HS 309: Nutrition (Chapters 9 - 14)

Approximately what percentage of the food produced in the United States and in the world is wasted?

40%

To meet his RDA for protein, a 70-year-old man who weighs 70 kilograms (154 pounds) should consume _____ grams of protein per day. a.70

56

Why does calcium absorption decline with aging? Provide at least two reasons.

As you age, you struggle with lactose intolerance, which leads you to decrease your calcium intake by avoiding dairy foods. You'll also lose your vitamin D receptors and those allow you to take in calcium easier. Many older individuals are on a lot of different medications, which long-term can cause stomach inflammation. This reduces the absorption of calcium. Lastly overconsuming or supplementing fiber is another reason calcium absorption decreases with age.

What are some criticisms of organic farming?

- Animal and plant waste must be managed properly to avoid contamination of crops, soil, and water - Pesticides are always a risk because no food can be 100% pesticide free - Manure can travel and pollute lakes and streams nearby

Both Canada (in 2008) and the FDA (in 2012) banned the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in baby bottles. What is BPA, and what is the rationale of banning BPA in baby bottles?

- a harmful human-made chemical used to produce plastics such as refillable water bottles, reusable storage containers for food, and infant feeding bottles - they banned it because it's harmful during early stages of development, specifically the brain of infants and children

What are the roles of prolactin and oxytocin during lactation, and where are they produced?

- both oxytocin and prolactin are produced by the pituitary gland and is a hormone that controls the maturation of breast tissue and production/release of breast milk - prolactin is released due to the suckling of the breast from the infant. This stimulates the milk production in the breast tissue - oxytocin allows milk to be released from the mammary glands and sends it to the nipple

What is the rationale for athletes to consume sodium bicarbonate, and what are the drawbacks?

- the rationale would be that sodium bicarbonate improves athletic performances that normally would be limited by acid-base disturbances due to high rates of anaerobic glycolysis - one drawback would be that it could have gastrointestinal side effects. This causes performance enhancement rather than a benefit

Identify some shared characteristics of iron and zinc.

Both zinc and iron get absorbed less by vegetarians, than nonvegetarians. Similar to iron, only about 10%-35% of zinc gets absorbed. In addition, they both can interfere with copper use, absorption, and metabolism. Zinc and iron recommend 8mg per day, but there's a difference. Zinc recommends that amount for women, while iron recommends the same amount for adult men and postmenopausal women. Lastly, if you already have a chronic disease, it can lead to more problems when it comes to both zinc and iron.

If you were working in a pediatric clinic, what signs and symptoms indicate a child could be suffering from vitamin A toxicity?

I would first ask if the child has had numerous amounts of fish liver oil. In addition, I would ask for the following symptoms: loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, bone and joint pain, blurred or double vision, hip fracture, headache, and liver damage.

How do oil prices affect the food production chain?

It affects fertilizer, planting, harvesting, storage, and shipping. It's shown through research that most of the net kilocalories in wheat and corn are diverted to ethanol biofuel, which means that there's less food energy for humans to ingest.

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer disease?

It can negatively affect the nutritional status of a person.

_________ (amino acid) metabolism is a potential function of arsenic.

Methionine

Which is a reasonable expectation for weight management?

Regular exercise, maintained throughout life, makes weight management easier.

Which is a function of the EPA?

Regulating the safety of public water supplies

is not a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.

Vitamin D deficiency

What is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)?

WIC is a food assistance program that offers nutrition education and referrals to healthcare services. Any mother that is pregnant and low-income, breastfeeding, and postpartum can qualify. In addition, it includes infants and children up to 5 years. This program plays a role in decreasing hunger and food insecurity.

Which of the following influences a person's lean body mass?

age, gender, degree of muscle development

Which of the following statements is not true?

all are correct: - as the intensity of an exercise increases, glycogen depletion increases - anaerobic and aerobic energy systems work together to fuel athletic performance - "hitting the wall" refers to having nearly depleted one's glycogen stores during exercise

BHT, BHA, vitamin C, and sulfites are used as food preservatives because they are

antioxidants

When a person takes in more energy than they need:

any surplus energy is stored in the form of fat.

