How Is Genetic Information in DNA Used to Express Proteins?

dna→genes→chromosomes→nucleus→cell

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Base insertion (frameshift)

-One nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus

protein synthesis

The process for making proteins is the same for all cells.

Three-base insertion

Three nucleotides are added or deleted to the DNA sequence

How cell makes a protein in transcription

To make a protein, a cell must convert the information contained in DNA into a messenger molecule. Then the code in the messenger molecule is translated into a string of amino acids that will make a certain protein. The first stage of protein synthesis is transcription. During transcription, the information in DNA instructs the cell to make a messenger molecule, mRNA.

In RNA, the nitrogenous base A pairs with...?

Uracil

List the nitrogen bases of RNA

adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine

protein one of more polymers made from monomers called

amino acids

DNA→RNA→Protein

central dogma

Mutation

changes in the sequence of nucleotides in a strand of DNA.

What do you call the three letter sequence of mRNA bases?

codon

Which sugar is in DNA nucleotides?

deoxyribose

dna is a polymer made from monomers called..

deoxyribose

Genes carry the information that, along with environmental factors, determines an organism's traits. How does this work?

genes, along with the influence of environmental factors, direct the production of proteins in cells, and the types of proteins in a cell determine the cell's an organism's structure and function.

What molecule is made during transcription?

mRNA

RNA comes in three kinds called

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

What amino acid is attached to the start codon?

methionine

What happens to the chain when you reach the codon UAA?

stops

RIBOSOMES use amino-acid bearing molecules called?

tRNA

Transcription

the information contained in DNA is converted into a messenger molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) -In eukaryotic cells, transcription takes place in the nucleus.

translation

this happens on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell. In this phase, the code in the mRNA molecule is translated by transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries amino acid monomers used to build a protein molecule.

What is the final product of translation?

A protein molecule/ strand of amino acids that can differ in shape.

One night while watching TV you hear a newscaster say, "DNA mutations cause damaged proteins". Based on your work in this activity, how would you respond to this claim?

I would say it is true, this is because an insertion or deletion within the DNA, will cause a mutation within the RNA that is built, which is used to build the protein.

Predict the results of a two-base insertion or deletion to a strand of DNA that codes for a protein. How is this different from a three-base insertion or deletion?

It depends if there is an odd number of insertions or deletions in the process. If there is, then there will be an abnormal amount of amino acids. In a 3 base error, there will be an odd total regardless. If there was a three base insertion or deletion, there would be one more/less amino acid than needed. However, with a two base insertion or deletion, the amino acids are not correct and are all shifted.

Base deletion (frameshift)

One nucleotide is deleted from the DNA sequence

Substitution

One nucleotide is substituted for a different nucleotide

What enzyme is responsible for allowing transcription to occur?

RNA polymerase

transcription is performed by an enzyme called..

RNA polymerase

Transcription process

Transcription is the process of copying the information from a gene using RNA nucleotides. The single-stranded RNA created during transcription, is called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA will have the same genetic information as the original gene and be small enough to leave the nucleus and move the ribosome to complete protein synthesis.

Which sugar is in RNA nucleotides?

ribose

rrna molecules are components of

ribosomes

translation is performed by structures called..

ribosomes

Where in the cell does translation take place?

ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Two phases of protein synthesis

transcription and translation