HTY 107 exam 2

Believing their special powers made them immune to western bullets, and having "covert imperial support" for there actions, the BLANK attacked and killed Christian missionaries and their converts, and any foreigners they could find in the hopes of "driving them into the sea"

Boxers

With the establishment of the Kamakura period in Japan, the title of BLANK, roughly translating to general was given to the major military commander of Japan until 1868

Shogun

The Tokugawa period witnessed "phenomenal growth" of

Trade

One Important feature for maintaining peace during the Tokugawa period was the BLANK system, which required daimyo leaders to leave their wives and heirs in the capital of Edo as hostages.

Alternate Attendance

During the first centuries of the Yi Dynasty, Korea greatly emulated its neighbor BLANK, in its style of government, education and even some of its farming methods

China

most of what is known about the earliest period of Korean history comes from

Chinese records and archeological evidence

Establishing themselves on the island of Java in modern Indonesia around 1600, the BLANK did not pursue religious conversations but focused on trade and eliminated most of their regional competitors

Dutch

Known as BLANK, Japanese learned of western ideas, arts and sciences during the 1700s and 1800s

Dutch Learning

BLANK reached its high point during the nineteenth century, reflected in the takeover of much of south east Asia by European powers and unequal treaties imposed on China and Japan

Imperialism

BLANK, meaning divine wind, was used to describe a great typhoon that destroyed up to half of the Mongol ships attempting to invade Japan in 1281

Kamikaze

Named after the emperor who supported the young changes towards modernization of Japan, the BLANK was a period of rapid growth and development from 1868 to 1912

Meji Restoration

The first Europeans to intentionally sail to Asia around Africa were the

Portuguese

Although unsuccessful, the BLANK was the Chinese governments attempt to modernize its military along with western lines in the 1860s-1870s, particularly focusing on the utilization of western western weaponry

Self strengthening movement

An outgrowth of a nature religion, BLANK in recent centuries became the symbolic Japanese religion to support modern nationalism

Shinto

The 30-year BLANK, ending in 1802, brought about political reunification of Vietnam under the leadership of Nguyen And, founding the Nguyen Dynasty, the last Dynasty of the country

Tay Son Rebellion

Explain the development of the Japanese identity. What groups were involved and what external elements influenced Japanese high culture? How did the Japanese religions and culture support the governing structure of Japan, and how did the Japanese government influence the country's primary religions?

The Japanese identity has been shaped by various groups, including the imperial family, samurai warriors, and the merchant class. The influence of China and Korea has also played a role in shaping Japanese culture. Japanese high culture, including literature, poetry, and visual arts, was heavily influenced by these external elements, particularly during the Heian period. The Japanese religions of Shinto and Buddhism have also played a significant role in shaping Japanese identity and culture. The government has influenced the country's primary religions in various ways throughout history. During the Tokugawa period, the government enforced a policy of "closed country" that limited contact with the outside world and promoted a sense of isolation. This policy included suppressing Christianity, which was seen as a threat to Japanese culture and society. In the Meiji era, the government adopted a more open policy towards religion, promoting Shinto as the national religion and separating it from Buddhism.

Describe the evolution in the military strength of the Manchu. What motivating factors brought about this development? Who were the major actors and what methods did they use to consolidate their power? In what ways were the methods of consolidation beneficial in the final takeover of the Ming dynasty?

The Manchu, a people originally from the northeastern region of China, began as a small tribe with limited military power. However, over time, they evolved into a formidable military force. One of the major motivating factors behind this development was the need to protect themselves from neighboring tribes and Chinese dynasties. They also wanted to expand their territory and establish their own dynasty. To achieve this, they implemented several military reforms, including the adoption of the Eight Banners system, which organized their military into eight different banners, or military units, each with its own distinctive colors and emblems. This system allowed for more effective organization and coordination on the battlefield. They also incorporated firearms and artillery into their military, which gave them an advantage over their opponents. The major actors in the consolidation of Manchu power were Nurhaci and his successor, Huang Taiji. They implemented various methods to consolidate their power, including the establishment of a centralized government, the codification of laws, and the suppression of internal rebellions. They also used diplomacy to form alliances with neighboring tribes and dynasties. These methods were beneficial in the final takeover of the Ming dynasty because they allowed the Manchu to present themselves as a powerful and legitimate alternative to the Ming dynasty. By the time they launched their invasion of China, they had a well-organized military and a strong government, which helped them to quickly defeat the weakened Ming forces and establish their own dynasty. The consolidation of their power also allowed them to maintain control over China for over two centuries.