Among those who are infected with the HIV virus, the infection progresses faster in people who:

are poorly nourished.

An electrolyte solution always contains:

equal numbers of cations and anions.

True or False? Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of pantothenic acid.

false

True or False? Daily zinc supplements are recommended for older adults because their zinc intake is typically low.

false

True or False? During low-intensity endurance physical activities, the body uses primarily fast-twitch muscle fibers.

false

True or False? Emotional stress increases the body's need for many vitamins.

false

True or False? The appropriate order of stages of development is blastocyst, fetus, and embryo.

false

what is a problem causing hunger?

food insecurity

What factor determines the relative proportion of muscle fiber types in athletes?

genes

Which of the following foods is not a source of vitamin B12?

green, leafy vegetables

Which is the most sensitive measurement for assessing an infant's growth?

head circumference

is a maladaptive and abnormal increase in activity that is inconsistent with developmental levels.

hyperactivity

Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by:

hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

All of the following conditions are likely to result from suboptimal nutrition except:

increased growth rate in young children.

Doubly labeled water measures the isotopes

of hydrogen and oxygen

Which food is not a good source of vitamin K?

orange juice

In the United States, most cases of foodborne illness are the result of:

poor food-handling practices at home and restaurants.

Adolescence, commonly defined as the time between the onset of ___ and adulthood, involves both physical growth and emotional maturation.

puberty

The lack of hunger that you feel after eating a meal is called

satiation

Strategies to combat disordered eating in athletes include:

treating each athlete individually

True or False? A woman's needs for most B vitamins increase during pregnancy.

true

True or False? Caffeine is a natural stimulant that may have ergogenic effects.

true

True or False? If untreated, hemochromatosis can cause organ damage, diabetes, heart disease, liver cancer, and death.

true

True or False? The iron recommendation for girls exceeds that of boys during adolescence.

true

True or False? When creatine phosphate breaks down, it releases a phosphate group that is used to form ATP.

true

True or False? Wrestlers generally experience a decline in physical performance when they lose as little as 2 percent of their body weight as water.

true

High vitamin E supplementation is likely to interfere with the functioning of:

vitamin K

identify some shared characteristics of iron and zinc

Both zinc and iron get absorbed less by vegetarians, than nonvegetarians. Similar to iron, only about 10%-35% of zinc gets absorbed. In addition, they both can interfere with copper use, absorption, and metabolism. Zinc and iron recommend 8mg per day, but there's a difference. Zinc recommends that amount for women, while iron recommends the same amount for adult men and postmenopausal women. Lastly, if you already have a chronic disease, it can lead to more problems when it comes to both zinc and iron.

Which of the following is a major function of iron?

Brain function Oxygen transport Immune function All of these are correct

Which of the following conditions stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone?

Hypothalamic receptors sensing an increase in extracellular sodium concentration

A person with a BMI of 21 falls into what range as defined by the CDC?

normal weight

"Food insecurity" refers to:

not having access to nutritionally adequate and safe foods

The recommended way to replenish glycogen stores after intense exercise is to consume _____ grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight per hour.

1 to 1.5

What are the five tenets of nutrigenomics? Provide at least three.

1. During specific circumstances and among some individuals, diet heavily influences a number of diseases 2. Common dietary chemicals can impact the human genome directly or indirectly, which can cause an alteration in gene expression or its structure 3. Certain diet-regulated genes, and their common variants, are likely to have an effect on the onset, incidence, progression, and/or severity of chronic diseases

Match the following terms with their definitions. 1. A federally funded survey that measures the prevalence and severity of food insecurity and hunger 2. A nonprofit child advocacy group that works to improve public policies to eradicate hunger and undernutrition in the United States 3. A federally funded program that reimburses approved family child-care providers for USDA-approved foods served to preschool children 4. The largest charitable hunger-relief organization in the United States 5. The largest autonomous United Nations agency that works to alleviate poverty and hunger by promoting agricultural development, improved nutrition, and the pursuit of food security

1. Food Security Supplement Survey 2. Food Research and Action Center 3. Child and Adult Care Food Program 4. Feeding America 5. Food and Agriculture Organization

Obese individuals may have greater risks of which problems during pregnancy, delivery, or lactation? Provide at least three.

