HTS 2015- Exam 2
What was a "muscle moll?"
"Manish lesbian" sexual deviant
How did male sportswriters treat Didrickson? Specifically, how did Paul Gallico portray her?
Grantland rice was an admirer low key a feminist They made up many myths about her that inflated her athletic prius Gallico was kinda a critic, called her a muscle moll Gracefully it all, less movement better, "cute sports" Determine sports in terms of gender
What did Lombardi think about racial prejudice? How did race and ethnicity shape his coaching and the culture of the Packers?
Lombardi made it known among local taverns, restaurants, and landlords that if his players were not treated equally that there would be hell to pay. You can't play for me if you have any kind of prejudice." Lombardi viewed his team as a family, which made him the father. Stern though he was, he loved his players, black or white. And he made sure to protect them. In the future, he declared, every Packer would stay together. It was a kind of political protest, one that did not garner headlines but certainly didn't go unnoticed among his players. Racism, he reminded them, would not divide the team. Looking back, Vince Lombardi's treatment of black players helped forge the Packers' reputation as the most democratic team in the NFL. Regardless of a player's race, background, or political views, he said, a team stood as one.
What did Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi represent as a symbol of the 1960s?
"St. Vincent," a coach who succeeded in an age of protest and social unrest, because he reminds them of leadership that seems "irretrievably lost," a man of action who believed in God, country, and family. Lombardi became a voice for traditional values and patriotism, the very principles that he believed were under attack. During the 1960s, the Packers and the NFL explicitly embraced the government's position in Vietnam, turning stadiums into arenas for promoting U.S. foreign policy. Symbol of law and order
Adolf Hitler
- 1934: controlls all of Germany - Tolitarian control - In charge of everything - Exercised weaponization of propoganda - Superiority of Ayran Race - 1935: Nuremberg Laws - 1936: Berlin Olympics - Jew oppression: no marrages, no citizenship, could not have sexual relations, banned from all universities, banned from clubs
Lyndon Johnston: Containment War in Vietname
- 1965 and 1967: escalate # of troops in Vietname - Draft calls increased - Ali is draft illegible (initally failed mental aptitude test) - 1966: Muhammad Ali said I aint got a quarrel with Viet Kong - Appeals: conciencious objector-> doesn't agree - Fights for living (controversal) - April 1967: Induction of United States Army doesn't step formward - Violated Selective Service Act - Striped of licence and title - Carreer in Jeapoardy - June of 1967: 5 years in prision prosecution: implications fo government - 3.5 years of no fighting=> sincere objection - Alis exile: wave of desbute in America - Black Power and Antiwar - stand against American Government - "Race man": greater respect from Black people - King= prominent American come out agaisnt moral war - King and Ali meet; legitamize Ali as "race man" - 67-68: Antiwar movement growing - Marches for peace - sued on basis on prejudice against client - Criminals given boxing liscence - Ali given boxing liscence back - 1st fight in ATL (Black Meca) - Board of laderman in Atlanta - Ali wins fight
Jesse Owens (olympic glory and post olympics)
- 4 gold medals - becomes most famous AA - Time Magazine - Celebrated as great American (but AA not treated well in America) - Pressure not to go to Berlin by AA community: don't legitamize hitlers covernment - Beating Nazi: disprove white athletic supremacy - Myth: Hitler didn't congratulate Jesse - After 100m race: Hitelr made eye contact and saluted - Jesse Ownes comes home and put in position to speak about it - Disagreement w/ Brunish -> refused to go on exhibition tour - Can make money at Hollywood - Advocates for Republican canidate - Roosevelt snubbed Jesse, not hitler - Myth never goes away : satisfy moral order - Jesse owns looks for work: runs exhibition races-> races Joe Lewis - Ran agaisnt animals and dogs (dehumanizing) - not really a happy ending - Black athelet superiority
Judge Landis on Gentleman's Agreement
- A 'Nod & wink" - Landis- comissioner from 1920-1944 - Black community created Negro League - Racial Dilema: Americas democratic values and racism -"National Game"?: if deny opportunity to ALL americans? - Larry Mountain Landis - Larry McPhail, N.Y: Yankees President defendent segregation in 1946 meeting with baseball executives - Prohibibited exhibition against black players - Very few good black players= no talent (false) - Seperate but equal, argued that desegregation would be bad for both leagues - Adding black players would "degrade" players - Integrated neighbohroods
Demsey, Demsey by Horace Gregory
- ABout unemployment, no end in sight - Bankers are evil - Crisis of rugged individualism
Great Depression on NFL
- APFA (1920)-> NFL (1922) - 1920s: Teams rarely made profits - Not as glamorous as college football (WASPS) - 1933: First offical championship game, QB could pass ball from anywhere - USed sleeker ball - 1934-1946: Segregated-> reflected white positions, -> white men out of work, don't hire black men - George Marshall: white players have anger against black, wouldn't be safe to play with them WWII: Turning point for segregation 1936 basball DRAFT: Contract service of players_> players have no negotiation power-> controlled by owner
Scandle in the Bluegrass (Kentucky)