Name and describe each of the six characteristics of the Meiji Restoration aimed at modernizing Japan. Where these characteristics affective in their stated purposes and did they help gain Western recognition?

The Meiji Restoration was a period of significant change in Japan, characterized by six key characteristics aimed at modernizing Japan. The first was the abolition of feudalism and the establishment of a centralized government with a constitution and a parliament. The second was the modernization of the military and the adoption of Western-style military tactics and technology. The third was the promotion of industrialization and economic development. The fourth was the adoption of Western-style education and the establishment of a national education system. The fifth was the adoption of a Western-style legal system and the establishment of civil rights. The sixth was the promotion of cultural change and the adoption of Western-style customs and fashion. These characteristics were effective in their stated purposes, as they allowed Japan to modernize and become a major player on the world stage. Japan's adoption of Western-style technology and tactics allowed it to defeat China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The Meiji Restoration also helped Japan gain recognition from Western powers, including the United States, which signed a treaty with Japan in 1854, opening up trade between the two countries.

What were the causes of the Ming dynasty's downfall to the Qing? What roles did the emperors play in this downfall and how did it affect the country? What circumstances resulted from the emperors' actions?

The Ming dynasty was one of the most prosperous and stable periods in Chinese history, but it ultimately fell to the Qing dynasty. There were several factors that contributed to the Ming dynasty's downfall, including internal corruption, economic instability, and external pressures from the Manchu tribes in the north. The emperors of the Ming dynasty also played a significant role in their own downfall. They were plagued by a series of weak and ineffective rulers who failed to address the problems facing their dynasty. In addition, they spent vast sums of money on building grand palaces, constructing the Great Wall, and funding costly military campaigns, which drained the treasury and weakened the economy. The actions of the Ming emperors ultimately led to a breakdown of the social order and a loss of faith in the government. This was compounded by a series of natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and famines, which further destabilized the country. The result was a loss of public confidence in the government and a growing sense of disillusionment among the people. This allowed the Manchu, who had been steadily gaining power and influence in the north, to launch a successful invasion of China and establish the Qing dynasty. The Qing dynasty benefited from the weaknesses of the Ming dynasty, and they were able to consolidate their power and establish a strong central government. However, the takeover also resulted in a significant loss of life and cultural heritage, as well as a period of conflict and unrest as the new rulers sought to consolidate their power.

What were the causes of the Opium? What actions took place leading to the war and who were some of the people involved? What two nations were directly involved, and what was the outcome of the war? Be specific.

The Opium War was a conflict that took place between China and Great Britain from 1839 to 1842. It was primarily caused by Britain's desire to gain access to China's valuable market for tea, silk, and porcelain. However, China's strict trade policies, which limited foreign trade to a single port and restricted the types of goods that could be traded, made it difficult for Britain to expand its trade. In response, Britain began smuggling opium, which was grown in India, into China, where it quickly became a highly profitable trade commodity. This illegal trade led to widespread addiction in China, which the government attempted to stop by confiscating and destroying opium shipments. This action led to a conflict with Britain, which demanded compensation for its seized opium and the opening of more ports for trade. The war began in 1839, when the Chinese government confiscated and destroyed a large amount of opium stored in Guangzhou (Canton) by British merchants. In response, Britain sent a fleet of warships to China, and in 1842, the Chinese were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking. The treaty granted Britain a number of trade concessions, including the opening of five treaty ports for British trade, the cession of Hong Kong to the British, and a large indemnity payment to Britain for the seized opium. The war exposed China's weakness and inability to resist foreign influence and sparked a series of unequal treaties with Western powers, which ultimately weakened China's sovereignty and contributed to its decline in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Opium War is often seen as a turning point in China's relations with the West and the beginning of the era of unequal treaties and foreign domination.