1. high blood pressure 2. gestational diabetes 3. preeclampsia 4. difficulty initiating or continuing breastfeeding 5. increased risk for stillbirth, unplanned cesarean section, prolonged delivery, preterm birth, and congenital birth defects 6. higher birth weight

The minimum safe internal temperature for ground meats is:

160 degree F.

Which of the following statements is true?

Exposing orange juice to sunlight does not affect the juice's potassium content.

True or False? E. coli can be contracted by eating food improperly handled by a person who is infected with the hepatitis A virus.

False

True or False? Staphylococcal food poisoning rarely occurs in the United States.

False

Describe the process of vitamin B12 absorption.

First, the salivary glands produce the R-protein, which the B12 binds to once in the stomach. The salivary glands protect vitamin B12 as it travels through the stomach into the small intestine. Once in the small intestine, pancreatic proteases cleave vitamin B12 from the R-protein. Vitamin B12 then binds to a substance produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. These are the same cells that produce hydrochloric acid. The two substances then travel together to the ileum of the small intestine and attach to receptor cells on the organ's brush border. B12 vitamin is then absorbed by the receptor cells and is transferred to transcobalamin 2. This is a protein carrier in the bloodstream. This carrier enters the bloodstream and delivers the vitamin b12 to the liver, bone marrow, and developing blood cells.

What is food insecurity, and what characteristics are associated with food insecurity? Provide at least two characteristics.

Food insecurity is not having a lot of access to nutritionally adequate or safe foods. In addition, constantly worrying about having enough food. Malnutrition and the working poor are two characteristics of food insecurity.

How does stress-induced sleep loss affect food intake?

Some individuals use food to cope with stress. They can become a restrained or binge eater. Acute stress could lead to less eating while chronic stress could lead to overeating. Acute stress brings on your flight or fight instincts and that decreases your appetite, due to the release of hormones. Chronic stress increases your want to suppress your feelings and overeat. Stress induced eating will increase your chances of developing obesity. restrained eater or binge eater. Stress-induced sleep loss affects food intake because lack of sleep will cause you to want more energy. You'll eat higher fat foods or not eat all day, but gorge on one big meal later. Stress also can decrease an appetite or increase it. You'll definitely snack a lot more.

Which meal contains the most beta-carotene?

Spinach quiche, green salad, cantaloupe

Which of the following recommendations is a safe food storage practice?

Store eggs in a refrigerator in their original carton, but not in the door.

What is the association between obesity and cancer?

The association between obesity and cancer is different when it comes to men and women. For women, obesity includes cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. For men, obesity includes cancer of the colon, rectum, and prostate. For both men and women, it isn't clear whether the cancer of the breast or colon is from the extra weight gain or high-fat and high-calorie diets.

True or False? Pasteurization is the process that destroys pathogens in milk.

True

Hyperkalemia:

can be a sign of kidney failure.

Water acts as an acid-base buffer in the blood by combining with carbon dioxide and forming:

carbonic acid to lower the pH.

Vitamin A promotes vision through its effects on the:

cornea

Modern surgical procedures to treat obesity include all of the following except:

intestinal bypass

One of the adverse effects of lead toxicity on children is:

iron-deficiency anemia

Which energy system involves anaerobic glycolysis?

lactic acid

The portion of the body exclusive of stored fat, including muscle, bone, connective tissue, organs, and water is called

lean body mass

(amino acid) metabolism is a potential function of arsenic.

methionine

Fiber and phytate do not affect the absorption of:

molybdenum

Fiber and phytate do not affect the absorption of

molybdenum.

Compared to that of college-age adults, as we get older, the minimum amount of a flavor that must be present to detect taste is:

more than double.

The prevalence of obesity among low-income, food-insecure groups in America is explained by their:

need to maximize calorie intake for every dollar spent.

Prolonged megadoses of vitamin B6 may cause:

nerve damage

What is the main advantage of soy-based formulas?

they are lactose-free