Honors Biology Test 3/30

A single cell, the zygote, can develop into an entirely new organism with many different specialized cells. Which of the following statements about this process is false? A. Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the mother. B. The descendant cells specialize by a process known as differentiation. C. The zygote contains all of the genetic information required for the development of many different cell types. D. Differentiation of the zygote into a multicellular organism results from selective gene expression.

A. Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the mother.

Which of the following processes occurs when a salamander regenerates a lost limb? A. Certain cells in the limb dedifferentiate, divide, and then redifferentiate to form a new limb. B. The homeotic genes of the regenerating limb are expressed. C. A new salamander develops from the lost limb. D. The homeotic genes of the regenerating cells turn off.

A. Certain cells in the limb dedifferentiate, divide, and then redifferentiate to form a new limb.

Transcription factors attach to A. DNA. B. signal molecules. C. mRNA. D. plasma membrane receptors.

A. DNA.

Which of these acts as a second messenger? A. cyclic AMP B. G-protein-linked receptor C. G protein D. adenylyl kinase E. protein kinase

A. cyclic AMP

Regulatory proteins bind to _____. A. the operator B. the lactose-utilization genes C. the regulatory gene D. RNA polymerase E. transcription factors

A. the operator

Which of the following statements regarding stem cells is false? A. Adult stem cells are present in adult tissues. B. Adult, but not embryonic, stem cells can be grown in laboratory culture. C. Adult stem cells are partway along the road to differentiation. D. Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all the different specialized cells in the body.

B. Adult, but not embryonic, stem cells can be grown in laboratory culture.

Your body is composed of a dazzling array of different cell types. Each cell type develops its own unique properties. How does this happen? A. Each cell type is provided with its own specialized set of genes during cell division. B. All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell. C. none of the above D. The zygote contains one of each of the different cell types. These ancestor cells then divide to produce the diversity of cell types in the adult.

B. All cells (with very few exceptions) contain the same set of genes, but the process of gene expression determines which genes are active in each cell.

Enhancers are A. adjacent to the gene that they regulate. B. DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind. C. required to facilitate the binding of DNA polymerases. D. required to turn on gene expression when transcription factors are in short supply.

B. DNA sequences to which activator proteins bind.

Based on these data, during which range of months does "flu season" occur in a typical year? A. January-February B. January-April C. April-July D. October-December

B. January-April

In a prokaryote, a group of genes with related functions, along with their associated control sequences, defines A. a transposon. B. an operon. C. a locus. D. an allele.

B. an operon.

As a result of the lytic cycle, _____. A. the host cell is not destroyed B. the host cell's DNA is destroyed C. viral ribosomes are produced D. viral DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA E. a prophage is created

B. the host cell's DNA is destroyed

To begin the process of gene transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to _____. A. the gene that will be transcribed B. the promoter associated with the target gene C. the operator associated with the target gene D. none of the above

B. the promoter associated with the target gene

hich of the following possible uses of reproductive cloning is still considered by most to be an unresolved ethical issue? A. the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation B. the reproductive cloning of humans C. the production of organs in cloned pigs for transplant into humans D. cloning mammals for the production of potentially valuable drugs

B. the reproductive cloning of humans

The use of cloning to produce special embryonic stem cells is called A. reproductive cloning. B. therapeutic cloning. C. regenerative cloning. D. transplantational cloning.

B. therapeutic cloning.

The relationship between DNA and chromosomes is most like A. a spoon cradling some peas. B. thread wrapped around a spool. C. an egg yolk inside of an egg. D. the candy shell surrounding the chocolate in a piece of M&M candy.

B. thread wrapped around a spool.

Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____. A. all organisms B. eukaryotes but not prokaryotes C. prokaryotes but not eukaryotes D. E. coli, but they are rare in other organisms

C. prokaryotes but not eukaryotes

Which of these is NOT a component of the lac operon? A. lactose-utilization genes only B. promoter only C. regulatory gene only D. operator only E. promoter and operator

C. regulatory gene only

_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions. A. RNA polymerase B. Promoters C. Introns D. Activators E. Exons

D. Activators

What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway? A. By binding to a plasma membrane receptor it initiates a cascade. B. It relays a signal from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. C. It activates relay proteins. D. By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene. E. It is a plasma membrane protein that binds signal molecules.

D. By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.

Which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false? A. A nucleosome consists of DNA wound around a protein core of eight histone molecules. B. Highly compacted chromatin is generally not expressed at all. C. Prokaryotes have proteins analogous to histones. D. DNA packing tends to promote gene expression.