Briefly describe the development of the Qing dynasty from the first Manchu emperor to the dynasty's apex under Qianlong. In what ways did they strengthen their rule over the Han Chinese and the major ethnic groups? How did the emperors expand the territorial size of China and how did their power affect nations on its borders?

The Qing dynasty, also known as the Manchu dynasty, began in 1644 when the Manchus, a nomadic people from the northeast, overthrew the Ming dynasty and established their own dynasty. The first Manchu emperor, Nurhaci, consolidated power in the northeast and established the Eight Banners system, which became the backbone of the Qing army. Under his successor, Huang Taiji, the Manchus conquered the remaining Ming loyalists and consolidated their rule over China. The first three emperors of the Qing dynasty focused on consolidating power and integrating the Han Chinese population into their rule. They adopted Confucianism as the official state ideology and implemented policies that favored the Han Chinese, such as the Three Feudatories system, which allowed Han Chinese generals to control large territories in the south. The Qing emperors, especially Kangxi and Qianlong, expanded the territorial size of China through military conquest and diplomacy. Kangxi conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, and Xinjiang and signed treaties with Russia that established China's borders in the north. Qianlong continued this expansion by annexing Tibet and expanding China's influence over Central Asia. The Qing emperors maintained their power through a system of patronage that rewarded loyalty and service to the state, regardless of ethnic background. They also implemented policies that allowed Han Chinese to participate in government and encouraged intermarriage between Manchu and Han Chinese. However, their power also affected nations on its borders, as the expansion of the Qing dynasty led to conflicts with neighboring states and contributed to tensions that would eventually lead to the decline of the dynasty.

Murasaki Shikubu, perhaps the best known early Japanese writer, is best known for writing

The Tale of the Genji

Breifly describe the rise and fall of the shogunates in Japan. How did the different shoguns rule? What made them different from one another and what were the successes and failures of the system? What finally brought the different governing system in Japan to an end? Explain.

The shogunates were a series of military governments that ruled Japan from the 12th to the 19th century. The different shoguns ruled in various ways, but they were all military dictators who held power over the emperor. The shoguns were different from one another in terms of their policies and priorities, but they were all focused on maintaining their power and controlling the country. The first shogunate, the Kamakura shogunate, was established in the 12th century and was followed by the Ashikaga shogunate in the 14th century. The Edo period, which lasted from the 17th to the 19th century, was characterized by the Tokugawa shogunate. The shogunate system was marked by successes and failures, with some shoguns successfully maintaining power and stability, while others faced challenges and conflicts. The shogunate system came to an end in the mid-19th century, when Japan began to modernize and open up to the world. The Meiji Restoration marked a significant turning point in Japanese history, and the shogunate system was replaced by a new government that focused on modernization and reform.

What caused the weakening of the Qing dynasty's during the late 18th and early 19th centuries? What roles did the emperors play in this downfall and how did it affect the country? What were the consequences of the emperors' actions. How did these consequences make ruling China more difficult for emperors by the mid-1800s?

The weakening of the Qing dynasty during the late 18th and early 19th centuries was caused by a combination of internal and external factors. One major factor was the inability of the Qing government to effectively address economic and social problems, including corruption, famine, and population growth. The government's failure to address these issues led to widespread unrest and rebellions, such as the White Lotus Rebellion and the Taiping Rebellion. Additionally, external pressures from foreign powers, including the Opium Wars and the unequal treaties, weakened the Qing government's authority and further eroded the dynasty's power. The emperors played a significant role in the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Some emperors were weak and unable to effectively govern, while others were overly conservative and resistant to reforms. For example, Emperor Qianlong was a powerful and effective ruler during the 18th century, but his successors were not able to maintain the same level of stability and control. The consequences of the emperors' actions included the loss of territory to foreign powers, economic decline, and social unrest. These consequences made ruling China more difficult for emperors by the mid-1800s, as they struggled to maintain their authority and address the growing challenges facing the country. Ultimately, the weakening of the Qing dynasty paved the way for the collapse of imperial rule and the emergence of a new era in Chinese history.

Great Britain

Who: A European country. What: A major world power in the 18th and 19th centuries, known for its industrial and colonial expansion. When: 18th-19th century. Where: Europe and its colonies around the world. Why: To establish and maintain political and economic dominance in Europe and around the world.

