HSC Respiratory System

70% of carbon dioxide being transported by the blood is in what form?

as bicarbonate ion

the nasal _______ is a hollow space just behind the nose

cavity

Histotoxic Hyoxia

cells are unable to use oxygen that is being provided by the blood

the process that occurs in the cells during which oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is produced is called __________ __________

cellular respiration

as the pH of the blood _________, the likelihood that oxyhemoglobin will release more oxygen at the tissue capillaries _________

decreases; increases

each gas dissolved in the blood diffuses between the blood and its surroundings bases on differences in the partial pressure between the locations. diffusion occurs until?

equilibrium is reached

each ________ atom within each of the four ________ groups within a hemoglobin molecule binds one oxygen molecule

iron; heme

indicate 3 factors that increase the diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

1. increased surface area of membrane 2. thinner membrane 3. greater partial pressure gradient

list 2 characteristics of the pontine respiratory group

1. influences the basic rhythm of breathing by limiting inspiration 2. located in the pons

list 2 characteristics of the binding between carbon dioxide and hemoglobin

1. is reversible 2. is between CO2 and the amino groups

list 4 factors that affect breathing rate and depth

1. level of physical activity 2. a persons emotional state 3. chemical changes in body fluids 4. stimulation by respiratory areas

the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water is carbonic ___________

anahydrase

the pressure of the air around us, called the ____________ pressure, moves air into the lungs during inspiration

atmospheric

carbonic acid dissociates into which two products?

bicarbonate ion, hydrogen ion

by what method is almost 98% of the oxygen in the blood carried?

bound to the iron portion of the hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells

the compound formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin to be transported in the blood

carbaminohemoglobin

anemic hypoxia

diminished ability of blood to transport oxygen

two terms describe the process by which air is moved out of the lungs?

exhalation; expiration

blood flowing through the tissue capillaries picks up carbon dioxide because active tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have a relatively _________ Pco2 compared to the blood

high

the process of breathing rapidly, expiring more carbon dioxide than normal, is called _____________

hyperventillation

when the chemosensitive areas in the medulla oblongata detect an increase in hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, the signal the respiratory areas to _______ respiratory rate and _________ tidal volume

increase; increase

what is the effect of bronchodilation on the diameter of the airways?

increased diameter

what effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on thoracic cavity volume?

increases thoracic cavity volume

the _________ ___________ reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonant chambers that affect the quality of the voice

paranasal sinuses

what structures are components of the upper respiratory tract?

pharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, nose

what is another term for breathing, describing air movement into and out of the alveoli?

ventilation

in addition to the internal intercostal muscles, what 3 additional muscles are used in order to exhale more forcibly than normal?

transverse abdominis external and internal obliques rectus abdominis

the medullary respiratory center is composed of what two areas?

ventral respiratory group, dorsal respiratory group

residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

carbon dioxide combines with ______ to form carbonic acid

water

the left lung has ______ lobes

2

on average, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is ____mmHG

45

what percent of CO2 being transported by the blood is in the form of bicarbonate ion?

70%

as blood passes through the tissue (systemic) capillaries, oxygen is _________ because the PO2 in the tissue fluid is _________ than the PO2 in the blood of those capillaries

dropped off; lower

ischemic hypoxia

due to inadequate blood flow

the amount of carbon dioxide that dissolves in the plasma is determined primarily by the _________ ________ of CO2 is the tissues

partial pressure

The bronchial tree consists of the passageways that connect the ___________ to the __________

trachea; aveoli

it is necessary that the respiratory membrane be _______ in order to alloq adequate gas exchange?

thin

to what part of the hemoglobin molecule does carbon dioxide bind?

to the globin portion of the molecule

name the structure that conducts air from the larynx to the main bronchi

trachea

the ________ is a flexible tube with C-shaped cartilage rings that extends from the larynx to the main bronchi

trachea

structures found within the lower respiratory tract

trachea, lungs

vibration of the _____ vocal cords produces sound

true

carbaminohemoglobin decomposes readily in regions of _______ Pco2

low

the __________ are spongy, cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity responsible for gas exchange and venhilation

lungs

what is the main factor that determines the amount of carbon dioxide that dissolves in the plasma?

partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues

During quiet breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process, since it relies on the recoil of elastic tissues to change thoracic cavity volume

passive

when blood oxygen levels decrease dramatically, ____________ chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies stimulate the respiratory centers of the brain to _________ breathing rate

peripheral; increase

the trachea branches to formthe bronchial tree. as the trachea branches, two airways called the __________ __________ are formed. these are the airways of the bronchial tree

primary bronchus

carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. this reaction occurs most rapidly within the ___________

red blood cells

air will flow from an area of _________ pressure to an area of __________ pressure

higher; lower

the term _________ refers to a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues

hypoxia

two terms for the process that moves air into the lungs

inhalation; inspiration

all of the following will exchange the diffusion efficiency of gases across the respiratory membrane except

number of open ion channels

the ____________ and ____________ pleura are serous membranes that enclose each lung

parietal; visceral

in a mixture of gases, the amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure is called the ________ pressure of the gas

partial

3 functions of the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity

1. filter pathogens and other particles 2. humidifying inhaled air 3. warming inhaled air

breath-holding leads to an increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. this in turn would cause what 3 effects?

1. increase in breathing depth and rate 2. stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group 3. stimulation of the central chemoreceptors

in which two of the following situations would the gas show a new diffusion into the capillary?