- Adolph Rubb, University of Kentucky: "couldn;t get near player with a 10 ft poll" - Couldn't happen in souther towns - Gamblers got close to players - LIU dropped sports - City dropped to D3 - UK: president added fees to sports - Cocanes had recruit - Coach Rupp= win @ all cost - Arguabley most successful coach - Cultural con: huge ego - 2 All American Player admitted to get bribed - Coach Rupp gave players cash for playing well - Violation of college Ameturism - Rupp is suspended -> came back -American was traumatiszed by scandal
Lester Rodney, the Daily Worker, and the American Communist Party
- American communist party - Completley capable of playing with black players - Extreme exploitation: promoted civil rights in workers - Little evidence that communist party put pressure on change - Owners felt threatened by communist cost
Roone Arledge & MNF
- Arledhe used 6 cameras - Used blimps - Capture the action - Fans see it all LIVE - Prime time on Monday nights - 3 men in the booth: have a conversation= patterns of television compensation - Story home on Monday
Scandal at West Point
- Armys training group for military leaders - Honor code: will not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate who do - Cadets violating it openly - 90 Cadets guilty of cribbing: enable learning details - Powerhouse in football - Bet football team in WWII - American Hero: Earl Black-> defends them - Winning first mentaility - Chose football over academics - Dishonorable - One of Blackes son's diminished - President Truman: very upset, full invesitgation of military academies - What happened to American youth??
Youth Sports in the Age of "Juvenile Deliquency"
- Attitude to juvinile _> do sports - Not enough supervision - S. Edgar Hoover: sports fight communism - Democratic values - Two groups: Playing sports = democratic values, juviniles= communist
Wendle Smith and African American Press
- Campaigned for integration - Sportswriter for the Pittsburgh Courier, Afican American newspaper - Smith began campagning for integration in 1933 - 1939 Interviews: Smith found that 4/5s of N.L players did not object to integration - Muscular assimilation: could succeed in sports-> earn respect-> eventually equal opportunity in other aspects -
Muhammad Ali
- Cassius clay renamed - Elijah turns back on malcom X: didn;t like confrontation - MAlcom X assasinated - Ali expressed no remorse - Elijah taught that he was a trader - Muhammads fight money went straight to Islam
New York College Basketball
- Clair Bee (LIU) and Nat Holman(CCNY) - 2 dominant programs - Bee won 95% of games - Roster was racially and ethnically diverse - Held as symbol of democracy in baseball - 1951: SCANDAL
Great Depression on MLB
- Declining attendance - Lost a lot of money despite slashing salaries - Radio= giving attendance for free - Radio could maintain connection - All-star game => promoted - Night games => promoted - Hall of Fame=> promoted - Memoralizing players-> romantisizing the sport -Comitt to the memory of baseball
Why did the joe Louis- Max Schmeling match become a significant global event in 1928?
- Democracy vs Facism - Black vs Ayran
How did Cassius Clay become Muhammad Ali?
- Elijah Muhammad - Renamed him after winning Heavy weight chmpion against Sam Liston
Great Depression on College Basketball
- Experienced GROWTH - thought would never be a sport like college football - FDR new deal: construction of new gyms - Ned Irish at MSG! - Jimmy walker: also helped promote games at MSG (relief games)
Baseball , War and the American Way
- Extradinary sequences - Inspect significance of courting - Greater cultural significance - National Obsession: building a united society - Promoting democratic value - WWII, political propoganda "American way" - American way; democracy, teamwork, American Expectionalism, Hogimonic power, most important economic force, promote and influence ideas - America must be the best: "Win at all costs" - War: Questions about wether or not baseball would continue - FDR responds: Green Light Letter-> decsion to continue was up to owners, but to keep going for country morale. Also more night games! And no MLB player exempt from draft - Baseball present as patriotism: promote relief funds - Attendance fell greatly -> lead to All American Girls Professional Leage
Vince Lombardi
- Faith family and football - Played hs, college and coahed football - Assistant coat @ giants (thought would never be head coach because italian) - Lombardi comes to green bay - Kennedy= first catholic president - Would not take cues from people - Belived in simple coaching method: repitions of fundamentals - Quite stoic servitudes other times violent & outwardly outgoing - Break players down and build them up - Pschological games - Hungry for approval - Sentimental-> other wise cold hearted - Sacrificed Body for the good of the team
Jackie Robinson
- First sport star at at UCLA - Dropped during depression: Negro League - WWII Morale Officer- Negro Leagues: temper - Strong racial awarness - Military bus - Bus: refused to move on military bus-> violence - Robinson changed with insubordination - 1944: Court Martialed-> won case-> honoribly discharged - Stood up for his rights - Leader - Ricky appreciates Robinson & respects him - Have to turn cheek no matter how upset he gets - Americans debated - Black and whites prefered segreation (lies) - Went from Royales => Dodgers - Southers were starting petition (threat_ - Hitting and bunting style: changing dynamics - Delayed desegregation - Branun Rickey: AA had to act their best - Had black America Behind him - Wins rookie of the year award_-> dodgers lost to yankees tho - Was a direct physical challenge to segreagtion - Shared collective goal - Baseball team= racial attitudes change - Many white americans wanted it - Disregard color= step away from old predjidices
How did the Nation of Islam shape his transformation and his politics?