Abahai (Hong laiji)

Who: Abahai, also known as Hong Taiji, was a Manchu prince and military leader who founded the Qing Dynasty in China. What: expanded their territory through a series of military campaigns against the Ming Dynasty. When: 1592-1643. Where: China. Why: Qing Dynasty, and the role of Abahai in founding and expanding the dynasty through military conquest.

Matthew Perry

Who: American naval officer. What: commanded a fleet of steam-powered ships that sailed into Tokyo Bay leading to the opening of Japan to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. When: 1794-1858. Where: Japan and the United States. Why: impact of Western imperialism and the opening of Japan to the outside world, and the role of Matthew Perry in this process.

Yamato

Who: Ancient people of Japan. What: A clan or tribe whose leaders claimed descent from the sun goddess Amaterasu. When: 3rd to 7th centuries. Where: Japan. Why: the origins of the imperial family and the concept of "Japaneseness."

Lord William John Napier

Who: British diplomat and soldier. What: A British diplomat who served in China and was involved in the negotiations and conflicts leading up to the Opium War. When: 1786-1834. Where: China and Europe. Why: To represent British interests and negotiate with the Chinese government over issues related to trade and diplomatic relations.

Opium

Who: British traders and Chinese consumers. What: A narcotic drug derived from the opium poppy, which was imported into China by British traders in the 19th century. When: 18th-19th century. Where: China. Why: To satisfy the growing demand for opium among Chinese consumers and generate profits for British traders.

Zen Buddhism

Who: Buddhist monks and practitioners. What: A form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and direct experience of the true nature of reality When: Originating in China in the 6th century, and spreading to Japan in the 12th century. Where: China and Japan, primarily. Why: To promote spiritual growth and insight through meditation and direct experience of the present moment.

The Opium War

Who: China and Great Britain. What: A series of conflicts between China and Great Britain over the importation of opium into China, which led to China's defeat and the opening of Chinese ports to foreign trade. When: 1839-1842. Where: China. Why: To protect the interests of British traders and maintain access to Chinese markets for opium and other goods.

Treaty of Nanking

Who: China and Great Britain. What: A treaty signed between China and Great Britain after the Opium War, When: 1842. Where: China. Why: To establish the terms of peace between China and Great Britain after the Opium War, and open China to foreign trade and influence.

The Arrow War

Who: China and a coalition of European powers. What: A conflict between China and a coalition of European powers When: 1856-1860. Where: China. Why: To protect the interests of European traders and secure greater access to Chinese markets and resources.

Tributary System

Who: China and neighboring countries. What: neighboring countries recognized China as a superior power and paid tribute to China for trade and diplomatic relations. When: Ancient times until the early 20th century. Where: China and neighboring countries. Why: To establish and maintain diplomatic and economic relations with neighboring countries.

Ming International Trade

Who: China and various countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa. What: The exchange of goods, services, and ideas between China and other countries during the Ming Dynasty. When: 1368-1644. Where: Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa. Why: To expand China's economy and influence, acquire exotic goods, and establish diplomatic relations with other countries.

Zhu Yuanzhang (Hong Wu)

Who: Chinese emperor and founding ruler of the Ming Dynasty. What: A powerful military leader who establish the Ming Dynasty When: 1328-1398. Where: China. Why: during the Ming Dynasty, and the role of powerful leaders such as Zhu Yuanzhang in shaping Chinese politics, society, and culture.

Empress Dowager Cixi

Who: Chinese empress and regent. What: played a key role in the Self-Strengthening Movement, the Boxer Rebellion, and the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. When: 1835-1908. Where: China. Why: To exert political power and influence in a period of rapid change and transition in China.

Zheng He

Who: Chinese explorer and admiral during the Ming Dynasty. What: Led seven maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa. When: 1371-1433. Where: Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa. Why: To establish trade and diplomatic relations with other countries, display China's power and prestige, and collect exotic goods.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Who: Chinese officials and intellectuals. What: A reform movement in China in the late 19th century, which sought to modernize China's economy and military while preserving traditional values and institutions. When: 1860s-1890s. Where: China. Why: To strengthen China's position in the face of foreign encroachment and preserve China's cultural and political identity.