D. DNA packing tends to promote gene expression.

The operon model of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria was proposed by _____. A. Watson and Crick B. Franklin C. Darwin D. Jacob and Monod E. Mendel

D. Jacob and Monod

Small pieces of RNA that can regulate translation of mRNA are called A. interfering RNA. B. transfer RNA. C. messenger RNA. D. microRNA.

D. microRNA.

To initiate a signal transduction pathway, a signal binds to a receptor protein usually located in the A. ER. B. nucleus. C. cytoplasm. D. plasma membrane.

D. plasma membrane.

iral DNA incorporated into host cell DNA is known as a(n) A. envelope. B. phage. C. capsid. D. prophage.

D. prophage.

What is the function of a spliceosome? A. protein activation B. translation C. protein degradation D. regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm E. RNA processing

E. RNA processing

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____. A. replication B. infection C. translation D. lysis E. transcription

E. transcription

RNA interference (RNAi) can be used by A. researchers to induce the production of more mRNA. B. cells to prevent infections from double-stranded RNA viruses. C. researchers to artificially turn on gene expression. D. viruses to stop the production of new proteins.

B. cells to prevent infections from double-stranded RNA viruses.

The term "gene expression" refers to the A. The term "gene expression" refers to the process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins. B. fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes. C. flow of information from parent to offspring. D. fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes.

A. The term "gene expression" refers to the process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.

In plants, most differentiated cells retain A. a complete set of their genes and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances. B. a complete set of their genes but lose the ability to express most of those genes. C. the ability to dedifferentiate but then cannot return to their original differentiated state. D. only a tiny fraction of their original set of genes.

A. a complete set of their genes and retain the ability to express those genes under certain circumstances.

Homeostasis is a living organism's A. ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change. B. attempt to cool off, even when it is cold outside. C. ability to pump blood through the body. D. attempt to carry out photosynthesis even when there is no sunlight present. E. ability to hibernate during cold times of the year.

A. ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.

Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called A. activators. B. repressors. C. regulators. D. operators.

A. activators.

The genes for the enzymes of glycolysis A. are active in all metabolizing cells, but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed only in particular cell types. B. and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all embryonic cells. C. and the genes for all specialized proteins are expressed in all metabolizing cells. D. are inactive in all metabolizing cells, but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed in all cell types.

A. are active in all metabolizing cells, but the genes for specialized proteins are expressed only in particular cell types.

Signal transduction pathways A. are mechanisms of communication that probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes. B. are limited for use in sexual identification. C. originally evolved in vertebrates. D. are found strictly in multicellular organisms which require cell-to-cell communication.

A. are mechanisms of communication that probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes.

Within an operon, repressors _____. A. block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator B. block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the promoter C. block mRNA translation by attaching to the mRNA for a specific gene D. block gene transcription to RNA by attaching directly to the gene itself

A. block gene transcription to RNA by attaching to the operator

The cloning of Dolly the sheep A. demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential. B. revealed that cloned mammals most resemble the egg donor. C. demonstrated that differentiated cells contain only a fraction of their full genetic potential. D. demonstrated, for the first time, that eggs are haploid and body cells are diploid.

A. demonstrated that the nuclei from differentiated mammalian cells can retain their full genetic potential.

Which of the following mammals has not yet been cloned and brought through the complete gestation cycle? A. human B. cat C. cow D. pig

A. human

Protein-phosphorylating enzymes' role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. A. protein activation B. translation C. protein degradation D. regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm E. RNA processing

A. protein activation

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use ________ to turn certain genes on or off. A. proteins B. RNA transcriptase C. intron segments D. nucleosome packing

A. proteins

Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in _____. A. lysosomes B. endoplasmic reticula C. chloroplasts D. peroxisomes E. mitochondria

B. endoplasmic reticula

A homeotic gene A. serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. B. represses gene transcription and promotes mRNA translation. C. is found only in adult somatic cells. D. determines which end of the egg will become the head and which end will become the tail.

A. serves as a master control gene that functions during embryonic development by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.

Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy? A. The drugs improve the immune system so that it is better able to find and remove virus particles. B. The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small. C. There are fewer side effects associated with combination drug therapy, and the appearance of resistance is directly related to the severity of side effects. D. In the presence of multiple drugs, the mutation rate of HIV decreases.

B. The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.

Which of the following statements is false? A. The lysogenic cycle always occurs inside of host cells. B. The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells. C. Some prophage genes can cause the transformation of a nonpathogenic bacterium into a form that causes human disease. D. Sometimes an environmental signal can trigger a switchover from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle.