- Fueled his fire - He was draft dodger because of it: did not play a vital role in desegregation until he became a "Race man": don't want to fight for America when America treats black people terribly
How did Jackie Robinson influence the civil rights?
- He was a mirror image of America at the time - Desegregation can happen - Symbol of integration in american sports - Part of the great experiemnt
Joe Louis: The Brown Bomber
- Heavyweight champ: 1937- 1949 - dominant force - Fame faded - Most famous black American in the world - Origin like Jess Owens - Detroit great migration - Shows great talent as Ametur - 1934: Turns pro
Why did the NFL become a popular spectator sport?
- Interested in the violence football: antitdote for a time when men were seemingly soft - Post college athletes that needed money - Rozelle and Steve sabol played role in publisczing and romantizing the sport
Hank Greenberg: "The Jewish Slugger"
- Jewish star for the Detroit Tigers (1930-1946) - From the Bronx - Two time MVP - 1937: 183 RBIsi in 154 games - 1938: 58 HRs (challenged Ruths record of 60 HRs) - Becomes force with bat - " A jew could play ball" - Drove ford automobile (antisemetic) - Defended himself by saying self -defining man - Greenberg consulting a rabi about roshana and played - But didn't play on yon kippor - Resists being seen as Jewish - Becomes a symmbol of refusal of secularization WWII: - refuses for draft - unfit for Duty be because "flat-feet" - Patriotism questioned - Accepted into Armt - Reinlist after Japanese bomb pearl harbor - Far more comfortable expressing patriotsim than judiasm
Maya Angelo: I know why the caged bird sings
- Joe Louis fighting compared to lynchinings and racism
The Serpent in the Garden
- Late 40s: Win it all attitude penetrated baseball - Commercialized programs & charcter building aspects - Ned Irish = promoter at MSG - Now playing in proffesional areas - Bookes and Gamblers on courtside - FIlling MSG = everyone making money except players - 1940s: Point spread gambling/betting - Players can manipulate - In bed with the bookmakers
In what ways did Robinson face discrimination and harassment during the 1947 Season?
- Mail - Violence - Verbal during games - Racism while traveling with team - Harrassment from cardinals
Why did sports writers portray baseball as a reflection of America's "melting pot"?
- Many different ethnicitys coming to fruition in baseball - Italian (DiMaggio), Jewish (Greenberg)
What were the major scandals in American sports during the 1950s? How did the country respond to them?
- Money - Gamblers; created unfair games and players would lose games for money - Adolph rough said Uk players would never gamble and they did - West point acadmeiclly cheated on tests
What were Branch Rickey's motives for signing Robinson?