Tai-ping Rebellion

Who: Chinese rebels and government forces. What: A massive rebellion against the Qing Dynasty led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the brother of Jesus Christ and sought to establish a new, egalitarian society in China. When: 1850-1864. Where: China. Why: To overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a new, more just and equal society in China.

Wan LI

Who: Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. What: The 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, known for his weak leadership and reliance on eunuchs. When: 1572-1620. Where: China. Why: To rule the Ming Dynasty.

K'ang-hsi (Kangxi)

Who: Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. What: One of the longest-reigning and most successful emperors in Chinese history, known for his expansion, modernization, and patronage of the arts and sciences. When: 1661-1722. Where: China. Why: To consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, expand China's territory and influence, and modernize China's economy and society.

Ch'ien-lung (Qianlong)

Who: Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. What: The fifth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, known for his patronage of the arts and literature, military conquests, and economic prosperity. When: 1711-1799. Where: China. Why: To consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, expand China's territory and influence, and promote the arts and culture in China.

Shun-Chih (Shunzhi)

Who: Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. What: The first emperor of the Qing Dynasty who established the dynasty's rule over China. When: 1638-1661. Where: China. Why: To establish a stable government and consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty in China.

Yung-cheng (rongzheng)

Who: Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. What: The fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, who continued the policies of his predecessor Kangxi and maintained stability and prosperity in China. When: 1678-1735. Where: China. Why: To continue the successful policies of Kangxi and maintain stability and prosperity in China.

Xianfeng (Hsien-feng)

Who: Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. What: The ninth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, who presided over a period of economic and social upheaval, including the Taiping Rebellion and the Arrow War. When: 1831-1861. Where: China. Why: To maintain the stability of the Qing Dynasty and navigate the challenges of the rapidly changing world order.

Nurhaci

Who: Founder of the Manchu state in China and the Qing Dynasty. What: A Jurchen leader who unified various tribes and founded the Later Jin Dynasty, which eventually led to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. When: 1559-1626. Where: China. Why: To unify the Jurchen tribes and establish a powerful state in China.

Ainu

Who: Indigenous people of Japan. What: have their own language, culture, and traditions When: Ancient times to the present day. Where: Japan, primarily on the northern island of Hokkaido. Why: To preserve and celebrate the culture and heritage of an indigenous people and address issues of cultural and political marginalization.

Heian Period

Who: Japanese aristocracy and court culture. What: flourishing of art, literature, and court culture, When: 794-1185. Where: Japan. Why: cultural and intellectual achievements of the Japanese aristocracy during a period of relative peace and prosperity.

Emperor System

Who: Japanese emperors and imperial court. What: A system of government in Japan in which power is held by the emperor and his court, who served as symbolic and spiritual leader When: Ancient times to the present day. Where: Japan. Why: their significance as cultural and spiritual symbols.

Feudalism in Japan

Who: Japanese feudal lords and samurai. What: A system of governance in Japan in which power was held by regional lords or daimyo When: 12th century to the late 19th century. Where: Japan. Why: the political and social structures of Japan during a period of feudal rule, and the role of the samurai in Japanese society.

Daimyo

Who: Japanese feudal lords. What: Regional lords who held power and controlled land and resource When: 12th century to the late 19th century. Where: Japan. Why: period of feudal rule, and the role of the daimyo in Japanese society.

Nara Period

Who: Japanese imperial court and aristocracy. What: consolidation of imperial power, and the adoption of Chinese culture and religion, When: 710-794. Where: Japan. Why: a period of transition and consolidation, and the role of Chinese influence in shaping Japanese civilization.

Asuka Period

Who: Japanese imperial court and aristocracy. What: the introduction of Buddhism, the adoption of Chinese writing, and the consolidation of imperial power, When: 538-710. Where: Japan. Why: rapid change and transition, including the adoption of foreign religions and technologies.

Shinto

Who: Japanese people. What: The indigenous religion of Japan, harmony, and respect for nature. When: Ancient times to the present day. Where: Japan. Why: Shinto in shaping Japanese identity and worldview.

