. They were discontented because they had no money and they didn't have much say in anything. They were not considered to be of any value, so they were ignored.Traditional breakout of the social and economic classes of Royal France. First Estate was the Church. The Second Estate was the Nobility. The Third Estate was the vast masses of the nation, which included the bourgeoisie, urban lower classes, and peasants. Had no power to influence the King of France. Legislature making up representatives of the estates was called The Estates General.

Continental System

The foreign policy against united kingdom Britain ands Ireland made by Napoleon. The continental system prevented anyone from trading with Britain without first stopping in France. Along with Britain's adoption of a similar policy this sparked the Embargo to be passed by Jefferson in an attempt to not get involved with foreign conflict.Economic system developed by Napoleon in response to economic blockade imposed on France by Great Britain. Basic concept was to make Europe self-sufficient and free it from British dependence. Disregarded by even many of Napoleon's closest allies, it collapsed after Napoleon's disastrous defeat in Russia and was done away with by the Congress of Vienna.

Old Regime (Ancien Regime)

The old regime political and social system in France before the French Revolution of 1789, characterized by an Absolute Monarchy, Mercantilism, and a rigid and hierarchical social structure, Old order under which everyone belonged to one of three classes: First Estate- made up of the clergy; 0.5% of the population, owned 10% of the land Second Estate- made up of the nobility and king; 1.5% of the population; owned 20% of the land Third Estate- made up of everyone else; 98% of the population; owned 70% of the land, The political system in France in the 1770s. Under this system, the people of France were divided into three large social classes, or estates. Two of the estates had privileges, the clergy (the first estate) and the nobles (the second estate). The third estate was made up of the bourgeoisie, urban workers. and peasants.French expression coined during the Revolution for the regime of the King and the oppression of the nobles and royals. Supporters of the Old Regime emigrated out of France and hence are called "Emigres."

Great Fear

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.In October 1789, a wave of senseless panic swept the French public after the fall of the Bastille. Crowds of peasants armed themselves and began to revolt against French landowners. French women riot and force the King and his family to return to Paris, becoming virtual prisoners of the Paris mob.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.Period of about one year-July 1793 to July 1794. Dominated by rule of the Committee of Safety in Paris. This was the period of domination by Robespierre and the use of terror and the guillotine to control the nation. Period ended with the death of Robespierre

Austerlitz

a decisive battle during the Napoleonic campaigns (1805), a town in Czech Republic, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, effectively destroying the Third Coalition against the French Empire. On December 2, 1805 (November 20, Old Style), a French army, commanded by Emperor Napoleon I, decisively defeated a Russian, Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I.Battle of the "Three Emperors"-1805. Napoleon defeats the armies of Austria and Russia. Considered by many to be his greatest battle.

Dictatorship

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.). From the Ancient Greeks who used this system in emergency; this term is now taken to mean essentially absolute rule by a few or usually one person. Rule is often arbitrary and violent.

Girondist

a member of the moderate republican party during the French Revolution, A member of the moderate republican party during the French Revolution (overthrown by more radical Jacobins). Charlotte Corday belonged to this political group and killed Marat because of the extreme violence of the revolution., a group that assumed leadership of the assembly, against the forces of the revolution, this group of people came from a region around bordeaux and wanted to protect the rights of the bouguise and the return of the monarchy,Radical French political club. Many members came from the French city of Bordeaux, which was in the French administrative Department of Gironde. Wanted to establish a Federal Republic. Opponents of "The Mountain" or Montagnards. Bitter opponents during the National Convention. As the Revolution developed, the Girondist became the more "conservative" of the factions in the Convention.

Jacobin

a member of the radical movement that instituted the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, (in the French Revolution) a member of a radical society or club of revolutionaries that promoted the Reign of Terror and other extreme measures, active chiefly from 1789 to 1794: so called from the Dominican convent in Paris, where they originally met., member of a radical political organization during the French Revolution that called for the death of all those who still supported the king., most famous political party of the French Revolution; initially moderate, but became responsible for the Reign of Terror; disbanded after the fall of the leader Robespierre, Radical French political "club" or group named after the street adders (Rue de Ste. Jaques) for a religious order, whose building the club used for meetings. Considered the most radial of French revolutionaries. Called for the overthrow of monarchy and death of king. Led by Marat. Eventually broken up after the Terror. This club formed the key component of the Montagnards.

Trafalgar

a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain, (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible., In October of 1805 at a cape off the Spanish coast - a major naval battle. Lord Nelson and the British navy annihilated the main body of the combined fleets of Spain and France. Established supremacy of the British navy for a century or more. Yet had to prevent Napoleon from building a bigger navy on the European continent.

Reactionary

advocating a return to an earlier social, political or economic policy or condition; n. one who advocates a return to an earlier policy or condition.Usually taken to mean extreme conservative rule after a period of extreme liberal rule. The conservative in a sense react to restore traditional values and norms after a period of great change. Most European powers were reactionary after the end of the French Revolution and Napoleonic periods

Guillotine

instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles, Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror., Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.. Invented by Doctor Joseph Ignace Guillotin in response to the requirement to build an execution device that was humane. Machine has weighted blade that is raised then dropped, slicing the head off the body. Came into use in 1792. Became the symbol of the "Terror". The Guillotine was used in France until the 1960s, when executions were outlawed and banned

"Left" and "Right"

left- for the revolution. wanted a republic without censorship and with free speech. wanted the church to have less influence. Right- against the revolution. wanted a strong monarchy where the church was involved, and liked censorship. This was developed because the liberals sat to the left of the National assembly president and the conservatives sat to the right. Now universally accepted political terms for liberal-left and conservative-right. Based on the seating arrangements of the initial meetings of the French National Assembly in 1789. Also used the terms "Right wing" and "Left wing".

Waterloo

the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, "to suffer an ultimate, decisive defeat"- In 1815, the Battle of Waterloo was fought near the village of Waterloo, which is now in Belgium. This was the final battle in the Napoleonic wars, the battle in which Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated., final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by an allied British and Prussian force fought on June 18, 1815. Waterloo is often used to signify an event marking someone's or something's ultimate downfall., British and French fought at Waterloo, French lost, and Napoleon was exiled again

Bourgeoisie

the social class between the lower and upper classes, In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions., In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. , below aristocracy in social structure were the MC or bourgeoisie - French word like the English word burgher - person living in a chartered town or borough and enjoying its liberties. Whole class known as bourgeoisie. (Marx would later use term to refer to owners of capital). In time some blurring of lines between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie occurred - a little blending of upper and middle classes. In 16th century the bourgeoisie becoming more numerous as a group in west European society.French for middle class people. Now universally accepted as an equivalent term for middle/ upper middle class people.