- Moral crusade - Religious reasons - It was eventually going to happen, he just wanted to be the first to do it - Money, legacy
Nazi Olympics (1936)
- Most medals won by Germany - Ministry of propganda played big roll - Fasad put on by German (reading questions) - M
Paul Robeson
- Outspoken black man - Communist have made litte progres in Black America - Paul Robeson: "Unthinkable that black Americans went to war" never offically joined communist party - Target of FBI - Black Athletes = seen not heard - 1949: no black American more famous than Jackie Robinson - Noble Negro - Little choice but to testify -> risked communist exploitaion and release from league if didn't - Didn't want to be tool - Insisted that Robinson - Negros place in Americas - "Sense of responsibility" - Dangerous - If we must die, let it be when we are lynched - Robinson represented degregraed society - Court marshalled - Robinson did not defend roberson, "his statement was sillly", and advocated for desgregation - Seperating communists and desegreationsist
All American Girls Professional Baseball League
- Phillip Wrigley was like: we need to keep these stadiums paced - Created womens baseball league with softball players, playing in MLB stadiums - 2 purposes: home front entertainment, replace mens games-> fill stadiums - Never been a successful women's teams league - Side arm: overhand pitching - 5 million women work in production - War allowed freedom-> play sports - Wrigley: wanted public to see players in certain light , sluggers with sex appeal (attractive and athletic), "lady like" at all times - Appear prim and propper at all times - League stop when war over - Media of MLB post war grows -> women pushed off - Cultural SHift: expectation is that med will be connected - Conservatism: restore feminie roles - Upsurge in homophobic histeria - Cold War: 1955 - Red Scare: ideological war -> accelerates arms race - Communist dictatorship - Communist and gays = corrupt
World War II: Fighting for Democracy
- Pitsburgh Courier: "Double V Campaign" - Commissioner Albert "Happy" Chandler: Coalition of different factors fightig for desegregation - Fight in War=> play in baseball - many suported desegregation of MLB
Scandal in Basketball Continued
- Player throws game - Infamous insitutions arrested for setting up games - Bookmakers arrested - Players arrested: NIU, NYI - Hoenst game: defeast the public - Wheres frank meriweather - further investigations - Questionable academic integrity
Cassius Clay and Angelo Dundee: Lousiville Lip
- Pro boxer - Louisville sponsor group - "Performing": as non threatening to social order - Boxing in trouble: ass w/ mafia/ crime - "Savior of Boxing" - Creates Charachter: Brash & arrogant -> predicts round opponent will fail - Political edge: distract public from attending Muslim community meetings
How did the rise of the Nazis influence the way Americans interpreted international sporting events during the 1930s?
- Propoganda - Democracy vs Facism - America vs Hitler -
How did America attitudes toward sports change after World War II? How did the Cold War influence those views?
- Sports embraced American exceptionalism - Embraced Democracy and teamwork, and win it all mentality
What did Robinson symbolize to black and white Americans?
- Symbol of integration, hope - Part of Great Experiment
Postwar Sports and American Consensus
- Truman: Loyalty oaths to USA and defense of Georgia - Great fear about Soviet Attack - Importance of sports: American creed - Importance if sticking up for a female - UNITY - Normal Kids played sports - Feminie homeosexuals and compary didnt play sports - Vechicle against communism - 1950s
Joe Louis: Black Folk Hero
- greatest hero in black america - Talk about him always - praised as symbol of racial pride: black triumph over white - vengeance in the ring: overwhelming white fighters - only 2-3 black fighters
Horse racing in great depression (before and after)
- horses were primary vechicle for awhile - progressive era: reaction from moralist-> distaned horceracing (most banned horse racing) - 1928: 25 horse tacks - Progressive legislature cracking down on sport: associated with betting & gambling - Resurgaence after WWI - Bookmakers banned from race track after examining french betting system - Stopped caring when realized could make money: state taxes on wages - partners with tracks - Betting leagalized - Depression hits - Attendance dropped - purses shrink - more states leagalized it
Arch Ward
- said to have come up with night and allstar games - But really stole from negro leagues - In charge of promoting and romantisizing sport
The "Student Athlete"
- scholarship> athete, but was more about NCAA arguing that they are not a buisness and do not owe athletes workers compensation
University of Denver vs Nemeth (1953)
- sues over injury that happened at practice - injury result of employment - claim needed by commision - declared indeed an employee contingent on performance and couldn't do job - States industria; commision and supreme court - Campus job payed by (ticket for free mealsa)
1950s & 60s: Real Men play football
- writer celebrated violence of the game - NFl/pro football was know for entire country, not just college degree - Post WWII, Korean War 50-53 - Economic boom, growth of part of middle class, urbanization - similar patterns of post WWI - men in middle class jobs - rise of organization men-> softening of men - Pendulum swings to violence - Y.A Title, and Nitsche
1958 NFL Championship:Baltimore Colts v NY Giants
-1956: Media Coverage pailed in compassion to MLB - Readers did not convince writers that they wanted Football - 1958 Champs: Most watcher football game ever NBC - 70 million televisions-> didn't have to go to bar - Overtime: Colts won-> Johnny something - Televesion could grow watching of football
American Dilema
-Color line is going to have a difference - Not allowed to play together in dominos - More Jim Crow Laws in south than written in law - Southerners enforced in diffeerent ways: physical reprisal, lynchings - Baseball= mirror image of America - Dodgers: Ricky decides to end Jim Crow in baseball - 1959: Red sock ended desegregation
Anti-Semistism in Detroit
-Henry Ford - Charles Coughlin: Radio preist - Very popular - Antisemitsm fueled by GD: unemployment greater in detroit than any other city - blamed jewish bankers - revealed themselves as voices of hate - coughlin argued that Nazis were justifed, barred jews from entering America - Jews were banned from things
1960s: Mask 1-> American Boy
-Patriotic, young, "good negro" - Soviet Reporter: color line question:" We got qualified people working on that" - USa is best country in world including yours - AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM
The Other Directged Society
-Riceman: pscyologist - American following directions - Adheres to rules & laws of large utillities - WWII: Serving in American Army - Americans looking to insitutions for guess, coorperte America - Organization man: Clear hierarchy - More maleable - Other directed: wanted approval, willing to accomodate
How did Joe DIMaggio come to be seen not just as an Italian hero but an American hero?