B. The lysogenic cycle typically results in the rapid lysis of all infected cells.

Which of the following is likely to occur in E. coli cells that are grown in skim milk? A. The trp operon is turned on, but the bacteria will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. B. The trp repressor is activated, and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes. C. The trp operon and the lac operon are both switched off. D. The lac operon is shut off, and the cells will not produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.

B. The trp repressor is activated, and the cells will produce lactose-utilizing enzymes.

Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE? A. If a virus mutates, the immune system may not recognize the virus. B. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses. C. Vaccines are available to prevent several diseases caused by viruses. D. People can get colds and flus again because the viruses are constantly mutating.

B. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses.

Which of the following statements about plant viruses is false? A. Preventing infections and breeding resistant plants can control viral infection in plants. B. There are many successful ways to rid infected plants of a virus. C. The genetic material in most plant viruses is RNA. D. Once in a plant, a virus can spread from cell to cell through plasmodesmata.

B. There are many successful ways to rid infected plants of a virus.

There is a mutation in the operator of the trp operon in a cell such that the trp repressor is unable to bind to the operator. If tryptophan is added to the cell, what will happen? A. Tryptophan will not bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will be produced. B. Tryptophan will bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will be produced. C. Tryptophan will bind to the operator, and trp enzymes will be produced. D. Tryptophan will bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will not be produced.

B. Tryptophan will bind to the repressor, and trp enzymes will be produced.

Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false? A. RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading. B. Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great. C. New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species. D. AIDS was around for decades before becoming a widespread epidemic.

B. Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great.

E. coli can synthesize the amino acid threonine or absorb it from the environment. In the thr operon, the repressor is active when it is bound to threonine. If an E. coli bacterium is in an environment where threonine is absent, will transcription of threonine synthesis genes take place? Why or why not? A. No, because threonine will not be bound to the repressor, so the repressor will be inactive. B. Yes, because threonine will not be bound to the repressor, so the repressor will be inactive. C. No, because threonine will not be bound to the repressor, so the repressor will be active. D. Yes, because threonine will not be bound to the repressor, so the repressor will be active.

B. Yes, because threonine will not be bound to the repressor, so the repressor will be inactive.

In female mammals, the inactive X chromosome in each cell A. is broken down, and its nucleotides are degraded and reused. B. becomes a Barr body. C. can be activated if mutations occur in the active X chromosome. D. is absorbed and used in energy production.

B. becomes a Barr body.

A protein coat enclosing a viral genome is known as a(n) A. envelope. B. capsid. C. capsule. D. prophage.

B. capsid.

Viruses are A. alive because they mutate and change over time through evolution. B. not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction. C. alive because they often contain DNA. D. not alive because they can only carry out photosynthesis and not cellular respiration.

B. not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.

In the presence of a regulatory protein the lac operon is _____. A. transcribed B. not transcribed C. transcribed at a faster than usual rate D. is turned on E. either transcribed or not transcribed

B. not transcribed

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____. A. promoter B. provirus C. transposon D. lac E. homeoboxes

B. provirus

The tortoiseshell pattern on a cat A. usually occurs in males. B. results from X chromosome inactivation. C. is the result of a homozygous recessive condition. D. is a result of alleles on the Y chromosome.

B. results from X chromosome inactivation.

The basis of cellular differentiation is A. mutation. B. selective gene expression. C. the operon. D. cloning.

B. selective gene expression.

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____. A. single-stranded DNA B. single-stranded RNA C. double-stranded DNA D. double-stranded RNA E. none of the above

B. single-stranded RNA

During an experiment assessing the development of a fly embryo, a scientist artificially turns on a homeotic gene that controls eye development in somatic cells that develop into the wings. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of this experiment? A. A mutant adult fly will develop that has no eyes on its head but has eyes on its wings. B. A normal adult fly will develop. C. A mutant adult fly will develop that has eyes on its wings. D. A mutant adult fly will develop that has legs on its head.

C. A mutant adult fly will develop that has eyes on its wings.

The lac operon controls expression of three genes that produce lactose-digesting enzymes. What role does lactose play in regulating the lac operon? A. It is not directly involved in gene regulation in this system. B. It turns off the gene that produces the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes. C. It binds to and disables the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes. D. It binds to the promoter region of the operon, thereby allowing RNA polymerase to attach and begin transcription of the three genes.

C. It binds to and disables the repressor protein, thereby allowing production of the three enzymes.

Which of the following statements about microarrays is false? A. Microarrays enable scientists to determine the activity of thousands of genes at once. B. Microarrays are used to determine which genes are active in different tissues or in tissues of different states of health. C. Microarrays use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes. D. Microarrays use fluorescently labeled cDNA molecules to identify particular genes expressed at a particular time.