1. PO2 in alveoli = 104mHg; Po2 of capillary = 40mmHg 2. PO2 in alveoli = 45mHg; Po2 of capillary = 40mmHg

list 3 ways that blood transports carbon dioxide

1. as bicarbonate ions 2. as carbaminohemoglobin 3. as a dissolved gas

3 functions of the pleurae and the associated fluid

1. assists in creating a pressure gradient for air flow 2. compartmentalizes organs of the thoracic cavity 3. reduces friction during breathing

list the two methods by which oxygen is transported in the blood

1. bound to the iron of the hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells 2. dissolved directly in the plasma

indicate 3 components of the respiratory membrane

1. capillary endothelium and its basement membrane 2. alveolar epithelium and is basement membrane 3. interstistial space between alveoli and capillaries

list 3 characteristics of respiratory stretch receptors

1. cause a shortening in the duration of inspiration 2. are stimulated when the lung and pleura are stretched 3. stimulate the pontine respiratory group

list 3 functions of the pharynx

1. conduct air from nasal cavity to the larynx 2. help in the production of sounds 3. conduct food from oral cavity to esophagus

list 2 characteristics of the ventral respiratory group (VRG)

1. controls the basic rhythm of breathing 2. located in the medulla oblongata

list 3 factors that will increase the amount of oxygen that oxyhemoglobin releases at the tissue capillaries

1. decreased blood pH 2. increased blood PCo2 3. increased temperature

what are 3 functions of the chemosensitive areas (central chemoreceptors) in the medulla oblongata

1. detect changes in levels of hydrogen ions 2. detect changes in levels of carbon dioxide 3. detect changes in the cerebrospinal fluid

list 4 characteristics of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

1. modifies function of ventral respiratory group 2. integrates sensory information about the respiratory system 3. stimulates the diaphragm 4. located in the medulla oblongata

list 3 characteristics of the peripheral chemoreceptors

1. monitor the blood 2. are located in the carotid and aortic bodies 3. detect changes in blood oxygen levels

arrange the gases present in ordinary air, from the gas with the highest concentration to the gas with lowest concentration

1. nitrogen 2. oxygen 3. carbon dioxide

list three functions of the respiratory system

1. obtain oxygen for the body 2. produce vocal sounds 3. regulate blood pH

place the following in correct order from superficial to deep

1. parietal pleura 2. pleural cavity 3. visceral pleura 4. lung

indicate the order of events that result in inspiration

1. phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm muscle 2. diaphragm (and external intercostals) contract 3. volume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure decreases 4. air flows into lungs and alveoli

list 3 functions of the respiratory system

1. remove CO2 from the body 2. regulate blood pH 3. participate in gathering olfactory information

indicate the correct order of events that occur during expiration

1. respiratory muscles relax 2. lung tissue recoils, reducing volume and increasing pressure in thoracic cavity 3. air flows out of lungs

list 3 properties of the larynx

1. the passageway for moving air into and out of the trachea 2. prevents foreign materials from entering the trachea and lungs 3. houses the vocal cords

the force required for expelling air during normal, relaxed expiration is generated by what 3 factors?

1. the relaxed of the diaphragm 2. the elastic recoil of the tissues 3. surface tension

3 statements that describe the nasal conchae?

1. they support the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity 2. they are bones and bony processes 3. they increase the surface area of the internal nose

the events of respiration in order starting with the movement of fresh air into the lungs

1. ventilation 2. external respiration 3. transport of gases via blood from lungs to body cells 4. internal respiration 5. cellular respiration

as blood leaves the lungs, hemoglobin is _________% saturated with oxygen. as blood leaves the tissue capillaries, the hemoglibin is _________% saturated

100%; 75%

the PO2 of alveolar air is ________ mmHg. the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of __________ mmHg, and the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries has a PO2 of _______mmHg

104; 40; 104

the right lung has _____ lobes

3

on average, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCo2) in alveolar air is ______mmHg

40

the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in systemic venous blood is ________ mmHg

40

the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood is _________ mmHg

95

what effect does contraction of the diaphragm have on airflow through the airways of the lungs?

air flows into the lungs and alveoli

describe air pressures at the end of expiration ( the pause between breaths)

air pressures inside and outside of the lungs are equal

in the lungs, gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs at the ________ of the lungs

alveoli

the _________ of the lungs provide a large surface area of thin simple squamous epithelial cells through which are easily exchanged between air and blood

alveoli

what structures are located at the distal ends of the airways?

alveoli

the open space indicated by the arrow on the micrograph is a(n) _________

alveolus

tidal volume (TV)

amount of air inspired/expired with each quiet breath

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of tidal volume

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after inspiration of tidal volume

what action would cause airflow through the airways into the alveoli?

contraction of diaphragm

which action would decrease intra-alveolar pressure?

contraction of diaphragm

hypoxemia

decreased arterial PO2

what is the term for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs?

external respiration

sound is produced as air forced through the __________, causing vibration of the _________ vocal cords

glottis; true

when carbonic acid dissociates, most of the resulting hydrogen ions bind quickly to ________

hemoglobin

the __________ is an enlargement in the airway at the top of the trachea, housing the vocal cords

larynx

at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium. these two tissues layers are collectively know has the respiratory ____________

membrane

the nasal cavity is lined with a(n) ____________ membrane that warms and humidifies inhaled air before it travels to the lungs

mucous

the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the cells is called _____________

respiration

groups of neurons in the brainstem form the _______ areas which control both inspiration and expiration

respiratory

what is the term used to describe the combination of one inspiration plus the following expiration

respiratory cycle

the walls of alveoli are primarily __________ epithelium

simple squamous