American hero breaking records and led yankees to multiple championships - fought for America in WWII
The color Line in professional baseball
1867- National Association of Baseball Players excluded teams with black players 1876: N.L enforced an informal color ban from its founding 1888: International League no longer allowed black players 1892: Color Line in place
The Great Depression
1929-1939 25% unemployment - WWI fought, but soilders are not taken car of - Disillusionment -> wanted no more international interactions - October 29th, 1941 - American Dream crushed - Shift in Cultural values: self-gratificationto cooperation and collective action
How did the Great Depression shape the world of sports?
1929-1940 - Attendance dropped _> made more accesible by radio and other additions such as night games and promotions like romanticizing the games - Cultural shift from self gratification to more togetherness in society, working together for the greater good (get out of depression) Cooperation and collective action - Publicized to greater amount of people - Gyms started hoping up
Joe Louis fighting before Max
1935: Beats 2 heavy Weight Champs - Primo Carnera (not great fighter) - false reputation - myth grows - Joe wins - Baer: wins - Louis ranked #1 according to ring magazine
The NFl-AFL Merger:
1960: American Football League competator - 1966: AFL/NFL Merger: - Common player draft after 1966 season - AFL paid NFL $18 million over 20 years - Common reg season start 1970 - NFL-AFL Championship game beginning in 1966 - New Orleans franchise
And why was he considered a polarizing figure during the 1960s?
Apart of the nation of islam - Bold and brash and cocky - Against vietname war: against patriotism
Why did female athletes feel pressure to prove their normality?
Athlete was seen as mannish, as well as at risk for hurting themselves for the future in childbearing duties. Whether they were liked or disliked by society Threatened traditional values
Civil RIght ish and Malcom X
1963: CIvil Unrest - KIng delivered famous speech, I have a dream - Malcom X hated it-> too much cooperation - Frustrated when christan church was bombed - FBI survelling Malcom X and nation of Islam - Sam Cook: A change gon come - Black Athletes and Artists: not supposed to talk about racism - Malcom X: sees untouched talent and piotential in cassius - Nation of Islam: 150,000 members: appalled by christans - Battle of Amergedon - Malcom X devites from Elijah - Armed Self defense of Black Americans - Message to grass roots: critizied non-violent civil rigthts movment - Nov 22nd, 1963: Kennedy died=> Elijah said don't say anything but Malcom says "Chickens are coming to Roost' - Silences Malcom for 9- days - Malcom X had affairs w/ secretaries and bvioled own moral code - Malcom questions Elijah - Elijah's family thinks Malcom is dangerous - Elijah goes to Miami-> sunny list - Sends pictures to NY during suspension - Cassius Clay: Cannot talk about realtionship with Malcom C - Cassius is not seen to win Sunny Listing but Malcom believes in him - Sunny seen as "cold as a gravestone at midnight: -> connected with Mob, mot well liked, "the enforcer" - "COver the fight from the hospital" - Malcom tells Cassius that this is a fight between Musliums and Cristians - Cassius WINS - 4th round: gloves in illegal substance-> fighting blind -6th round: Pummels sunny -7th round: Refused to come out (SUnny) - Muhammad wins - Greatest fear: Use world of boxing as instument of hate-> would be against Civil Rights movement - Profound after fight: Card carrying muslium-> "I'm free to be who i want to be" - Rejected white paternalism - Post fight: Malcom X attached at the hip - Elijah Muhammad seperates Malcom X
Joe Lewis Management Team and Image
2 managers (Roxbourgh and Black), Trainer (Jack Blackburn), Mike Jacobs (promoter) - Blackburn: - Angry man - Says hes not gonna wasit time - Trains joe louis to be knockout fighter - first be referee, black fist win - show no mercy, be a killer in the ring - antethsis of Jack Johnston: don;t be like him, never photographed with white women, fight clean, obey law, fight clean (non-threatening) Mike Jacobs: (promoter of the 20th Century Sporting Club) - schedules meeting - believes Joe is future - Jacobs wants to hold heavy weight control - Attendance is low (boxing suffering) - Jacobs and Roxbourough make deal: - sign w him and allow to promote - and he'll get him a shot at heavy weight fight - Purses divided - Image of Joe Louis: - Good Negro - Stoic: took time to find voice
Why does Smith argue that Lombardi's political views do not fit "neatly into a single ideological box"?
