HST 130 Exam 2

Place in chronological order the events leading up to the end of the Revolutionary War.

-British forces seize NYC -Washington's troops defeated British forces at the Battle of Trenton -The Americans and the French form an alliance -British forces focuses their attention on the south -American and French forces defeat the British in Yorktown, Virginia

The Constitution expanded the role of the national government, balancing the powers reserved for the states with those needed for a stronger and more effective national government. What was innovative about this concept, which came to be known as federalism?

-Federalism allowed the national government to impose taxes, support a military, borrow money, and create a national currency. -Federalism gave the national government power over the states to regulate commerce and international relations. -Federalism created principles for maintaining a supreme national government that shared power with the states.

Jefferson wanted the United States to remain a nation of farmers. He saw in the West the possibility of accomplishing this goal for the country. What measurements did he take to expand the nation to the West?

-He signed the Treaty of Cession in 1803, completing the Louisiana Purchase. -He reduced the cost of federal lands. -He admitted Ohio to the Union in 1803.

Identify the statements that describe the domestic political developments of Thomas Jefferson's administration.

-It abolished the whiskey tax on farmers who produced grain. -It secured the Louisiana Purchase. -It initiated the expeditions to the West.

Identify the impact of Jefferson's Embargo Act on the economy of the United States.

-New England shipbuilders saw their businesses decline. -Seaport cities were abandoned. -Smuggling became widespread. -Unemployment rose as sailors lost their livelihoods. -Exports fell.

The Articles of Confederation defined the first government of the United States. Identify the aspects of the Articles of Confederation that demonstrate how it was a reaction to the fears of a monarchy.

-No president or chief executive was allowed. -Unanimous approval from the states was required to levy taxes. -Large majorities of the states were required to approve measures on war, finances, and the army.

How did the French Revolution divide America?

-President Washington and the Federalists refused to support the French Revolution. -Thomas Jefferson resigned as secretary of state in support of the French Revolution. -Discontent farmers in the Appalachians started the Whiskey Rebellion.

The sharpest irony of the American Revolution is that Britain offered enslaved blacks more opportunities for freedom than did the new United States. Identify the different outcomes African Americans faced after the Revolutionary War.

-Slaves who joined the Loyalists were punished for disloyalty. -Slavery was ended in most northern states, inspired by the ideas of liberty and freedom at the heart of the Patriot cause. -Freed slaves fled to Canada or the British colonies in search of freedom.

Identify the challenges the British military leaders faced during the Revolutionary War.

-The American army refused to engage in a large, decisive battle, instead of picking and choosing when to engage the British. -The Continental Congress was able to sustain a "Continental army" through incentivizing recruits with cash, land, clothing, and blankets. -Americans maintained a strong ideological commitment to their belief that tyranny should be resisted and overcome, and that drove their steadfast commitment to their cause.

After the colonies declared independence in 1776, the Articles of Confederation established a new American government in 1777. Americans did not trust powerful centralized governments after their experience with the British monarchy. What were some of the ways that the new Confederation government kept the national government in check?

-The Articles of Confederation established a congress, and members were appointed by the state legislatures, but it did not establish a presidency. -An amendment required the unanimous vote of both Congress and all thirteen state legislatures. -The Articles of Confederation granted limited wartime powers to Congress and could not impose taxes or enforce laws.

ow did the Articles of Confederation lay the groundwork for America's future political structure?

-The Articles of Confederation supported the concept of "republicanism." -The Confederation government negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain in 1783. -The Confederation government established the principles of land distribution and territorial government.

Identify the reasons why the Battle of King's Mountain was a significant turning point during the Revolutionary War.

-The Battle of King's Mountain was a crucial victory for the Americans, as it undermined the British strategy in the South. -The British defeat made it very difficult for them to recruit American Loyalists to fight against the Patriots.

Why was the Battle of Saratoga significant to the Revolutionary War?

-The Battle of Saratoga showed the French that the Patriots were capable of fighting the British, and this would ultimately lead to a military alliance with France. -The Battle of Saratoga was the first decisive victory over the British and showed them that the Patriots were capable of winning major battles, and possibly the war.

Identify the ways in which the Battle of Yorktown was a key turning point in the Revolutionary War.

-The Battle of Yorktown was the final battle of the Revolutionary War. -The French navy helped secure an American victory over the British.