C. Microarrays use tiny portions of double-stranded RNA fragments from a large number of genes.

A normal muscle cell produces the myosin protein, which allows muscles to contract. You discover a single muscle cell that has tRNAs that do not bind to amino acids. Will the myosin gene be expressed in this muscle cell? Why or why not? A. Yes, because the myosin gene will be transcribed in the muscle cell nucleus. B. No, because the myosin mRNA will likely get broken down in the cytoplasm. C. No, because if the tRNAs do not bind amino acids, then translation cannot occur. D. Yes, because all cells in the body express the myosin gene all of the time.

C. No, because if the tRNAs do not bind amino acids, then translation cannot occur.

_____ catalyzes the production of _____, which then opens an ion channel that releases _____ into the cell's cytoplasm. A. Protein kinase ... PIP2 ... Na+ B. Adenylyl cyclase ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+ C. Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+ D. Adenylyl cyclase ... IP3 .... Ca2+ E. Phospholipase C ... cyclic AMP ... Ca2+

C. Phospholipase C ... IP3 .... Ca2+

A stomach cell is producing pepsin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins. Which of the following events suggests that gene expression of pepsin has been turned off in the cell? A. The pepsin protein is folded properly in the cytoplasm. B. Activators and RNA polymerases are abundant in the nucleus. C. The chromosome with the pepsin gene is tightly coiled. D. The pepsin mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

C. The chromosome with the pepsin gene is tightly coiled.

Which of the following statements characterizes the lytic cycle of a viral infection? A. The virus reproduces outside of the host cell. B. The viral genes typically remain inactive once they are inside the host cell. C. The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell. D. The cycle typically ends when the host bacterium divides.

C. The cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell.

Which of the following statements about fruit fly development is false? A. Cascades of gene expression routinely direct fruit fly development. B. Homeotic genes regulate batteries of other genes that direct the anatomical identity of body parts. C. The location of the head and tail ends of the egg is primarily determined by the location of sperm entry during fertilization. D. One of the earliest development events is the determination of the head and tail ends of the egg.

C. The location of the head and tail ends of the egg is primarily determined by the location of sperm entry during fertilization.

The expression of the tryptophan operon is controlled by A. a repressor that is inactive when it binds to lactose. B. an activator that turns the operon on by binding to DNA. C. a repressor that is active when it binds to tryptophan. D. a repressor that is active when it is alone.

C. a repressor that is active when it binds to tryptophan.

Suppose you were in charge of sending an unmanned space probe to a new planet in search of life. The probe would be able to collect and test samples and make observations, but the planet is too far away for the probe to be able to bring samples back to Earth. The probe is small and would only be able to run a few tests, so you want to pick a test for evidence of life that is broad enough to incorporate all forms of life as we know it. Which one of the following tests would be the best to use in this situation? A. a test for the presence of large organisms capable of movement B. a test for the presence of things that change size quickly, since it would be an indication of growth and development C. a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA D. a test for the presence of soil suitable for growing plants

C. a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA

The lac operon of E. coli is ________ when the repressor is bound to lactose. A. cloned B. inactive C. active D. unregulated

C. active

Which of the following permits a single gene to code for more than one polypeptide? A. retention of different introns in the final version of the different mRNA strands B. addition of different types of caps and tails to the final version of the mRNA strands C. alternative RNA splicing D. genetic differentiation

C. alternative RNA splicing

The coding regions of a gene are called A. introns. B. promoters. C. exons. D. enhancers.

C. exons

RNA splicing involves the A. addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule. B. removal of exons from the molecule. C. removal of introns from the molecule. D. addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule.

C. removal of introns from the molecule.

In multicellular organisms, the coordination of cellular activities relies on A. cell receptors that detect transcription factors. B. operons. C. the availability of certain "key" nutrients as cells divide. D. cell-to-cell signaling and signal transduction pathways.

D. cell-to-cell signaling and signal transduction pathways.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? A. having DNA as a genetic code B. responding to stimuli C. being capable of reproduction D. creating energy E. exhibiting complex organization

D. creating energy

All of the following mechanisms are used to regulate protein production except A. protein breakdown. B. the breakdown of mRNA. C. protein activation. D. DNA replication.

D. DNA replication.

Which of the following statements about herpesviruses is false? A. Herpesviruses may cause cold sores or genital sores to appear during times of physical or emotional stress. B. Herpesviruses may remain dormant for long periods of time while inside the host cell nucleus. C. Herpesviruses acquire their envelopes from the host cell nuclear membrane. D. Herpesviruses reproduce inside the host cell's mitochondria.