A man of contradictions, he embodied a mixture of conservative and liberal impulses.
Red Scare
A period of general fear of communists
Jesse Owens (Background)
African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race). - Grandson of slaves (born in Alabama) - Son of sharecroppers - Moved to Cleveland in Great Migration \ - Vocatinonal school: taught trade work (working class) - Realizes he has talent for T & F - Failed to make 1942 olympics - 1934: Enrolls @ Ohio State - banned from dorms and dining halls - traveling with team was an issue - played to advocate for ohio State - Set 3 world records at Big 10 championships
How did the 1936 Olympics serve as a forum for promoting German nationalism?
Almost every branch of govt involved Propaganda extended to every citizen White washed germany Promote sport among German youth & build national strength
Babe Didrikson
American athlete who achieved success in golf, basketball, and track and field - Born to norwegiant parents - Controversial figure: challenged gender norms - Golf-> most impact - 1932 olympics: wins 6 of 10 events - Cashes out on publicity: goes on tour: pitches an inning in MLB - Women at time told to go to work - Limited rights - Social norms confliucted with economic need - Muscle moll: "sexual deviant, lesbian" - Shoulder injury lead to golf star - PGA events suspedned becuasuse payed to write articles - Regained ametur satus in 1942 - Creates LPGA: division for women - Transitioned to a more feminie image
How did he personify Black Power?
Being athletical superior, and said opinions when no black person ever would - Didn't fight in war
Lousi vs Schmeling 1938
Biggest ever - Global politics changed - Hitler now hated everywhere - Democracy vs Facism - Support from Black and Jewish Americans - 100 mil radio listerners - yankee stadium - Globe looking at ring -> biggest fight - DIfference in Americans -Schmellung in fear - 90 sec first round over - Triumph of repressed people - Lous enters army WWII - Symbol of national pride
How did Jesse Owens' Achievements at the 1936 olympics challenge th Nazis' racial theories?
Black people are not racially inferior - later: genetics don't play a role proven
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
Deprived German jews of their citizenship, banned marriages between Jews and "Aryans", and stripped Jews of political rights.
How did Robinson's career became politicized by different groups during the Cold War?
Desegregationsalist vs communist: made the seperation
Ray Dennison (1955)
Dies - Death benfeits not working compensate - Industrial commision agreed - State supreme court diagreed (no evidence of contract, did not protfit from football) - Did nt opperate as a buissness - WIN FOR NCAA: Sports are not buisnesses - Will Byers rolls out campaign to emphasize "Student Athete" - Admits this - Mandiated substrate - Student Athlete - NCAA embraced mythology of ameturism
What did Packers coach Vince Lombardi represent at the height of his sucess?
Faith, family and football - Going back to traditions and fundamentals of the insitution - Disicpline - But Also believed in treating all men including black players equal
Frank Meriwell
Fictional character: 1890s in Cereals - All american and great athlete - Gracious in defeat - What a college athlete is supposed to be
Why was Hank Greenberg viewed as a Jewish hero?
Had to just show that a jew could play ball, not physically inferior, fights against antisemistim in America
1) Historian Jules Tygiel wrote that when Jackie Robinson first broke Major League Baseball's color line in April 1947, he "thrust [himself], his family, his teammates, and baseball into a period of unrelenting crises and tension." What exactly provoked these crises?
Harrassment to his family and friends, unrest in America
How did the political turmoil of the 1960s shape Lombardi and the way the public viewed him?
He was especially worried about the growing rebellion among America's youth and their lack of respect for authority. Anti war movement- Johnstown administration, college students, challenging authorities
Did Robinson's presence on the Dodgers influence attendance?