Prince Shotoku

Who: Japanese prince and regent. What: A prince of the Yamato clan who served as regent to his aunt, Empress Suiko, When: 574-622. Where: Japan. Why: the Asuka period, and the role of influential figures such as Prince Shotoku in shaping Japanese history.

eyasu Tokugawa

Who: Japanese shogun. What: who established the Tokugawa shogunate, When: 1543-1616. Where: Japan. Why: the role of powerful shoguns such as Tokugawa in shaping Japanese history.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Who: Japanese shoguns and samurai. What: A period of Japanese history marked by the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, When: 1603-1868. Where: Japan. Why: the political and social structures during a period of centralized rule and social stability, and the role of the shogun in Japanese history.

Meiji Restoration

Who: Japanese society and government. What: the restoration of imperial rule, and the rapid modernization and Westernization of Japanese society and government. When: 1868-1912. Where: Japan. Why: and the role of the Meiji Restoration in shaping Japan's path to becoming a modern nation.

Genroku Period

Who: Japanese society. What: A period in Japanese history known for its flourishing of art, literature, and culture, When: 1688-1704. Where: Japan. Why: cultural and intellectual achievements of Japan during a period of relative peace and prosperity.

Ming Maritime Expeditions

Who: Led by Chinese admiral Zheng He, the Ming Maritime Expeditions were a series of naval expeditions sent by the Ming Dynasty. What: establish Chinese trade and diplomatic relations with various foreign countries, and to assert Chinese power When: 1405-1433. Where: The expeditions visited numerous countries and regions Why: promoting Chinese trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange.

Lin Zexu

Who: Lin Zexu was a Chinese scholar-official and imperial commissioner during the Qing Dynasty. What: appointed by the imperial court to suppress the opium trade with Great Britain. When: 1785-1850. Where: China. Why: Qing Dynasty and its relationship with foreign powers, and the significance of Lin Zexu's efforts to suppress the opium trade and defend Chinese sovereignty.

Yayoi

Who: Prehistoric people of Japan. What: An ancient culture in Japan known for its distinctive pottery, When: 300 BCE to 300 CE. Where: Japan. Why: its earliest known cultures and civilizations.

Jomon

Who: Prehistoric people of Japan. What: An ancient culture in Japan known for its distinctive pottery. When: 14,000 BCE to 300 BCE. Where: Japan. Why: its earliest known cultures and civilizations.

Qing Dynasty

Who: Ruling dynasty in China. What: Dynasty that ruled China from 1644 to 1912, known for its expansion and modernization. When: 1644-1912. Where: China. Why: To establish a stable and prosperous government in China.

Ming Dynasty

Who: Ruling dynasty in China. What: Dynasty that ruled China known for its economic prosperity, cultural achievements, and maritime expeditions. When: 1368-1644. Where: China. Why: To establish a stable and prosperous government in China.

Ashikaga Shogunate

Who: a Japanese feudal government led by the Ashikaga clan. What: governed Japan by a strong central government, the emergence of powerful regional lords known as daimyo, When: 1336-1573. Where: Japan. Why: shaping Japanese politics, society, and culture.

Kamakura Period

Who: a time of Japanese history the rule of the Kamakura Shogunate, led by the Minamoto clan. What: marked by the emergence of a feudal society also saw the rise of the samurai class When: 1185-1333. Where: Japan. Why: the role of the Kamakura Shogunate in shaping Japanese politics, society, and culture.

The BLANK culture arrived in Japan around 300 BCE, whose people cultivated rice, practiced irrigation, used potters wheel, and begun to use bronze and iron

Yayoi

BLANK, a vernal seeing the fallacy of battling the Chinese ming army in 1388, instead returned to Korea, overthrew the government, and established the Yi Dynasty, which lasted until 1910

Yi Song-gye

BLANK is the Japanese term for industrial conglomerates that developed in the late 19th century, with close ties to the government and included such firms as Mitsui, Sumotimo and Mitsubishi

Zaibatsu

In approximately 40 C.E., BLANK led a Vietnamese uprising against the Han Dynasty, which eventually failed, leading to Chinese domination of Vietnam for a thousand years

the Trung Sisters