Identify the challenges American military leaders faced from the British during the Revolutionary War.

-The British Empire sent 35,000 soldiers and half of its huge navy across the Atlantic to put down the American rebellion. -The British recruited American Loyalists, Native Americans, and African Americans to fight on their behalf. -To aid their war effort, the British also hired foreign soldiers (mercenaries).

Before the Revolution, Americans tolerated religious dissent; after the Revolution, many Americans insisted on complete freedom of religion as embodied in the principle of separation of church and state. Identify actions that took place during and following the Revolutionary War that supported this social change.

-The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom declared that "no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship." -All states except Virginia eliminated tax support for the church before the fighting was over, and Virginia did so soon afterward.

Place in chronological order the events that led to the adoption of the Constitution.

-The final draft of the Constitution is submitted to the states for approval. -Delaware ratifies the Constitution. -New Hampshire ratifies the Constitution. -The Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution.

The United States' desire to claim Canada and Florida contributed to the decision to declare war on Great Britain. Why was the United States unable to accomplish this goal?

-The military was unprepared for war. -The British had strong Native American allies. -Northeastern states refused to cooperate with the war effort.

The limitations of the Articles of the Confederation prompted Congress to draft a new Constitution, which begins, "We the people." How did the assumptions embedded in that phrase help shape the Constitution?

-The national government has the authority to govern its citizens without state governments functioning as intermediaries. -The power of government must come from the consent of those that are governed.

Identify how the alliance with France contributed to the outcome of the American Revolution.

-The support of French supplies and troops was central to the Patriot victory. -France agreed to fight alongside the revolutionaries until American independence was won.

What prompted the demands of the delegates at the Hartford Convention?

-a desire to limit the political power of southern states -a desire to ensure economic security for New England states -a desire to weaken the Republican party

One of the changes that took place after the Revolutionary War was that leaders embraced Republican ideology. Identify all of the advantages they saw this form of government having over monarchies, such as the British Empire.

-limiting powers of government -elected representatives and legislators -more transparency into the political process

The first ten amendments to the Constitution addressed objections of anti-Federalists over safeguards for individual liberties. Identify the rights protected by the Bill of Rights.

-protection from unreasonable searches and seizures -protection of the right to refuse to testify against oneself -protection of the right to refuse to house soldiers

What events helped Americans successfully negotiate an end to the War of 1812?

-the Battle of Lake Champlain -the Battle of Baltimore

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)

A Virginia law, drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777 and enacted in 1786, that guarantees freedom of, and from, religion. Significance: Helped shaped the course that religious life would take in the new United States: diverse and voluntary.

Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy

A group of Native Americans under leadership of Shawnees Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa; its mission of fighting off American expansion was thwarted in the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), when the confederacy fell apart.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law promoted by President Thomas Jefferson prohibiting American ships from leaving for foreign ports, in order to safeguard them from British and French attacks. Significance: This ban on American exports proved disastrous to the U.S. economy.

Hartford Convention (1815)

A series of secret meetings in December 1814 and January 1815 at which New England Federalists protested American involvement in the War of 1812 and discussed several constitutional amendments, including limiting each president to one term, designed to weaken the dominant Republican Party.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Agreement between Great Britian and the United States that ended the War of 1812, return prisoners, and restore previous boundaries. British also pledged to stop supporting Indian attacks along Great Lakes Signed in Belgium Significance: ended the war

Complete the passage to describe how slavery laws changed during Jefferson's presidency.

Although a slave owner himself, Jefferson encouraged Congress to make it illegal to import slaves into the United States. He believed that the practice violated human rights. However, when the bill was passed, most states already had a similar law. Slavery itself was still legal. As a result of Congress's actions, the value of slaves increased.

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

American military encampment near Philadelphia, where more than 3,500 soldiers deserted or died from cold and hunger in the winter.

Complete the passage to describe how Americans' desire to expand their borders influenced the decision to go to war with Great Britain.

Americans believed it would be a simple matter to acquire Canada and gain access to the fur trade. Because the country was sparsely populated, it looked to be an easy target for invasion. Americans thought British subjects would join the American cause in the North, but they were loyal to Britain. Meanwhile, Americans in the South wanted to remove Britain and Spain from Florida. Many believed Native American attacks in the Great Lakes extending into the Ohio Valley, as well as in Georgia, would also be thwarted by an expansion of American borders.