Increased it hella
Branch Rickey
Major League Baseball executive that help break baseball's color barrier by signing the African American player Jackie Robinson - Moral crusade-> also religious - Baseball coach at Ohio Weslean Univerisity: Charly Thomas (player) wanted to rub off black skin - Committee of 10 (1945) - NY Fair Legislation=> legislation on his side - Support from politians - Action needed immediatley to desegregate - : I cannot face my God much longer knowing that His black creatures are help separate and distinct from his White creatures" - Wendle Smith suggested Jackie
Lousi vs. Max Schmeling, 1936 & Louis vs Braddock
Max Schmeling = Germanys best boxer - Nazi's didn't send him off good because he had a jewish manager, many jewish friends, and Joe Louis was favored (didn't want to be beat by black man) - Big Upset: Schmelling won! - Now hitler loves max - Can tell sportswriters how great germany is - Schmeling earned shot against Braddock, but jacobs doesn;t give him a shot - Jacobs makes Braddock fight Louis by giving deal of 20 % net proceeds - Louis wins off Braddock
Why should we consider the 1936 Berlin Olympics as a propaganda event?
Mitigated the view of Nazis treatment of jews Helene Mayer half jew, invited back to Germany's team Held off on anti semitic slanders Hid what was really going on
How were Jewish citizens and athletes treated during the mid-1930s in Nazi Germany?
On paper they werent excluded Poor athletic facilities 2 half jews joined, but others not allowed
Why did the Sporting News publish an editorial—a reprint from 1942—arguing that blacks and whites favored segregation?
People who favored segregation owned the paper
Angelo "Hank" Luisetti
Played @ standford vs LIU at MSG - weak west - innovator in the world of basketball - fast break offense - standford upset LIU - Great publicity in NY
Seabiscuit
Racehorse who was an underdog and inspired Americans during the Depression and helped them believe in hope for something better - descent of Man O'Ware (legendary horse, won 20/21 & won by 20 lengths) - Undesired horse - Sold to Charles Howard: no history of training - Trainer: Tom Smith (not anything special) - has a way with difficult horses - Canrakorours=> hated having a perosn on his back - Johnny Red: boxer-> jockey because boxing wasn't going well and needed money - seas biscuit shows some promise - underdog stories - overcoming long offs - match race with war admiral - "Down on their luck" people - 1940 Santa Anita Handicap
NFL Commisoner: Pete Rozelle
Realized opportunity - Rams pinlicity manager first - Publicity and media - Moved NFL offices to NYC , near wall street and Tv companies to build relationship - "League Think": SHARE FINACNCES best for club and growing league -> share revenue - NY Giants 5x bigger than Packers - Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961: interdependent partners - Fans of the League: tune in on sundays - Justice department: though the interdependency violated antitrust law - sell contracts collectivley (not buisness competitors) - ANtitrust exemption - Revenue sharing plan: equal competion - Partner with CBS and government - Realizes television is new frontier: NFL properties - Slap NFL logo and team logos on everything - FIlms: Steve sabol & father ed: promotional films -> romantic spirit, shoot like movies, succeeded as theatrical drama - FIlm: "They call it pro football"
In what ways did Babe Didrickson challenge gender norms as an athlete?
Really good at sports Didn't necessarily follow the ideals of a woman: dancing, good etiquette
Why did Americans root for Seabiscuit during the depression?
Represented Unemployed Americans (the underdogs) having a comeback - people drew hope from his story
How would you describe Robinson's relationships with his teammates?
Respectable and distant at first, but eventually accepted
Nation of Islam (Beginning of Cassius Joining)
Sam saxton - Friends with Cassius Clay - Tells about Elijah Muhammmad - June 1962: Meets Malcom x - Didn't think would be heavey weight champ - Riot: seperation or death - Allah: black man on Earth-> Elijah knew him - Black Nationalism= white man was devil: must seperate - Ordered followers not to integrate - Create black insitutions - Malcom X= former felon turned minister - Talked about how Elijah Muhammad saved him - Cassius going to meetings
Dr. W Mantage Cobb
Scientific myths regarding black athletes being primative and makes them more atheltically superior=> doctor that proved there was nothing genetically different between AAs and whites
What was Pete Rozelle's philosophy of "league think"?
Shared revenue - The good of one team is good for the league - Don't comptete finacially
The Yankee Clipper: Joe DiMaggio
Some of italian immigrants - played critical role in transforming image of italian man - 13 seasons: 9 world champs - 30s & 40s: best baseball player - "Cocile comical creatures" - Overcome handicap - "Lazy get lucky" - DOminant player - TRansformed image of italian Americans - "Gangster"-> Sinatra and him - 1941: Nazis bombing London - Fascist leader of Italy: Friends and fam in italian army - Muosilini made americans uneasy about Italian Americans - Complicated allegiance to US - DiMaggio: represented melting pot - embedded idea of hope! - dimagio gets 56 games w a hit - celebrating melting pot "Joltin Joe, we want you (italians) on our side" - patriotic overtones - Pure american -Parents: aliens - Relocation of Italian Americans - Arrest and detain enemy aliens - Not legally trialed - DImagios parents not spared: had to carry different ID, boat siezed by govt, not allowed to travel 5 miles out of city - JOe never spoke out - 1943: hated serving in the Army - Surffered from Amenesty - Led Yankees to Championship
How did various groups of white Americans view Robinson in 1947?
