Honors Chemistry Final Exam

How is the percentage yield found?

% Yd = Actual Yd / Theoretical Yield X 100 (multiply fraction by 100, not the denominator)

The _________ is a list of elements organized according to the ease of the element to react.

Activity Series

In a combustion reaction, if carbon is present as a reactant, one of the products will be ____.

CO2

Example of a formula equation

H2(g) + F2(g) --> HF(g)

What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants.

How is molarity determined?

M = mol/L

What is a double replacement reaction?

ions in two compounds exchange places in an aqueous solution to form new compounds Ex: *2*KI + Pb(NO3)2 --> *2*KNO3 + PbI2

How does surface area affect the rate of dissolution?

larger surface area allows the solute to be dissolved quicker

The ______ reactant limits the amount of the other reactant that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction.

limiting

An ionic bond is always between ______ and ______.

nonmetals and metals

A covalent bond is always between ______ and ______

nonmetals and nonmetals

On a phase diagram, what is the order of phases?

solid, liquid, gas

capillary action

the movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid

diffusion

the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

molarity

the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution

dissolution

the separation of a substance into two or more simpler substances (dissolving)

equilibrium

the state of a reversible chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so that the concentration of the reactants and products remains the same

The _______ is the maximum amount that can be produced from a given amount of reactant.

theoretical yield

How is the formula of an ionic compound determined?

Criss-cross the charges/oxidation numbers of the elements Ex: Mg2+ and F1- = Mg1F2 = MgF2

Example of a balanced chemical equation

H2(g) + F2(g) --> *2*HF(g)

How is the name of a covalent compound determined?

If the first element has one atom, name the element. If the first element has more than on atom, place the prefix (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.) in front of the element's name. The second element should always have a prefix and should end in "-ide." Ex: P2O3 - diphosphorous trioxide

In a single replacement reaction, which types of elements replace each other?

Metal replaces metal, metal replaces hydrogen in water, metal replaces hydrogen in an acid, halogen replaces halogen

Example of translating an equation into a sentence

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) --> NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s) Aqueous sodium chloride reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to product aqueous sodium nitrate and solid silver chloride.

How is the name of an ionic compound determined?

Name the first element. The second element has "-ide" on the end. Ex: KCl = potassium chloride

How is an ionic compound with a transition element named?

The transition element is named with a Roman numeral in parentheses that determines its charge. Ex: ZnS = zinc (II) sulfide

_______ elements and elements in Group ___ have different charges in different situations.

Transition; 14

elastic collision

a collision between bodies (ex: between gas particles; between particles and the container walls) in which the total kinetic energy of the bodies is conserved

What is an ideal gas?

a gas whose molecules bounce off each other (and the boundaries of their container) with perfect elasticity and have negligible size, and in which the intermolecular forces acting between molecules not in contact with each other are also negligible; obeys the gas laws exactly at all temperatures and pressures

solution

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

concentration

a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution

colloid

a mixture in which very small particles of one substance are distributed evenly throughout another substance (particles are intermediate in size)

What is a decomposition reaction?

a single compound produces two or more simpler substances Ex: *2*H2O --> *2*H2 + O2

unsaturated

a solution contains less solute than the saturated solution under the existing conditions

supersaturated

a solution contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions

saturated

a solution contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

What is a combustion reaction?

a substance combines with oxygen, releasing large amounts of energy as heat and light Ex: C3H8 + *5*O2 --> *4*H2O + *3*CO2

solute

a substance that is dissolved in another substance

The _______ is the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction.

actual yield

barometer

an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

soluble

capable of being dissolved

miscible

capable of being mixed

In ionic compounds, the oxidation number is the _____ of the ion.

charge

If a substance is not used completely in the reaction, it is called the ______ reactant.

excess

How does temperature affect the rate of dissolution?

heat allows the solute to be dissolved quicker because molecules move faster and contact solvent

immiscible

incapable of being mixed or blended

Most ideal gases are _____ gases.

noble

What is a single replacement reaction?

one element replaces a similar element in the compound Ex: Cu(s) + *2*AgNO3(aq) --> Cu(NO3)2 + *2*Ag(s)

suspensions

particles in a solvent are large and settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred or agitated

The _______ measures the efficiency of the reaction.

percentage yield

The least ideal gases are _____ molecules because...

polar; "polar" implies an attraction between particles

surface tension

property of water; the surface of water behaves like a thin, elastic film

Example of a word equation

sodium chloride + silver nitrate --> sodium nitrate + silver chloride

electrolyte

solute; when dissolved in water, the ions move around, allowing the solution to conduct electricity

nonelectrolyte

solute; when dissolved in water, the molecules are neutral, so they do NOT conduct electricity

How does agitation affect the rate of dissolution?

stirring or shaking is similar to crushing. It allows the solute to come into contact with solvent.

What are some factors that affect the rate of dissolution?

temperature, surface area, agitation

solubility

the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature

evaporation

the change of a liquid to a gas at a temperature below boiling point; takes place at the surface of the liquid

solvent

the dissolving medium (a substance that can dissolve another substance, or in which another substance is dissolved) - water is the most common

pressure

the force per unit area that a molecule of a gas, liquid, or solid exerts on another

vaporization

the phase transition from the liquid state to the gas state

solution equilibrium

the physical state in which dissolution and crystallization occur at equal rates

On a phase diagram, what is the triple point?

the point at which all three phases can exist

On a phase diagram, what is the critical point?

the point at which there ceases to be a boundary between phases. There is no distinction between liquid and gas phases at and beyond the point.

sublimation

the process of changing from a solid to a gas without passing through an intermediate liquid phase

hydration

the solution process that occurs when water is the solvent

On the Activity Series, an element towards the ____ of the table is very reactive and will replace any element below it in a single replacement reaction.

top

What is a synthesis reaction?

two or more substances combine to form a new compound Ex: *2*Na(s) + Cl2(g) --> *2*NaCl(s)

In a combustion reaction, one of the products is always _____.

water