Both sides in the debate over the Constitution agreed that a stronger national authority was needed, but there was intense disagreement over how much power the federal government should be given. Complete the passage to describe the tension that was at the heart of the debate over centralized vs. decentralized political authority.

Anti-Federalists were concerned with preserving states' rights. Federalists wanted to expand federal authority.

The presidency was a new position created by the Constitution. Some delegates felt that Congress should appoint the president. Others felt that the president should be elected directly by the people. How did the Constitutional Convention determine how the president would be elected, and why was the system of election created?

As a compromise between those who wanted direct election and those who wanted Congress to elect the president, "electors" are elected to the "Electoral College," and they vote for the president every four years.

Complete the passage to describe how the War of 1812 influenced the character of the United States.

At home, Americans became more united because the war was seen as a second war of independence. The war helped the United States establish economic independence as cotton mills and other manufacturing industries were constructed throughout the nation. The United States also established itself as a world power by surviving its war with Britain.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Battle in northern Indiana between US troops and Native American warriors led by prophet Tenskwatawa, the half brother of Tecumseh.

The "war hawks" supported the war because of their desire to defend the young country's "national honor." Which battle most supported their claim that the independence of the young country was at stake?

Battle of Baltimore

State Constitutions

Charters that define the relationship between the state government and local governments and individuals, also protecting their rights from violation by the national government. Significance: Most constitutions included a bill of rights that protected the time honored rights of freedom of speech, trial by jury, freedom from self-incrimination, etc.

The Federalists Papers

Collection of 85 essays, published widely in newspapers in 1787 and 1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of adopting the proposed US Constitution. Significance: its considered one of the most important sources for interpreting and understanding the original intent of the Constitution.

Federalism

Concept of dividing governmental authority between the national government and the states

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Conflict fought in North America and at sea between Great Britain and the United States over American shipping rights and British-inspired Indian attacks on American settlements. Canadians and Native Americans also fought in the war on each side. Significance: helped Napoleon in his struggle against Britain, and they opposed the war by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting war loans, and refusing to furnish troops.

alliance with France

Critical diplomatic, military, and economic alliance between France and the newly independent United States, codified by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance (1778) Significance: Turned the tide for the American revolutionaries

republican simplicity

Deliberate attitude of humility and frugality, as opposed to monarchical pomp and ceremony, adopted by Thomas Jefferson in his presidency.

The Patriot army was made up mostly of professional, seasoned soldiers.

False

The Lewis and Clark expedition created conflict between the United States and Native Americans in the West, which discouraged Americans from settling the territory.

False - Lewis and Clark encountered many friendly Native Americans, including Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, in their westward quest. Many Americans headed west in search of new land and opportunities.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Final major battle in the War of 1812, in which the Americans under General Andrew Jackson unexpectedly and decisively countered the British attempt to seize the port of New Orleans, Louisiana. Occured AFTER the treaty of ghent was signed in europe

Marbury vs Madison (1803)

First Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law -- the Judiciary Act of 1789 -- unconstitutional Significance: first Supreme Court case to apply the principle of judicial review, the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress that were in conflict with the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitutions by the states. Significance: It protects five of the most basic liberties. They are freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom to petition the government to right wrongs.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of immigrants. Significance: These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.

Once the final draft of the Constitution was submitted to the states for review, the national debate over the Constitution began. Complete the passage to describe Federalist essay No. 10.

In Federalist essay No. 10, James Madison argued that the size and diversity of the United States would make it impossible for any single faction to dominate the federal government. This argument contradicted the conventional wisdom of the time, which said that a republic could survive only in small nations because warring factions would destroy a large republic.

Congressional representatives had previously been appointed by state legislatures, but James Madison argued for the election of at least one house as "essential to every plan of free government." Complete the passage to describe how the Constitutional design for Congress protected the interests of specific groups of people, while keeping any one house of the Congress from gaining too much power.

In the legislative branch, the two houses of Congress would counterbalance each other. The House of Representatives was designed to have a close and sympathetic relationship with the voters by being up for popular election every two years. The Senate was elected by state legislatures every six years and was supposed to "protect the minority of the opulent against the majority."

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create, and why?