Some were against him, some were all for the desegregation of baseball
Ned Irish
Sportswriter who organized college basketball tournaments in Madison Square Garden in the 1930s to showcase the best teams in the country. The tournaments became known as the Garden Games - Quit his job to promote MSG games - Establish NIT - NCAA tourney
Why did the NCAA create the term "student athlete" ?
Students do not work for university, student first over athletics
Can you contextualize the debate around women's place in the workforce during the Great Depression?
Taking men's jobs- but also providing for family when needed
HUAC
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
How would you describe the legacy of the 1936 Berlin Olympics?Torch Biggest media event The third Reich did little did to alter the character of the Olympics Nazification of the Games was significantly constrained The olympics was a festival staged on worlds terms "Jess Owens Games rather than the Nazi Olympics" Suceeded in conveying to the world an impressive display of organizational efficiency, but it was at the price of allowing other messages Advirtising (Cocacola)_> brought to US
Torch Biggest media event The third Reich did little did to alter the character of the Olympics Nazification of the Games was significantly constrained The olympics was a festival staged on worlds terms "Jess Owens Games rather than the Nazi Olympics" Suceeded in conveying to the world an impressive display of organizational efficiency, but it was at the price of allowing other messages Advirtising (Cocacola)_> brought to US
Why did some fans and sportswriters defend Phillies manager Ben Chapman for hurling racial epithets against Robinson? Were Chapman and the Phillies players really treating Robinson "like every other player?" What were the consequences of this incident?
Treat like any other player to see if he could handle it No More invitation to harass Jackie and family
What is the main argument Keys makes about the "Nazi Olympics?" (Hint: see page 134)
Unprecedened politicization of the Games (sports)v
How did Robinson change the way baseball was played?
Went back to stealing bases, more strategic, bunting, less HRs and forceful
How did the Nazis use the Olympics to influence world opinion under the leadership of Adolf Hitler?
Whitewashed new germany Mitigated some of the most repugnant aspects of their repressive dictatorship Everything outdone from los anglos Regimes ability to stage a major international festivl So much publicity Biggest media event Seen very organized
How did black Americans, fans and sportswriters in particular, respond to Robinson's achievements in 1947?
With great apprecation - Sent him supportive mail and apprecaitave articles
How does the life of Babe Didrickson help us understand the tensions around gender identity in sport during the 1930s and 1940s?
Women were seen as being pretty, and delicate If a women was athletic, she was seen as a muscle moll (sexual deviant, lesbian) Different classes have access to different sports Mid and high class women allowed to do sports at this time, lower class always was Economic need at conflict with social norms: women had to work, but also supposed to fit general roles of mothers and house wife Babe eventually tried to fit the image of a women, became more feminine post ban from PGA
Cayleff argues that women did participate in high school, college,semi-pro, and league sports in greater numbers than ever before.But she also contends that this increase in women's sports participation was limited to a particular class of women. Why?
Working class women were more exposed to sports. Middle and Upper class women were told to learn the feminine duties in terms of cooking, cleaning, sewing and other non-physical-activities in late 19th century Middle class and upper class begin participating in early 20th century
Why did writers question her femininity? How did Didrickson respond to these questions?
Writers questioned what she was focused on, sports or motherly roles. Questioned her priorities and/or ability to be feminine. They accused her of being lesbian Replied that she does plan on getting married and having kids, but wants to ride out her athletic career first. She looks forward to being a mother.
Were women from different socio-economic backgrounds judged according to different standards of behavior when it came to sports?
Yes. Upper and middle classes were criticized for participating in sports, while in the working class it was accepted. Femininity judged. Pg: 80, 3rd paragraph Working class spent outside in sex mixed groups Middle and upper expected to behave with decorum That's why babe was able to join because she was working class
What did Lombardi say in "the speech?"
an address that spoke to the frustration he shared with Middle America about "a complete breakdown of law and order and the moral code." Perhaps, he added, "we have too much freedom." Threatened his vision of a structured society Nixon = silent majority who didn't want to protest
Sanity Code 1948
was supposed to prohibit all concealed and indirect benefits for college athletes; any money for athletes were to be limited to competitive sports 1.) Athletes had to meet same academic standards as other athletes 2.) Had to demonstrate financial need - chnaged in 1952: NCAA changed allowed scholarships based soley on athletic ability - Will Byers: - takes reign - establishes NCAA power over school - greater entertainment power
