Human A & P I: Exam 1 Review #2

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

Collagen

Label the types of compound exocrine glands based on their structural classification.

Compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar

The largest membrane of the body, the ___________ __________ provides a protective barrier from environmental factors such as chemicals, water, microbes, and mechanical trauma.

Cutaneous membrane (skin)

Of the following factors, which one DOES NOT contribute to skin aging? - The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness - Beginning in middle age, reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis results in thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma - As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity -Chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging as well as increase the risk of skin cancer.

DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO AGING: - the skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendrtitic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________________, while the expanded knobby region at the each end is called the _______________.

Diaphysis; epiphysis

The visible part of the ear has the ability to stretch significantly, and then recoil back to its original position. Which protein fiber must be present?

Elastic

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the:

Epiphysis ossification means 'laying down new bone process'

Hair has important functions beyond just appearance. Which of the following functions are associated with hair? -absorption of chemical signals -prevents heat loss from the scalp to the air -protects the scalp from sunburn and injury -associated tactile receptors detect light touch

Hair: *PREVENTS HEAT LOSS from the scalp to the air *PROTECTS THE SCALP from sunburn and injury *Associated tactile receptors DETECT light TOUCH

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ______________.

Medullary cavity

Label the parts of an exocrine gland.

Merocrine gland has nuclei, secretory vesicles, and exocytosis

The dermis is derived from mesoderm, which becomes _______ during the embryonic period.

Mesenchyme

The dermis is derived from mesoderm, which becomes ___________ during the embryonic period.

Mesenchyme

Consisting of an epithelium, a lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, a ____________ lines passageways of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Mucous membrane

Activity of __________________ results in the formation of hydrochloric acid used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________________.

Osteoclasts; mineral resorption OSTEOCLASTS BREAKS DOWN BONE RESORPTION: TAKING AWAY BONE (bone to blood)(opposite of bone deposition " to deposit" new bone)

Organs are composed of more than one tissue type working together to perform a specific set of functions. The small intestine is lined with a mucous membrane, contains neurons that control muscle contraction, and has an abundance of blood vessels. Label what would be present in the small intestine.

Present in small intestine: *Nervous tissue *Blood *Simple columnar epithelium NOT PRESENT: - Fibrocartilage -skeletal muscle - stratified cubodial epithelium - dense regular connective tissue - pseudostratified epithelium

Which feature of a holocrine gland will distinguish it from merocrine and apocrine glands?

Secretions are released by rupture of whole cells; the whole cell bursts "holo" meaning 'whole'

Consisting of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue , a ____________ lines the inside of some body cavities and produces a thin, watery secretion that lubricates internal areas for movement.

Serous membrane

Attached to bone or other connective tissue

Skeletal muscle

Cells are cylindrical and striated

Skeletal muscle

Cells are not striated

Smooth muscle

Cells are tapered at each end

Smooth muscle

Forces fluid through tubes

Smooth muscle

Is located in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines

Smooth muscle

Raises the hairs in the skin

Smooth muscle

Regulates the size of organs.

Smooth muscle

Identify the structures associated with the exocrine glands of the skin.

Sweat pore, Sebaceous gland, Merocrine sweat gland, Apocrine sweat gland

A _____________ serves as a wrapping around largely mobile joints and secretes synovial fluid that serves to lubricate joint movement.

Synovial membrane

Classify the descriptions based on thick skin.

THICK skin: *Found on the PALMS of the hands *Found on the SOLES of the feet *NO HAIR FOLLICLES * CONTAINS ALL FIVE EPIDERMAL STRATA (HAS STRATUM LUCIDUM; HAS CLEAR LAYER)(more structure for more protection)

Classify the descriptions of thin skin.

THIN skin: *SEBACEOUS GLANDS * DOES NOT have STRATUM LUCIDUM (NO CLEAR LAYER; less protected) *HAIR FOLLICLES * FOUND OVER MOST OF THE BODY

True or False. Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function.

TRUE

True or False. There are a larger number of glial cells than neurons.

TRUE

True or false. The skin contains numerous sensory receptors located in both the epidermis and the dermis.

TRUE These sensations include detection of heat, cold, touch, pressure, and vibration.

The way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis.

Temperature regulation (evaporation of sweat cools us off)

The release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called ___________.

Transpiration * NO SWEATING: TRANSPIRATION *SWEATING: evaporation

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the diploid cell is called a ________.

Zygote

Bone cells that become surrounded by bone matrix and are located in cavities called lacunae are:

osteoCYTES

Scapula is which of the following: - flat bone - short bone - long bone - irregular bone

* FLAT BONE

Vertebrae bone is which of the following: - flat bone - short bone - long bone - irregular bone

* IRREGULAR BONE

During intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

* LAMELLAR bone

Femur bone is which of the following: - flat bone - short bone - long bone - irregular bone

* LONG BONE

Carpal bone is which of the following: - flat bone - short bone - long bone - irregular bone

* SHORT BONE

Endochondral ossification includes which bones:

*Fibula (narrow lower leg bone) *Phalanges (finger and toes bone) *Femur (thigh bone) *Ribs [LONG BONES][MOST BONES] -> chondroblasts secretes cartialiginous matrix to hyaline cartilage model -> chondrocytes hypertrophy and surround matrix -> matrix calcify and die -> stem cells divide into osteoblasts -> cartilaginous shaft to ossification center and osteoblasts make bone development *Endochondral ossification: 'chondro' means 'CARTILAGE' is present. A major embryonic process of bone formation, in which osteoblasts deposit collagen and noncollagenous proteins on a cartilaginous template, which subsequently mineralizes.

Interstitial growth

*Growth in LENGTH ; internally *produces longer bones as the cartilage lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue *ACTIVITY IN THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE enables bones to grow in length Stages: * (1) Chondrocyte in lacuna begins mitosis * (2) Two chondroblasts occupy a lacuna. * (3) Chondroblasts become chondrocytes * (4) Cartilage continues to grow internally.

Appositional growth

*Growth in WIDTH; periphery *can OCCUR at the ENDOSTEUM or PERISTEUM where osteoclasts resorb old bone that lines the medullary cavity, while osteoblasts produce new bone tissue Steps: * (1) Stem cells in perichondrium begins mitosis. *(2) Chondroblasts produce matrix at periphery. *(3) Chondrocytes continue producting matrix at periphery

Intramembranous ossification includes which bones:

*Parietal bones (middle of the head bone) *Clavicle (two bones between neck and chest, as pictured) *Maxilla (bone around nasal cavity)[FLAT BONES BEING FORMED] "think of baby going coming forth out of the womb, which bones would need to relax mesenchymal stem cell -> osteoblasts -> ossification centers -> osteiod -> ostocytes -> calcifies to spicules then trabeculae -> periosteum produced -> trabeculae thicken to woven bone (haphazard & weak) -> makes lamellar bone (compact bone made up collagen) *Intramembranous ossification: The direct conversion of MESENCHYMAL tissue into BONE (osteoblast). This process occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. In other cases, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage, and this cartilage is later replaced by bone.

Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: - bone growth - changes in bone shape - adjustment to physical stress - sodium ion regulation in the body

*Sodium ion regulation in the body (duty of adernal glands and kidneys)

The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the __________ sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the __________ sweat glands.

eccrine, apocrine *ECCRINE (stress & exercise sweat glands)(not attached to hair follicle)(watery, odorless substance)(MOST ABUNDANT sweat gland, therefore most responsible for THERMOREGULATION) *APOCRINE (body odor sweat glands)(ATTACHED TO HAIR FOLLICLES)(HAIRY AREAS=STINKY AREAS) (LEAST responsible for thermoregulation)