It created a deliberately weak central government. Americans' distrust of strong centralized governments stemmed from their experience with the British monarchy.

The Constitution was ratified, but only after the Constitutional Convention recommended adding a bill of rights that would limit the power of the federal government and protect individual liberties. What was unique about the freedom of religion guaranteed in the First Amendment?

It prevented the state from mandating or restricting religious practice.

How did Jefferson's belief that America should be a haven for independent farmers influence his decision regarding the Louisiana Territory?

Jefferson believed the only way to secure enough land for a nation of independent farmers was to expand westward.

How did the conflict with Britain and France change the role of the federal government during Jefferson's administration?

Jefferson expanded the power of the federal government to avoid war with Britain and France.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land policy for new western territories in the Ohio valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slavery from the region. Significance: It laid the basis for the government of the Northwest Territory and for the admission of its constituent parts as states into the union.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the American Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis, along with 7,000 British troops, surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown, VA on October 17, 1781 *Historical Significance:* Prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Led by Meriwther Lewis and William Clark, a mission to the Pacific Coast commissioned for purposes of scientific and geographical exploration. Significance: establish trade with the Natives and affirm the sovereignty of the United States in the region. One of their goals was to find a waterway from the US to the Pacific Ocean.

How did the Supreme Court's ruling in Marbury v. Madison influence the power of the court?

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review whereby the Supreme Court has the power to declare a federal law unconstitutional. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not give the Court jurisdiction to rule on the case. The ruling defined a major power of the Supreme Court.

Complete the passage to describe the newly forming American government.

Most of the political experimentation between 1776 and 1787 occurred at the state level in the form of written constitutions. Most of the state constitutions included a bill of rights that protected freedom of speech, trial by jury, and freedom from self-incrimination.

Bank of the United States (1791)

National bank responsible for holding and transferring federal government funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency. Significance: Was needed because the government had a debt from the Revolutionary War, and each state had a different form of currency.

Barbary pirates

North Africans who waged war (1801-1805) on the United States after Jefferson refused to pay tribute (a bribe) to protect American ships.

Women and African Americans placement in the War

Northern states began to free slaves, but southern states were reluctant. Although many women had undertaken nontraditional roles during the war, afterward they remained largely confined to the domestic sphere with no changes to their legal or political status.

What changed as a result of the Treaty of Ghent, which was signed in 1814, to end the War of 1812?

Nothing changed. The United States and Great Britain decided to go back to the situation before 1812.

anti-Federalists

Opponents of the Constitution as an infringement on individual and states rights, whose criticism led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document. Many anti-federalists later joined Thomas Jeffersons Democratic-Republican party.

citizen-soldiers

Part-time nonprofessional soldiers, mostly poor farmers or recent immigrants who had been indentured servants, who played an important role in the Revolutionary War. Significance: Were apart of George Washington's Continental Army

republican ideology

Political belief in representative democracy in which citizens govern themselves by electing representatives, or legislators, to make key decisions on the citizens' behalf. Significance: This all sparked a wave of new state constitutions that remains unique in history

Jeffersonian Republicans

Political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; also known as the Democratic-Republican Party.

Louisana Purchase (1803)

President Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for 15 Million, doubling the size of US territory. Significance: important because it gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans, both of which were used by farmers to ship their crops and get paid.

Election of 1800

Presidential election involving Thomas Jefferson and John Adams; resulted in the first Democratic-Republican victory after the Federalist administrations of George Washington and John Adams. Significance: The first truly partisan contest in American political history.

The creation of a powerful national bank was central to Hamilton's vision of a strong national economy. Farmers were suspicious that bank alliances with the wealthy would put the financial stability of debtors, usually farmers, at risk. Hamilton's vision prevailed. How did those who opposed a national bank frame their opposition?

Republicans argued for a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which had not explicitly granted the government the power to create a national bank.

French Revolution

Revolutionary movement beginning in 1789 that overthrew the monarchy and transformed France into an unstable republic before Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power in 1799. Significance: The Revolution birthed the modern nation state, and it spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

Shay's Rebellion (1786-87)

Storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1,200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through the issuance of paper currency and lower taxes. Significance: The rebellion is important because it is seen as one of the major factors that led to the writing of the new Constitution

Seperation of Powers

Strict division of the powers of government among three separate branches (executive, judicial, legislative), which in turn check and balance each other.

Describe the Convention of 1800. The Convention of 1800 ended a quasi-war with France. The American navy had been very successful against its foes and forced the French to ask for negotiations. The Convention of 1800 ended the military alliance between the two nations that had existed since the Revolutionary War

The Convention of 1800 ended a quasi-war with France. The American navy had been very successful against its foes and forced the French to ask for negotiations. The Convention of 1800 ended the military alliance between the two nations that had existed since the Revolutionary War.

How did the Great Compromise resolve the conflict between states with large populations and states with small populations?

The Great Compromise created a legislative branch with two houses that counterbalanced each other. The more populous states would have more representation in the House of Representatives, while every state would have just two senators in the Senate.

Identify the groups of people in America who were divided between the Patriot and Loyalist causes, which made the Revolution also a civil war.

The Native Americans

Analyze the image below, Four Soldiers, then Complete the passage to describe its significance.

The Revolution was also a civil war because many different groups of people in America were divided between the Patriot and Loyalist causes. As a result, the Patriot army, which is shown in this painting, was comprised of diverse soldiers. The French formed an alliance with the Patriots after their unexpected win during the Battle of Saratoga. Frontiersmen, such as Daniel Boone, regularly took up arms against the British and Loyalists, as well as their Native American allies. And former slaves, who were freed when they joined regiments, fought for the cause of independence.

The 1783 Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. Identify the territories that became part of the United States as a result of its signing.

The borders of the newly formed United States stretched from the East Coast to the Mississippi River. The borders of the new United States excluded Florida.

Battles of Saratoga (1777)

The decisive defeat of 5,000 British troops under General John Burgoyne in several battles near Saratoga, New York, in October 1777; the American victory helped convince France to enter the war on the side of the Patriots. Significance: Twas the greatest loss that the British had ever suffered, and would NEVER recover from it

Articles of Confederation

The first form of government for the USA, ratified by the original 13 states in 1781; weak in central authority, it was replaced by the US constitution drafted in 1787. Significance: It limited the rights that the government and the states had

Why did the United States take action against Great Britain during Jefferson's second term?

To protect the economic freedom of Americans

A challenge American military leaders faced in confronting the British military was a lack of supplies, recruits, and experience needed to create an effective military.

True

Jefferson's display of Republican simplicity during his inauguration demonstrated his attempt to connect with the common man and set the tone for his presidency where he would work to overturn Federalist policies.

True

Regional friction in the nation was deepened because southerners and frontiersmen west of the Appalachian Mountains believed that Hamilton's economic policies discriminated against them.

True

The American victory at Cowpens was a key turning point in the war, as it was one of the few times that Americans won a battle in which the two sides were evenly matched.

True

The British did not want a war with the United States to distract from their war with France, so in response to Madison's declaration of war, Great Britain attempted to avoid conflict with the United States by giving in to some of Madison's demands.

True

The Hartford Convention proposed constitutional amendments to limit Republican influence, including requiring a two-thirds supermajority to declare war.

True

When Loyalists departed America after the Revolution, their confiscated property and newly vacated jobs created new social, economic, and political opportunities for Patriots.

True

Alexander Hamilton's economic reforms

Various measures designed to strengthen the nation's capitalist economy and generate federal revenue through the promotion of new industries, the adoption of new tax policies, the payment of war debts, and the establishment of a national bank.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, put down by a federal army. Significance: Washington showed that the federal government had the strength to enforce its law; his reaction attracted supporters to the federalist cause.

What was America's position on the war between revolutionary France and Great Britain in 1793?

Washington refused to take sides and issued a neutrality proclamation.

Republicans

championed Thomas Jefferson's vision of a nation dominated by self-sufficient and independent farmers, as well as a federal government with limited power

Lousiana Purchase

doubled the size of the country

Alien Act

empowered the president to deport "dangerous" aliens

Federal land sales

encouraged settlement west of the Appalachias

Naturalization Act

increased the number of years that an immigrant needed to live in the United States to become a resident from five to fourteen

Sedition Act

outlawed writing, publishing, or speaking anything against the government

Federalists

promoted Alexander Hamilton's economic reforms, a strong central government, and urban and commercial growth

whiskey tax repeal

supported farmers west of the Mississippi