D. Herpesviruses reproduce inside the host cell's mitochondria.

There is a mutation in the operator of the lac operon in a cell such that the lac repressor always stays bound to the operator. If lactose is added to the cell, what will happen? A. Lactose will bind to the operator, and lac enzymes will be produced. B. Lactose will not bind to the repressor, and lac enzymes will be produced. C. Lactose will bind to the repressor, and lac enzymes will be produced. D. Lactose will bind to the repressor, and lac enzymes will not be produced.

D. Lactose will bind to the repressor, and lac enzymes will not be produced.

Why can some plants be cloned from a single cell? A. Plant cells are capable of self-renewal by utilizing cellular components from adjacent cells. B. Plant cells can produce genes to replace those lost during development. C. Plant cells do not differentiate even when mature, so any cell can grow into an entire plant. D. Plant cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to all of the specialized cells required to produce an entire plant.

D. Plant cells can dedifferentiate and give rise to all of the specialized cells required to produce an entire plant.

Two yeast cells, one of type a and the other type α, are in proximity to each other. The a yeast cell has a mutation in the gene for the α factor receptor protein such that the receptor does not translocate to the surface of the a cell. If both cells secrete their respective a and α factors, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur? A. The a and α cells will not grow toward each other at all. B. The a and α cells will grow toward each other. C. The a cell will grow towards the α cell. D. The α cell will grow toward the a cell.

D. The α cell will grow toward the a cell.

Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses? A. nucleic acids B. proteins C. genetic material D. a cell membrane

D. a cell membrane

Adult stem cells have limited therapeutic potential A. due to their excessive numbers in tissues. B. because they lack a complete set of genes. C. because they are fully differentiated. D. because their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues.

D. because their developmental potential is limited to certain tissues.

The 2009 H1N1 flu virus A. killed over 50 million people worldwide. B. was an avian flu virus. C. was spread by mosquitoes. D. evolved through the genetic reshuffling of viruses that infect humans, birds, and pigs.

D. evolved through the genetic reshuffling of viruses that infect humans, birds, and pigs.

The envelope of a mumps virus A. is coded by host genes. B. accounts for viral resistance to antibiotics. C. helps the virus insert its DNA into the host cell genome. D. helps the virus enter the cell.

D. helps the virus enter the cell.

What is the source of a viral envelope? A. host cell DNA B. prophages C. provirus D. host cell membrane E. viral glycoproteins

D. host cell membrane

The lac operon in Escherichia coli A. prevents lactose intolerance. B. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is present in the environment. C. promotes the expression of lactose-utilizing enzymes when lactose is absent from the environment. D. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment.

D. prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment.

Enzyme complexes that break down protein are called _____. A. lipases B. ubiquitins C. amylase D. proteasomes E. nucleases

D. proteasomes

The nuclear membrane's role in the regulation of gene expression involves _____. A. protein activation B. translation C. protein degradation D. regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm E. RNA processing

D. regulating the transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a _____ binds to a receptor. A. G protein B. tyrosine kinase C. calmodulin D. signal molecule E. cyclic AMP

D. signal molecule

A signal outside a cell triggers changes in the transcription and translation inside the cell through A. post-translational editing. B. protein activation. C. protein breakdown. D. signal transduction pathways.

D. signal transduction pathways.

Yeast are able to communicate with each other A. by close cell-to-cell contact. B. only if they can touch each other and have merged cell walls. C. with pseudopodia. D. through chemical signaling.

D. through chemical signaling.

A gene operon consists of A. a promoter only. B. a regulatory gene only. C. a transcribed gene only. D. transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter.

D. transcribed genes, an operator, and a promoter.

Which of the following mechanisms of controlling gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? A. adding a cap and tail to RNA B. RNA splicing C. DNA packing/unpacking D. translation

D. translation

What is the function of reverse transcriptase? A. It catalyzes the formation of a polypeptide from an RNA template. B. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from a polypeptide template. C. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a polypeptide template. D. It catalyzes the formation of RNA from a DNA template. E. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

E. It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template.

A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of _____. A. a cellular response B. sensitization C. deactivation D. mutualism E. amplification

E. amplification

The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _____. A. replication of viral DNA B. entry of the phage protein coat into the host cell C. assembly of viral particles into phages D. the injection of phage DNA into a bacterium E. rupture of the bacterium

E. rupture of the bacterium

In the lysogenic cycle _____. A. host DNA is destroyed and viral DNA is replicated B. a bacterium replicates without passing viral DNA to its daughter cells C. viral DNA is destroyed and host DNA is replicated D. a bacterium divides once before the lytic cycle is initiated E. viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA

E. viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA